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Brave New WorldCombining English with Psychology and HistoryHenry FordIn 1908, Henry Ford invented the Model T—an affordable automobile. In 1913, Ford introduced the first moving automobile assembly line, resulting in the mass production of cars because each worker became “specialized” at a particular task. By 1914, Ford started paying his workers $5 a day, which is double the industry standard. He saw this as a system to turn workers into customers. Ford was quite criticized for this. The New York Times ridiculed the plan, calling it “distinctly utopian” and “foredoomed to failure,” while the Wall Street Journal accused his company of having “committed economic blunders, if not crimes” and using “spiritual principles where they don’t belong” (Kiviat, 2008). By 1921, the Ford Model T made up almost 57% of the world’s automobile production (Tweeten & Ford, 2008,). Henry Ford used assembly lines (one person becoming specialized in a particular area), allowing the company to mass-produce cars inexpensively and efficiently. Sigmund FreudIn his psychodynamic theory, he emphasized the importance of early childhood experiences and unconscious or repressed thoughts. Consciousness – Wishes, desires, or thoughts we are aware ofUnconsciousness – Wishes, desire, or thoughts we cannot voluntarily accessFreud believed there were three divisions of the mind (developed in order):ID (pleasure principle) – completely unconscious, sought biological drives, which contained sex and aggression. This division was similar to a pleasure-seeking, spoiled child. EGO (reality principle) – half conscious and half unconscious, this executive negotiator contains reason and logical and seeks out socially acceptable outletsSUPEREGO (moral principle) – 1/3 conscious and 2/3 unconscious, this examines and applies the moral values and standards of parents/ caregiversFreud used techniques to uncover the unconsciousness—which he believed were routed in sexual thoughts. Techniques, such as free association (uncensored talking), dream interpretation (dreams have hidden, underlying meaning), Freudian slips (often embarrassing mistakes or slips of the tongue), and defense mechanisms (which the ego uses to protect and reduce anxious feelings) were used.Sigmund Freud’s famous psychosexual stages earned him criticism for the amount of emphasis he placed on sexual feelings. There are five developmental periods, each marked by a potential conflict. Conflicts arise as a child seeks pleasure from different body areas associated with sexual feelings, including: the mouth, the anus, and the genitals. Conflicts can happen between the child and his caretaker when restrictions, such as feeding times, are placed upon the child. The first five years of a child’s life are the most important. If a person’s wisher are under or over gratified, s/he can become locked (or fixated) on one of the first three stages. (Plotnik, 2004)Color PsychologyThis theory states that color affects a person’s mood; therefore, colors represent different feelings. Black – “influence & authority”, implies submission (sometimes referring to God—ex: priests, nuns), compliance, evil / overpowering (villains typically wear—ex: Dracula), “stylish & timeless” (fashion)White - purity & virtue (ex: American brides), sterility (ex: doctors and nurses), difficult to keep cleanGrey – mourning / bereavement, formality (suits), secrecy, power, intellect, dull, dingyBrown – nature, reliable, genuineness, authenticity, sadRed – “most psychologically extreme color” (evokes faster respiration & quicker heartbeat; not good for negotiations or confrontations), appetite stimulant (ex: used in most fast-food restaurants), color of love (ex: Valentine’s Day)Pink – romantic, soothing, makes people lose energy, causes agitation Blue – peaceful, tranquil (popular color), loyalty (recommended to wear to job interviews), productivity (weightlifters can lift more weights), can be “reserved & gloomy”Green – nature, calming (“green rooms” used in TV and radio to relax people), easiest hue on the eyesYellow – hopeful color, happiness, uplifting, overpowering (people lose tempers more and babies cry more in yellow rooms), enhances concentration (ex: legal pads)Purple – royalty, lavishness, affluence, style, classiness, and rarity (can appear artificial) Orange – excitement, interest, energy (ex: often used in exercise rooms), healing (doctor’s offices) (Johnson, 2007; Room color, 2013)Kohlberg’s Moral DilemmaLawrence Kohlberg’s theory entailed the development of ideas concerning right and wrong, which consisted of 3 main levels, each with 2 sub-categories. A person needs to complete them in order; but, at any time, s/he can revert back to a previously learned level. A person can be at a mixture of stages during a given time. Additionally, just because a person knows something is right or wrong, does not mean s/he will choose the best option.Preconventional Level (under 6 years old) – outside authority is key; person focuses on rewards and punishments; self-centered. Child feels if s/he does something for someone, they should do something back (ex: “eye for an eye”)Conventional Level (7-11 years old) – seek approval from others; social order, a person’s intentions, and the legal system are important. Some people never go beyond this levelPostconventional Level (over 11 years old) – focuses on personal ethics and human rights. Many people do not make it to this level. (Plotnik, 2004)Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsAbraham Maslow’s theory explained how humans are motivated by unsatisfied needs—basic / lower needs have to be met before more complex / higher needs can be satisfied. His theory is typically depicted as a triangle—where people start at the bottom and move towards the top (ascending order).Level 5: Self-Actualization – Development and fulfillment of one’s unique potential. Independent, deep-loving relationship with only a few friends. Perceive reality accurately. Focus on accomplishing goals. Peak experiences result in joy and satisfaction; wisdom, truth, meaning, and justiceLevel 4: Esteem Needs – Achievement, competency, gaining approval, recognition, attention, social status, accomplishmentLevel 3: Love & Belonging Needs – Affiliation with others & acceptance by others. Friendships, belonging to a group, and giving & receiving love are importantLevel 2: Safety Needs – Protection from harm & concern about safety & survival (includes career)Level 1: Biological Needs – Air, food, water, and sleep (Plotnik, 2004)Main Characters (name of character is based on historic figures)Benito Hoover – Benito Mussolini and Herbert HooverBernard Marx – Claude Bernard and Karl MarxHelmholtz Watson – Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz and John Broadus WatsonMustapha Mond – Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Ludwig MondDarwin Bonaparte – Charles Darwin and Napoleon BonaparteLenina Crowne –Vladimir Lenin (possibly based on) and John CrowneBenito Mussolini (1883 – 1945)Born into a poor family, he worked his way through politics, becoming part of the Italian middle class. Although he was once a member of the Socialist Party (from 1900-1914), he left the party in 1914 and founded Popolo d’Italia, an independent newspaper backed by his followers (Auntonomous Fascists). Although he suffered career setbacks from 1917 – 1919, he earned favoring opinions, which propelled him to the birth of a national party of the National Fascist Party (working Italian middle class, which were opposed to his early views of socialism). An Italian dictator from 1922 – 1943, he was the head of the government and ruled with absolute power and extreme mistreatment of his citizens. Under his leadership, and economic depression occurred in 1930. In 1938, he joined German dictator Adolf Hitler and was later considered Hitler’s “puppet” during World War II. In 1945, he was executed by a firing squad. (Benito Mussolini Biography, 2013)Herbert Hoover (1874 – 1964)During World War I, he was appointed by President Woodrow Wilson to head of the Food Administration (which was in charge of managing and rationing food consumption within the United States). The Republican Presidential nominee in 1928, Hoover became the 31st President of the United States. He held the position as President for one term (1929 – 1933). In 1929, within several months after taking office, the stock market crashed, creating a downward spiral into the deepest economic depression in America’s history. In 1931, he proposed a plan to Congress for the creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to help the economy prosper, which would have included such items as loaning federal money to states to help feed their unemployed and help farmers facing mortgage foreclosures, etc. Simultaneously, he stressed the need for that caring for the less fortunate should be a non-federal and voluntary responsibility. Hoover became the scapegoat for the depression and was badly defeated when he ran for President of the U.S. in 1932. His successor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt enacted sweeping programs in his New Deal to increase the confidence and bring relief to the unemployed. Roosevelt was such a popular President, that he was elected to a total of four consecutive terms in office. (Herbert Hoover, n.d.)Claude Bernard (1813 – 1878)French physiologist who performed experiments mainly centered on the digestive system. During his time, scientists believed that organs worked independently of each other. In his “radical” research, he found that the stomach was only the beginning of the process; it continued throughout other organs of the body. His resulting conclusion was how the body is constantly trying to maintain stability and be affected by outside influences. In 1865, he published his book, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. (Claude Bernard Biography, 2013)Karl Marx (1818-1883)Considered the “Father of Communism,” he authored the Communist Manifesto. His philosophy became known as Marxism. Marx believed a society goes through 5 different stages. In order to go to the next stage, their needs to be a violent revolution.Tribal – no social classes. A hunting and gathering society; slaves create social classes. The population increases, leading to wants, and creating relations with other leads to warPrimitive Communism – Union of several tribes, wither by conquest or agreement. Private property creates a working class (proletariat)Feudalism - also known as “estate property,” a certain amount or percentage of working classes’ income was given to Aristocracy (royalty)Capitalism – People gain items and the Aristocracy goes into debt. The Proletariat are fooled to believe that they are in control, where instead the Aristocracy exploits them and takes part of their wealth. The working class feel as though they are property of the Aristocracy Communism – This is the goal of society; people do things for the greater good of society (Economic development according to Marx, n.d.; also based on undergraduate class).Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz (1821 – 1894)A German surgeon who became a well-known physiologist and physicist, he invented the ophthalmoscope, which allowed doctors to look at the interior of the eye to see the structures inside. Von Helmholtz also conducted research on color vision and color blindness. He performed research on the cochlea—a part of the inner ear which echoes different sounds and is used to hear. He discovered the law of conservation of energy, which “showed that the total energy of a collection of interacting particles is constant” (para. 4). Additionally, he contributed to thermodynamic, the relationship between heat, work, and energy). (Hermann von Helmholtz, 2013)John Broadus Watson (1878-1958)An early Behaviorist, John Watson believed if he had complete control over a person’s environment from infancy, he could make that person become absolutely anything. His famous experiment revolved around a type of learning in psychology, called classical conditioning. Created by the physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning was “discovered” during Pavlov’s famous experiment when he made a dog salivate using a bell. Watson used this same process to make Little Albert fear a white rate. Watson’s experiment consisted of a child, by the name of Little Albert, who was at first not afraid of a white rat (the neutral stimulus). The only item Watson could determine Little Albert was frightened by was a loud noise (the Unconditioned Stimulus [UCS]), which caused him to cry (Unconditioned Response [UCR]). Therefore, Watson “conditioned” Little Albert to become scared of the white rate by pairing it with the noise over the course of several trials.Neutral stimulus -- UCS (elicits) UCR White ratLoud noiseCry, fearOver time, Watson eliminated the loud noise and only presented Little Albert with the white rate (Conditioned Stimulus [CS]), which elicited a similar response of fear and crying (Conditioned Response [CR]). Additionally, Little Albert started to generalize his trepidation and began fearing any “white and fluffy” items.CSCR White rate Cry, fear (Plotnik, 2004)Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1881 – 1938)The father of modern Turkey, Ataturk transformed the remaining Ottoman Empire into the Republic of Turkey (which later became a country) by imitating Western democracies (such as the United States). Although some consider him a dictator, officially in Turkey he was recognized as the “father of the Turks.” Some of his social, political, and religious reforms included ending the dominance of Islam in public life, as a legal system, and a religion of Turkey, in addition to giving women more rights and changing the alphabet used from Arabic to Latin. (Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, 2013)Ludwig Mond (1939 – 1909)A chemist, Mond co-founded the company, Brunner-Mond (1872), which later became the world’s largest producer of alkalis (a particular kind of chemical substance). In addition to being an originator of Britain’s chemical industry, Mond was one of the first to institute an eight-hour workday in England, as well as residence and recreational facilities for his employees.(Biography of Ludwig Mond, 2013)Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)The phrase, “survival of the fittest,” is the most often phrase used to describe Darwin’s theory of evolution. His theory of natural selection explained how living things adapted to their particular environments. The idea that living things change over time to adapt to their environment, called “natural selection,” became a controversial topic that continues still today. One major reason for natural selection to be contentious is that Darwin believed there is some specific variation between those who are able to reproduce and some that are not. Those living things (including people) that struggle to survive, will cause future generations to struggle to endure by passing their “form and abilities” on. Therefore, because future generations may inherit their abnormities or lack of abilities, these species should not reproduce. Darwin wrote in Origin of the Species how people should try not to fix naturally occurring organisms because the amount of offspring and the ability of them to survive is constantly “in check” with the amount of food and space available, climate, and any potential predators. Therefore, there is some discrepancy if Darwin’s theory was aimed at humans—thus another reason for controversy with his theory. (van Wyhe, 2002)Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 – 1821)A military general and an emperor of France, to some Napoleon Bonaparte is considered “one of the history’s greatest heroes.” A workaholic, short, and impatient, some consider him a genius, while other have used his name to describe those who have an inferiority complex due to their physical stature (i.e. “Napoleon Complex”). Some of his notoriety occurred because of sheer luck, such as being born to parents who were of higher social status. The French Revolution also occurred conveniently to promote his military rank after various victories against other nations. The French Revolution transformed France from a feudal state (with an absolute monarch) to eventually an empire with Napoleon as the leader. The Revolution occurred as a result of France’s involvement in the American Revolutionary War, which gave way to a financial crisis within France. The clergy, the nobility, and “the rest of France” met and disagreed over the direction and reformation of France. After a new legislative system was in place (including some illegal and unethical maneuvers), Napoleon (an army general) became one of three persons (consuls) to rule France, thus bringing an end to the Revolution. In 1804, he appointed himself as the Emperor of France then subsequently got France into wars with other nations, where he was humiliated when he was forced to retreat. After enemies advanced, Napoleon surrendered, abdicated as Emperor of France, and was exiled. Although he secretly returned to France, where he attracted support, he was barely defeated at Waterloo, where is second abdication occurred and he was exiled until his death. (Wilde, 2013)Vladimir Lenin (1890 – 1924)Lenin used the principles of Marxism (Karl Marx, see above) to successfully transform Russia’s czar (emperor)-ruled nation by instituting communist principles to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R), which lasted from 1922 until its collapse in 1991 under Michael Grobachev. Before Lenin’s revolution (which made him a leader), he wrote controversial documents in an attempt to spark a revolution. Instead, he was arrested, jailed, and exiled. Despite this setback, he still continued to write propaganda and had a group of followers, the Bolshevicks (whom were led by Lenin) to support the overtaking of the rule of Czar Nicholas II (the leader of Russia). Then, in March 1917, without the help of Lenin, the peasants who became tired of being hungry, took to the streets of St. Petersburg, acquired the assistance of many soldiers, released prisoners form their jail cells, and took to the home of czar. This, according to Lenin, was the revolution that caused Russia to go from the third stage (Feudalism) in the theory of Marxism to the fourth stage (Capitalism). In October 1917, Lenin covertly returned to Russia, and with the help of other Bolsheviks, took over the city of St. Petersburg. This revolution, according to Lenin, caused Russia to go from the fourth stage in Marxism to the fifth stage (Communism). Lenin’s rule of Russia lasted until his death, where Joseph Stalin succeeded him. Some believed that instead of communism being introduced in the U.S.S.R., it was socialism instead that was enacted. (Vladimir Lenin Biography, 2013).John Crowne (1640 – 1703)An English playwright, Crowne produced various types of plays, including: romantic, historical, comedy, and political. He wrote plays for people, including for King Charles II. While Crowne was writing a play for Charles II, the king died before the play was completed. Little is known about his life. (John Crowne, 2013)ReferencesBenito Mussolini biography. (2013). Retrieved from of Ludwig Mond. (2013). Retrieved from Bernard biography (1813-1878). (2013). Retrieved from development according to Marx. (n.d.). Retrieved from Hoover. (n.d.). Retrieved from von Helmholtz. (2013). Retrieved from Crowne (d.c. 1703). (2013). Retrieved from , D. (2007). Color Psychology: Do different colors affect your mood? Pearson Education. Retrieved from , B. (2008, August 11). A brief history of creative capitalism.” Time Magazine. 172(6). Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. (2013). Retrieved from , R. (2004). Introduction to Psychology (7th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Company.Room color and how it affects your mood. (2013). Retrieved from , L. & Ford, A. (2008, September 24). A brief history of: The Model T. Time Magazine. Retrieved from Wyhe, J., ed. (2002). The complete work of Charles Darwin online. Retrieved from Lenin Biography. (2013). Retrieved from , R. (2013). Napoleon Bonaparte. Retrieved from ConsultedTartar Esch, S. (2005). Analyzing the brave new world. Retrieved from ................
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