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AP Psychology Unit II: The Biological Bases of Behavior Guided Notes #2 Corresponding Chapter(s): Chapter 2/Chapter 3 Fall Semester 2014 Topic: Biological Bases of Behavior (8-10%)BacileTHE BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR: NEURONS & NEUROTRANSMITTERS “Everything that is biological is simultaneously psychological…”Cells of the Nervous SystemThe Nervous SystemAn __________________________________________________________________________________ that carries information to and from all parts of the body; body’s information systemBrain to the body, face and internal organs_________________________________________________Two Major Types of Cells in the Nervous System______________________________________ (the basic building blocks)______________________________________ (a neuron’s support system)NeuronsIndividual cells; basic building block of the nervous systemNeurons perform three primary tasks: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (Sensory Neurons)Carry information from the body’s tissues & sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord (__________________________________)______________________________________________ (Motor Neurons)Carry information from the brain & spinal cord to the body’s tissues and sensory organs (__________________________________)______________________________________________CNS neurons that communicate internally and ____________________________________________________________________________________ (make reflexes happen)Basic Parts of a NeuronSoma (“______________________” in Greek)Cell body; ___________________________________________ & chemical “machinery” common to most cells______________________________ (“tree” in Greek)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Axon (“axle” in Greek)Tube-like structure that __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (neurons)_____________________________Fatty substance produced by certain glial cells; _________________________________________; helps insulate, protect & speed the neural impulseTerminal Branches/Buttons________________________________________________________________________________________________ (chemical messengers) Synapse (“_____________________” in Greek)-34290267335Diagram of a Neuron00Diagram of a NeuronJunction where information is _____________________________________________________________Glial Cells (“glue” in Greek)-285751841500______________________________________________________________________Deliver nutrients, produce myelin, flush waste & dead neurons and influence information processingInfluence the generation of new neurons during _____________________________________________________________________Outnumber neurons 10 to 1; ____________________________________The Neural Impulse Alan Hodgkin & Andrew Huxley (1952)__________________________________________________________________Unraveled the mystery of the ________________________________WHY SQUID?270510057784Semi-Permeable Fluid00Semi-Permeable Fluid-1-127000270510028575Inside the Neuron00Inside the Neuron2705100143510Outside the Neuron00Outside the NeuronResting PotentialA neuron’s _________________________________________________________________________________________: a neuron at restAn inactive neuron has a _______________________________________________________ (-70 millivolts)In this state the neuron is capable of generating an action potential; ready to fireAction Potential____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________; begins at the somaNeural messages travel anywhere from 2 mph to 270 mph146685012636500-161925126365Depolarization occurs when positive ions enter the neuron making it more prone to fire an action potential00Depolarization occurs when positive ions enter the neuron making it more prone to fire an action potentialAbsolute Refractory Period13144504953000After an action potential, the ___________________________________ _____________________________________________ during which another action potential cannot beginThe “_____________________________________________________” (1-2 milliseconds)13144501270000-1619256350Hyperpolarization 00Hyperpolarization The nerve __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ThresholdThe _________________________________________________ required to trigger a neural impulseAll-or-None PrincipleIf a neuron fires it will _____________________________ fire at the same intensity (___________________) the intensity of the stimulus DOES NOT matter***The Neuron-Toilet Analogy***The SynapseA ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ and the dendrites of the receiving neuronThe ______________________________________________________________________________________________How do action potentials travel from one neuron to another?NeurotransmittersA ______________________________________________ that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next; ________________________________________Influences whether the second neuron will generate an action potential or notExcitatory EffectInhibitory EffectA neurotransmitter effect that makes it ____________________________ the receiving neuron will generate an ______________________________The second neuron is more likely to fire_____________________________________________A neurotransmitter effect that makes it __________________________ the receiving neuron will generate an ____________________________The second neuron is less likely to fire___________________________________________AgonistAntagonistChemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell_____________________________________________________________, depending on the effect of the original neurotransmitter (excitatory or inhibitory)ExampleMorphine, a man-made chemical substance, is an _______________________________________________________Chemical substances that ______________________________________________ a cell’s response to the action of other chemical or neurotransmittersExample___________________________________________________________________ReuptakeNeurotransmitters in the synapse are ____________________________________ into the sending neurons through the process of reuptakeThis process ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________CharacteristicsDysregulationPsychopharmacologyAcetylcholineLocated at neuromuscular junctionsInvolved in muscle action, learning, attention, memory and arousalDopamine (monoamine)Parkinson’s DiseaseSchizophreniaNorepinephrine (monoamine)Adderall (agonist)Serotonin (monoamine)DepressionObsessive-Compulsive DisorderEating DisordersGABA (amino acid)Glutamate (amino acid)The most common excitatory neurotransmitterInvolved in learning, memory formation and the development of the nervous systemEndorphins ................
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