Steven A - professorfink



Steven A. Fink; Instructor

PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE 2:

REVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

True/False

____ 1. The Nervous System and the Cardiovascular System are the 2 major systems that act to control & regulate all the other organ systems of the body.

____ 2. Lipids make-up a greater amount of the weight of the body than do carbohydrates.

____ 3. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks-down starch.

____ 4. All of the amino acids that we absorb come from proteins we consume in our diet.

____ 5. Vitamin D is a steroid that is needed for the absorption of calcium in the Intestinal Tract.

____ 6. Meat contains primarily unsaturated type fats.

____ 7. The principal source of androgen hormones in women comes from the adrenal glands.

____ 8. Almost everything we eat is alive, or came from a living organism.

____ 9. "Hydrogenated" safflower oil contains less calories than natural safflower oil.

____10. Enzymes always convert a larger molecule into smaller molecules.

____11. Cellulose is found in meat as well as vegetables and grains.

____12. Vitamins are high-energy compounds which provide energy for biochemical reactions.

Multiple Choice

____13. In general, vitamins:

(a) are high-energy compounds which provide energy for

biochemical reactions

(b) act as coenzymes in biochemical reactions

(c) are secreted by glands into the bloodstream

(d) are required in large quantities in our diet

(e) all of the above

____14. Most of the digestion of food occurs in the:

(a) liver

(b) stomach

(c) duodenum

(d) large intestine

(e) esophagus

(ab) pancreas

____15. Which one of the following enzymes digests starch into maltose?

(a) maltase

(b) pepsin

(c) lipase

(d) trypsin

(e) amylase

____16. People who get cramps & diarrhea when they drink milk may have:

(a) an ulcer

(b) a lactase deficiency

(c) gallstones

(d) appendicitis

(e) diverticulosis

____17. Which one of the following substances digests proteins into peptide chains?

(a) bile

(b) lipase

(c) amylase

(d) HCl

(e) pepsin

____18. Cholesterol is used by cells to synthesize:

(a) prostaglandins

(b) triglycerides

(c) glycogen

(d) steroids

(e) B-Vitamins

____19. Lymphocytes:

(a) produce antibodies

(b) phagocytize foreign agents

(c) trigger blood clotting

(d) transport oxygen

(e) secrete trypsin

____20. Which one of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

(a) storage of glycogen

(b) production of bile

(c) synthesis of digestive enzymes

(d) storage of vitamins and minerals

(e) synthesis of blood clotting proteins

____21. Blood is carried from the Left Ventricle to the organs and tissues of the body by the:

(a) pulmonary artery

(b) aorta

(c) pulmonary vein

(d) coronary artery

(e) bile duct

____22. In the male, urine passes-out of the body through the:

(a) ureter

(b) bile duct

(c) vas deferens

(d) vagina

(e) urethral canal

____23. In the female, urine passes-out of the body through the:

(a) ureter

(b) bile duct

(c) vas deferens

(d) vagina

(e) urethral canal

____24. A "goiter" is an enlargement of the:

(a) tonsils

(b) pancreas

(c) larynx

(d) thyroid gland

(e) parotid salivary gland

____25. The blood vessel that carries nutrient-laden blood from the digestive tract directly to the Liver is the:

(a) hepatic artery

(b) hepatic vein

(c) hepatic portal vein

(d) bile duct

(e) inferior vena cava

____26. Which one of the following is an endocrine gland?

(a) liver

(b) salivary glands

(c) sweat glands

(d) gastric glands

(e) pancreas

____27. Inorganic ions are also called:

(a) vitamins

(b) electrolytes

(c) nucleotides

(d) polypeptides

(e) hydrocarbons

____28. The best description of a hormone is:

(a) a metabolic product produced by one organ in the body that exerts its effects only on that same organ

(b) a coenzyme required in small quantities each day that is obtained in the food we eat

(c) a chemical substance produced in one part of the body and is carried

in the bloodstream to other places in the body where its actions are exerted

(d) a protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions

(e) a chemical released from the synaptic knobs of a neuron

____29. The appendix produces:

(a) lymphocytes

(b) gall

(c) mucus

(d) digestive enzymes

(e) bile

____30. The major carbohydrate in the body is:

(a) sucrose

(b) albumin

(c) starch

(d) amylose

(e) glycogen

____31. Which type of molecules are attracted to water on one end and repelled by water on the other end?

(a) phospholipids

(b) prostaglandins

(c) amino acids

(d) disaccharides

(e) nucleotides

____32. Exhaled air contains ___________ than inhaled air.

(a) less O2, but more CO2

(b) less O2, and less CO2

(c) more O2, and more CO2

(d) more O2, but less CO2

(e) the same amount of O2 and CO2

____33. The disease atherosclerosis is correlated with:

(a) a deficiency of protein in the diet

(b) eating too much sugar

(c) consumption of too much saturated fat & cholesterol

(d) pollutants in our drinking water

(e) using too much salt

____34. The functions of the Kidneys (Renal System) include all of the following EXCEPT:

(a) formation of urine

(b) excretion of excess salts

(c) synthesis of plasma proteins

(d) filtration of metabolic wastes from the blood

(e) excretion of excess water

____35. Which one of the following is both an exocrine and endocrine gland?

(a) thyroid

(b) parotid

(c) pituitary

(d) pancreas

(e) liver

____36. All of the following are normally obtained as nutrients in our food EXCEPT:

(a) amino acids

(b) sugars

(c) phospholipids

(d) ATP

(e) nucleotides

____37. The fiber ("roughage") in grains & vegetables is:

(a) sucrose

(b) glucose

(c) cellulose

(d) amylose

(e) fructose

____38. Testosterone, estrogen & aldosterone are structurally related to:

(a) tyrosine

(b) glycogen

(c) cholesterol

(d) collagen

(e) prostaglandins

____39. Fat is stored within adipose cells as:

(a) glycogen

(b) steroids

(c) triglycerides

(d) phospholipids

(e) ketoacids

____40. Excess water and waste products are filtered out of the bloodstream by the:

(a) liver

(b) spleen

(c) lungs

(d) kidneys

(e) pancreas

____41. The inactivation of enzymes could result from any of the following EXCEPT:

(a) ingestion of food containing mercury

(b) ingestion of food containing lead

(c) running a prolonged, high fever

(d) consuming large amounts of cholesterol

(e) the build-up of acids in the body

____42. The hormone in females that is responsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristics at puberty is called:

(a) estrogen

(b) thyroxin

(c) progesterone

(d) glycogen

(e) insulin

____43. Wheat "bran" is high in:

(a) starch

(b) protein & nucleic acid

(c) cellulose

(d) essential fatty acids

(e) water

____44. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by:

(a) ligaments

(b) tendons

(c) paper clips

(d) nerves

(e) cartilage

____45. With cirrhosis of the liver:

(a) liver glycogen is split into glucose

(b) fat accumulates in the liver

(c) the liver fills with bile

(d) glycogen accumulates in the liver

(e) a bacterial infection spreads through the liver

____46. The largest and heaviest organ in the body is the:

(a) kidneys

(b) brain

(c) heart

(d) stomach

(e) liver

____47. Scurvy results from a deficiency of:

(a) Vitamin A (retinol)

(b) Vitamin E (tocopherol)

(c) Vitamin K (phylloquinone)

(d) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

(e) Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

____48. Chemicals that are released into the bloodstream and cause changes in the body's activities are called:

(a) enzymes

(b) hormones

(c) minerals

(d) buffers

(e) vitamins

_____49. The B-vitamins are primarily associated with:

(a) brain function

(b) hormone synthesis

(c) cellular respiration

(d) blood cell production

(e) urine formation

____50. When two monosaccharides become chemically bonded together to form a disaccharide:

(a) the amino groups are lost

(b) water is formed

(c) a large amount of energy is released

(d) a double helix is formed

(e) CO2 is released

____51. Which one of the following is NOT a steroid?

(a) testosterone

(b) estrogen

(c) progesterone

(d) cholesterol

(e) glycogen

____52. Adenine and cytosine are examples of:

(a) amino acids

(b) nucleotide (nitrogenous) bases

(c) nucleic acids

(d) coenzymes

(e) polysaccharides

____53. Hair is composed of:

(a) glycogen

(b) cellulose

(c) keratin

(d) collagen

(e) cholesterol

____54. The white of an egg is made-up of:

(a) starch

(b) cholesterol

(c) cholecalciferol

(d) RNA

(e) protein

____55. One of the most important roles of specific proteins in the body is to:

(a) serve as the primary energy source

(b) store and transfer hereditary information

(c) catalyze biochemical reactions

(d) act as a glue to hold the cells of the organism together

(e) buffer acids and bases in body fluids

____56. The Pituitary Gland is located in the:

(a) head

(b) neck

(c) chest

(d) abdomen

(e) pelvis

____57. Vitamin A (retinol) is essential for normal:

(a) blood clotting

(b) fertility

(c) calcium absorption

(d) vision

(e) cellular respiration

____58. Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is essential for normal:

(a) collagen synthesis

(b) fertility

(c) calcium absorption

(d) vision

(e) cellular respiration

____59. All of the following are "fat-soluble vitamins" EXCEPT:

(a) Vitamin A (retinol)

(b) Vitamin K (phylloquinone)

(c) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

(d) Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

(e) Vitamin E (tocopherol)

____60. Which one of the following is NOT part of each nucleotide molecule?

(a) a 5-carbon sugar

(b) a nitrogenous base

(c) a phosphate group

(d) an amino acid

____61. Which hormone stimulates labor contractions in women?

(a) insulin

(b) calciferol

(c) adrenal androgen

(d) oxytocin

(e) progesterone

____62. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy:

(a) protein

(b) steroid

(c) nucleotide

(d) amino acid

(e) prostaglandin

____63. The major sugar in milk is:

(a) sucrose

(b) glucose

(c) cellulose

(d) lactose

(e) fructose

____64. Which one of the following is NOT a hormone?

(a) testosterone

(b) estrogen

(c) glycogen

(d) thyroxin

(e) insulin

____65. Which type of molecules are both hydrophobic and hydrophillic?

(a) fatty acids

(b) monosaccharides

(c) phospholipids

(d) steroids

(e) nucleotides

_____66. The hormone that prepares a woman's uterus (womb) for possible pregnancy is:

(a) progesterone

(b) chorionic gonadotropin

(c) insulin

(d) oxytocin

(e) estrogen

____67. In the DNA molecule, adenine (A) always complementarily binds with:

(a) another adenine (A)

(b) guanine (G)

(c) thymine (T)

(d) cytosine (C)

(e) uracil (U)

____68. Which one of the following is NOT found in DNA?

(a) adenine (A)

(b) uracil (U)

(c) guanine (G)

(d) cytosine (C)

(e) thymine (T)

____69. Proteins differ from one another in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

(a) their number of amino acids

(b) the type of amino acids in the protein

(c) the way they are coiled

(d) the amount of cholesterol in the protein

____70. Which one of the following hormones is secreted by the pituitary gland?

(a) insulin

(b) progesterone

(c) calciferol

(d) oxytocin

(e) adrenal androgen

____71. Phosphorus (P) is contained in all of the following EXCEPT:

(a) ATP

(b) RNA

(c) DNA

(d) phospholipids

(e) starch

____72. Oxygen (O2) binds to _______ in Red Blood Cells.

(a) albumin

(b) gamma-globulins

(c) hemoglobin

(d) glycogen

(e) insulin

____73. When an egg is fried, the protein:

(a) breaks apart

(b) uncoils

(c) becomes nutritionally inferior

(d) remains unchanged

____74. All steroid hormones are synthesized from:

(a) collagen

(b) cellulose

(c) glucose

(d) cholesterol

(e) polypeptides

____75. Which one of the following is NOT a mineral?

(a) zinc

(b) magnesium

(c) niacin

(d) iron

(e) phosphorus

____76. Which mineral is essential for muscle contraction & blood clotting?

(a) calcium

(b) zinc

(c) copper

(d) fluoride

(e) iodine

____77. Corticosteroids, like cortisol, are secreted from your:

(a) pancreas

(b) thyroid gland

(c) pituitary gland

(d) adrenal gland

(e) reproductive organs

____78. Which one of the following is required for the production of Red Blood Cells?

(a) Vitamin A (retinol)

(b) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

(c) iron

(d) zinc

(e) iodine

____79. Carbohydrates are stored in the human body as:

(a) albumin

(b) starch

(c) triglycerides

(d) glycogen

(e) sucrose

____80. Skin, bones, tendons & gums contain:

(a) albumin

(b) oxytocin

(c) glycogen

(d) collagen

(e) cellulose

____81. Fat cells in the human body store:

(a) glyclogen

(b) cholesterol

(c) phospholipids

(d) triglycerides

(e) starch

____82. Each carbon atom always shares _______ electrons.

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 4

(d) 6

(e) 8

____83. Which one of the following is an example of an Anabolic Reaction?

(a) AB + CD αα AC + BD

(b) C6H12O6 αα 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

(c) A + B αα AB

(d) AB αα A + C

(e) AB + C αα AC + B

[pic]

____84. Which one of the chemical structures shown above is a phospholipid?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

____85. Which one of the chemical structures shown above is a nucleotide?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

____86. Which one of the chemical structures shown above is a steroid?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

____87. Which one of the chemical structures shown above is a disaccharide?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

=================================================================

____88. Which one of the following is needed for normal blood clotting?

(a) Vitamin A (retinol)

(b) Vitamin E (tocopherol)

(c) Vitamin K (phylloquinone)

(d) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

(e) Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

____89. The names of steroids usually end with the suffix:

(a) -ide

(b) -ose

(c) -ase

(d) –ine

(e) -one

____90. Changes in temperature, pH, or electrolyte concentrations it will cause a protein to:

(a) break-down into the individual amino acids

(b) unravel and lose its characteristic shape

(c) turn black in color

(d) usually become more efficient in its function

____91. A peptide bond is formed:

(a) when 2 amino acids are bonded together

(b) due to the attraction between 2 ions

(c) after atoms lose one or more electrons

(d) when 2 glucose molecules combine

____92. Calcium is necessary for:

(a) muscle contraction

(b) temperature regulation

(c) ovulation

(d) protein synthesis

(e) DNA replication

____93. Which of the following are minerals that function as coenzymes?

(a) calcium, iron, magnesium

(b) iodine, sodium, chloride

(c) magnesium, mercury, zinc

(d) copper, silver, gold

____94. Substances in our diet such as Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and beta-carotene may slow the process of aging by:

(a) reducing the rate of mutation

(b) stimulating cell division of nerve cells

(c) inhibiting free radical formation

(d) reducing UV damage of the skin cells

____95. Which food is highest in saturated fats?

(a) peanut oil

(b) corn oil

(c) olive oil

(d) safflower oil

(e) coconut oil

____96. Glucose + galactose is called:

(a) fructose

(b) sucrose

(c) maltose

(d) lactose

(e) cellulose

____97. Corticosteroids are secreted from the:

(a) pancreatic islets

(b) pituitary (adenohyopophysis)

(c) ovaries

(d) adrenal cortex

(e) adrenal medulla

(ab) spleen

(ac) liver

Matching

Select the best term from the right column that matches the statements on the left.

____98. synonym for "gamma-globulins" A. ligament

B. tendon

____99. synonym for organic coenzymes C. cellulose

D. denaturation

___100. fibrous bands that attach muscles E. anticoagulant

to bones AB. goiter

AC. polymer

___101. term for uncoiling of proteins AD. enzymes

AE. antibodies

___102. "fiber" BC. androgens

BD. progesterone

___103. the building blocks of nucleic acids BE. prostaglandin

CD. vitamins

___104. the building blocks of proteins CE. minerals

DE. estrogen

___105. deficiency of insulin ABC. lysis

ABD. crenation

ABE. nucleotides

ACD. amino acids

ACE. leukoplasts

ADE. lysosomes

BCD. centrioles

BCE. mitochondria

BDE. pyrimidines

CDE. products

ABCD. reactants

ABCE. phagocytosis

ABDE. secretion

ACDE. menopause

BCDE. diabetes

ABCDE. sickle cell anemia

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