Steven A - professorfink
Steven A. Fink; Instructor
PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE 2:
REVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
True/False
____ 1. The Nervous System and the Cardiovascular System are the 2 major systems that act to control & regulate all the other organ systems of the body.
____ 2. Lipids make-up a greater amount of the weight of the body than do carbohydrates.
____ 3. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks-down starch.
____ 4. All of the amino acids that we absorb come from proteins we consume in our diet.
____ 5. Vitamin D is a steroid that is needed for the absorption of calcium in the Intestinal Tract.
____ 6. Meat contains primarily unsaturated type fats.
____ 7. The principal source of androgen hormones in women comes from the adrenal glands.
____ 8. Almost everything we eat is alive, or came from a living organism.
____ 9. "Hydrogenated" safflower oil contains less calories than natural safflower oil.
____10. Enzymes always convert a larger molecule into smaller molecules.
____11. Cellulose is found in meat as well as vegetables and grains.
____12. Vitamins are high-energy compounds which provide energy for biochemical reactions.
Multiple Choice
____13. In general, vitamins:
(a) are high-energy compounds which provide energy for
biochemical reactions
(b) act as coenzymes in biochemical reactions
(c) are secreted by glands into the bloodstream
(d) are required in large quantities in our diet
(e) all of the above
____14. Most of the digestion of food occurs in the:
(a) liver
(b) stomach
(c) duodenum
(d) large intestine
(e) esophagus
(ab) pancreas
____15. Which one of the following enzymes digests starch into maltose?
(a) maltase
(b) pepsin
(c) lipase
(d) trypsin
(e) amylase
____16. People who get cramps & diarrhea when they drink milk may have:
(a) an ulcer
(b) a lactase deficiency
(c) gallstones
(d) appendicitis
(e) diverticulosis
____17. Which one of the following substances digests proteins into peptide chains?
(a) bile
(b) lipase
(c) amylase
(d) HCl
(e) pepsin
____18. Cholesterol is used by cells to synthesize:
(a) prostaglandins
(b) triglycerides
(c) glycogen
(d) steroids
(e) B-Vitamins
____19. Lymphocytes:
(a) produce antibodies
(b) phagocytize foreign agents
(c) trigger blood clotting
(d) transport oxygen
(e) secrete trypsin
____20. Which one of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
(a) storage of glycogen
(b) production of bile
(c) synthesis of digestive enzymes
(d) storage of vitamins and minerals
(e) synthesis of blood clotting proteins
____21. Blood is carried from the Left Ventricle to the organs and tissues of the body by the:
(a) pulmonary artery
(b) aorta
(c) pulmonary vein
(d) coronary artery
(e) bile duct
____22. In the male, urine passes-out of the body through the:
(a) ureter
(b) bile duct
(c) vas deferens
(d) vagina
(e) urethral canal
____23. In the female, urine passes-out of the body through the:
(a) ureter
(b) bile duct
(c) vas deferens
(d) vagina
(e) urethral canal
____24. A "goiter" is an enlargement of the:
(a) tonsils
(b) pancreas
(c) larynx
(d) thyroid gland
(e) parotid salivary gland
____25. The blood vessel that carries nutrient-laden blood from the digestive tract directly to the Liver is the:
(a) hepatic artery
(b) hepatic vein
(c) hepatic portal vein
(d) bile duct
(e) inferior vena cava
____26. Which one of the following is an endocrine gland?
(a) liver
(b) salivary glands
(c) sweat glands
(d) gastric glands
(e) pancreas
____27. Inorganic ions are also called:
(a) vitamins
(b) electrolytes
(c) nucleotides
(d) polypeptides
(e) hydrocarbons
____28. The best description of a hormone is:
(a) a metabolic product produced by one organ in the body that exerts its effects only on that same organ
(b) a coenzyme required in small quantities each day that is obtained in the food we eat
(c) a chemical substance produced in one part of the body and is carried
in the bloodstream to other places in the body where its actions are exerted
(d) a protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions
(e) a chemical released from the synaptic knobs of a neuron
____29. The appendix produces:
(a) lymphocytes
(b) gall
(c) mucus
(d) digestive enzymes
(e) bile
____30. The major carbohydrate in the body is:
(a) sucrose
(b) albumin
(c) starch
(d) amylose
(e) glycogen
____31. Which type of molecules are attracted to water on one end and repelled by water on the other end?
(a) phospholipids
(b) prostaglandins
(c) amino acids
(d) disaccharides
(e) nucleotides
____32. Exhaled air contains ___________ than inhaled air.
(a) less O2, but more CO2
(b) less O2, and less CO2
(c) more O2, and more CO2
(d) more O2, but less CO2
(e) the same amount of O2 and CO2
____33. The disease atherosclerosis is correlated with:
(a) a deficiency of protein in the diet
(b) eating too much sugar
(c) consumption of too much saturated fat & cholesterol
(d) pollutants in our drinking water
(e) using too much salt
____34. The functions of the Kidneys (Renal System) include all of the following EXCEPT:
(a) formation of urine
(b) excretion of excess salts
(c) synthesis of plasma proteins
(d) filtration of metabolic wastes from the blood
(e) excretion of excess water
____35. Which one of the following is both an exocrine and endocrine gland?
(a) thyroid
(b) parotid
(c) pituitary
(d) pancreas
(e) liver
____36. All of the following are normally obtained as nutrients in our food EXCEPT:
(a) amino acids
(b) sugars
(c) phospholipids
(d) ATP
(e) nucleotides
____37. The fiber ("roughage") in grains & vegetables is:
(a) sucrose
(b) glucose
(c) cellulose
(d) amylose
(e) fructose
____38. Testosterone, estrogen & aldosterone are structurally related to:
(a) tyrosine
(b) glycogen
(c) cholesterol
(d) collagen
(e) prostaglandins
____39. Fat is stored within adipose cells as:
(a) glycogen
(b) steroids
(c) triglycerides
(d) phospholipids
(e) ketoacids
____40. Excess water and waste products are filtered out of the bloodstream by the:
(a) liver
(b) spleen
(c) lungs
(d) kidneys
(e) pancreas
____41. The inactivation of enzymes could result from any of the following EXCEPT:
(a) ingestion of food containing mercury
(b) ingestion of food containing lead
(c) running a prolonged, high fever
(d) consuming large amounts of cholesterol
(e) the build-up of acids in the body
____42. The hormone in females that is responsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristics at puberty is called:
(a) estrogen
(b) thyroxin
(c) progesterone
(d) glycogen
(e) insulin
____43. Wheat "bran" is high in:
(a) starch
(b) protein & nucleic acid
(c) cellulose
(d) essential fatty acids
(e) water
____44. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by:
(a) ligaments
(b) tendons
(c) paper clips
(d) nerves
(e) cartilage
____45. With cirrhosis of the liver:
(a) liver glycogen is split into glucose
(b) fat accumulates in the liver
(c) the liver fills with bile
(d) glycogen accumulates in the liver
(e) a bacterial infection spreads through the liver
____46. The largest and heaviest organ in the body is the:
(a) kidneys
(b) brain
(c) heart
(d) stomach
(e) liver
____47. Scurvy results from a deficiency of:
(a) Vitamin A (retinol)
(b) Vitamin E (tocopherol)
(c) Vitamin K (phylloquinone)
(d) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
(e) Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
____48. Chemicals that are released into the bloodstream and cause changes in the body's activities are called:
(a) enzymes
(b) hormones
(c) minerals
(d) buffers
(e) vitamins
_____49. The B-vitamins are primarily associated with:
(a) brain function
(b) hormone synthesis
(c) cellular respiration
(d) blood cell production
(e) urine formation
____50. When two monosaccharides become chemically bonded together to form a disaccharide:
(a) the amino groups are lost
(b) water is formed
(c) a large amount of energy is released
(d) a double helix is formed
(e) CO2 is released
____51. Which one of the following is NOT a steroid?
(a) testosterone
(b) estrogen
(c) progesterone
(d) cholesterol
(e) glycogen
____52. Adenine and cytosine are examples of:
(a) amino acids
(b) nucleotide (nitrogenous) bases
(c) nucleic acids
(d) coenzymes
(e) polysaccharides
____53. Hair is composed of:
(a) glycogen
(b) cellulose
(c) keratin
(d) collagen
(e) cholesterol
____54. The white of an egg is made-up of:
(a) starch
(b) cholesterol
(c) cholecalciferol
(d) RNA
(e) protein
____55. One of the most important roles of specific proteins in the body is to:
(a) serve as the primary energy source
(b) store and transfer hereditary information
(c) catalyze biochemical reactions
(d) act as a glue to hold the cells of the organism together
(e) buffer acids and bases in body fluids
____56. The Pituitary Gland is located in the:
(a) head
(b) neck
(c) chest
(d) abdomen
(e) pelvis
____57. Vitamin A (retinol) is essential for normal:
(a) blood clotting
(b) fertility
(c) calcium absorption
(d) vision
(e) cellular respiration
____58. Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is essential for normal:
(a) collagen synthesis
(b) fertility
(c) calcium absorption
(d) vision
(e) cellular respiration
____59. All of the following are "fat-soluble vitamins" EXCEPT:
(a) Vitamin A (retinol)
(b) Vitamin K (phylloquinone)
(c) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
(d) Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
(e) Vitamin E (tocopherol)
____60. Which one of the following is NOT part of each nucleotide molecule?
(a) a 5-carbon sugar
(b) a nitrogenous base
(c) a phosphate group
(d) an amino acid
____61. Which hormone stimulates labor contractions in women?
(a) insulin
(b) calciferol
(c) adrenal androgen
(d) oxytocin
(e) progesterone
____62. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy:
(a) protein
(b) steroid
(c) nucleotide
(d) amino acid
(e) prostaglandin
____63. The major sugar in milk is:
(a) sucrose
(b) glucose
(c) cellulose
(d) lactose
(e) fructose
____64. Which one of the following is NOT a hormone?
(a) testosterone
(b) estrogen
(c) glycogen
(d) thyroxin
(e) insulin
____65. Which type of molecules are both hydrophobic and hydrophillic?
(a) fatty acids
(b) monosaccharides
(c) phospholipids
(d) steroids
(e) nucleotides
_____66. The hormone that prepares a woman's uterus (womb) for possible pregnancy is:
(a) progesterone
(b) chorionic gonadotropin
(c) insulin
(d) oxytocin
(e) estrogen
____67. In the DNA molecule, adenine (A) always complementarily binds with:
(a) another adenine (A)
(b) guanine (G)
(c) thymine (T)
(d) cytosine (C)
(e) uracil (U)
____68. Which one of the following is NOT found in DNA?
(a) adenine (A)
(b) uracil (U)
(c) guanine (G)
(d) cytosine (C)
(e) thymine (T)
____69. Proteins differ from one another in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
(a) their number of amino acids
(b) the type of amino acids in the protein
(c) the way they are coiled
(d) the amount of cholesterol in the protein
____70. Which one of the following hormones is secreted by the pituitary gland?
(a) insulin
(b) progesterone
(c) calciferol
(d) oxytocin
(e) adrenal androgen
____71. Phosphorus (P) is contained in all of the following EXCEPT:
(a) ATP
(b) RNA
(c) DNA
(d) phospholipids
(e) starch
____72. Oxygen (O2) binds to _______ in Red Blood Cells.
(a) albumin
(b) gamma-globulins
(c) hemoglobin
(d) glycogen
(e) insulin
____73. When an egg is fried, the protein:
(a) breaks apart
(b) uncoils
(c) becomes nutritionally inferior
(d) remains unchanged
____74. All steroid hormones are synthesized from:
(a) collagen
(b) cellulose
(c) glucose
(d) cholesterol
(e) polypeptides
____75. Which one of the following is NOT a mineral?
(a) zinc
(b) magnesium
(c) niacin
(d) iron
(e) phosphorus
____76. Which mineral is essential for muscle contraction & blood clotting?
(a) calcium
(b) zinc
(c) copper
(d) fluoride
(e) iodine
____77. Corticosteroids, like cortisol, are secreted from your:
(a) pancreas
(b) thyroid gland
(c) pituitary gland
(d) adrenal gland
(e) reproductive organs
____78. Which one of the following is required for the production of Red Blood Cells?
(a) Vitamin A (retinol)
(b) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
(c) iron
(d) zinc
(e) iodine
____79. Carbohydrates are stored in the human body as:
(a) albumin
(b) starch
(c) triglycerides
(d) glycogen
(e) sucrose
____80. Skin, bones, tendons & gums contain:
(a) albumin
(b) oxytocin
(c) glycogen
(d) collagen
(e) cellulose
____81. Fat cells in the human body store:
(a) glyclogen
(b) cholesterol
(c) phospholipids
(d) triglycerides
(e) starch
____82. Each carbon atom always shares _______ electrons.
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 6
(e) 8
____83. Which one of the following is an example of an Anabolic Reaction?
(a) AB + CD αα AC + BD
(b) C6H12O6 αα 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
(c) A + B αα AB
(d) AB αα A + C
(e) AB + C αα AC + B
[pic]
____84. Which one of the chemical structures shown above is a phospholipid?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
(e) E
____85. Which one of the chemical structures shown above is a nucleotide?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
(e) E
____86. Which one of the chemical structures shown above is a steroid?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
(e) E
____87. Which one of the chemical structures shown above is a disaccharide?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
(e) E
=================================================================
____88. Which one of the following is needed for normal blood clotting?
(a) Vitamin A (retinol)
(b) Vitamin E (tocopherol)
(c) Vitamin K (phylloquinone)
(d) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
(e) Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
____89. The names of steroids usually end with the suffix:
(a) -ide
(b) -ose
(c) -ase
(d) –ine
(e) -one
____90. Changes in temperature, pH, or electrolyte concentrations it will cause a protein to:
(a) break-down into the individual amino acids
(b) unravel and lose its characteristic shape
(c) turn black in color
(d) usually become more efficient in its function
____91. A peptide bond is formed:
(a) when 2 amino acids are bonded together
(b) due to the attraction between 2 ions
(c) after atoms lose one or more electrons
(d) when 2 glucose molecules combine
____92. Calcium is necessary for:
(a) muscle contraction
(b) temperature regulation
(c) ovulation
(d) protein synthesis
(e) DNA replication
____93. Which of the following are minerals that function as coenzymes?
(a) calcium, iron, magnesium
(b) iodine, sodium, chloride
(c) magnesium, mercury, zinc
(d) copper, silver, gold
____94. Substances in our diet such as Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and beta-carotene may slow the process of aging by:
(a) reducing the rate of mutation
(b) stimulating cell division of nerve cells
(c) inhibiting free radical formation
(d) reducing UV damage of the skin cells
____95. Which food is highest in saturated fats?
(a) peanut oil
(b) corn oil
(c) olive oil
(d) safflower oil
(e) coconut oil
____96. Glucose + galactose is called:
(a) fructose
(b) sucrose
(c) maltose
(d) lactose
(e) cellulose
____97. Corticosteroids are secreted from the:
(a) pancreatic islets
(b) pituitary (adenohyopophysis)
(c) ovaries
(d) adrenal cortex
(e) adrenal medulla
(ab) spleen
(ac) liver
Matching
Select the best term from the right column that matches the statements on the left.
____98. synonym for "gamma-globulins" A. ligament
B. tendon
____99. synonym for organic coenzymes C. cellulose
D. denaturation
___100. fibrous bands that attach muscles E. anticoagulant
to bones AB. goiter
AC. polymer
___101. term for uncoiling of proteins AD. enzymes
AE. antibodies
___102. "fiber" BC. androgens
BD. progesterone
___103. the building blocks of nucleic acids BE. prostaglandin
CD. vitamins
___104. the building blocks of proteins CE. minerals
DE. estrogen
___105. deficiency of insulin ABC. lysis
ABD. crenation
ABE. nucleotides
ACD. amino acids
ACE. leukoplasts
ADE. lysosomes
BCD. centrioles
BCE. mitochondria
BDE. pyrimidines
CDE. products
ABCD. reactants
ABCE. phagocytosis
ABDE. secretion
ACDE. menopause
BCDE. diabetes
ABCDE. sickle cell anemia
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