Unit 3: Biological Bases of Behavior - Weebly
AP Psychology
Unit 3: Biological Bases of Behavior
Lecture Notes
Part I: The Neuron & Neurotransmission
Biological psychology:
The Neuron
Neuron:
Glial cell:
3 types of neurons:
1.
2.
3.
3 functions of neurons:
1.
2.
3.
Structure of the Neuron
Cell body:
Dendrites:
Axon:
Myelin sheath:
Schwann cells:
nodes of Ranvier:
multiple sclerosis:
Terminal buttons:
How Does the Neuron Work?
All-or-none law:
Resting potential:
Action potential
Messages from other neurons are either _____________________ or ____________________
Threshold:
Refractory period:
Action potential:
Neuronal Connections: From Neuron to Neuron
Synaptic cleft:
Neurotransmitter:
Vescicles:
Receptor sites:
Reuptake:
Neurotransmitter pathways:
(Some) Neurotransmitters
Know pg. 58 in Myers!
Acetylcholine (ACh):
Dopamine:
Norepinephrine:
Serotonin:
Neurotransmitters at Work: Some Examples
Example 1: Serotonin and depression
SSRIs:
Example 2: Pert & Snyder’s (1973) morphine studies
Endorphins:
Altering Neurotransmission: Drugs and Other Chemicals
2 classes of drugs/chemicals that influence neurotransmission:
1.
2.
Part II: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
The Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Spinal cord:
Reflex:
Reflex arc:
Peripheral Nervous System
Skeletal nervous system:
Autonomic nervous system:
Sympathetic nervous system:
Parasympathetic nervous system:
The Endocrine System
Hormones:
Pituitary gland:
Gigantism:
Growth hormone deficiency:
Part III: The Brain
Mapping Brain Functions: The Old Days
Brain damage patients:
Mapping Brain Functions Today
Neuroimaging:
EEG:
advantages:
disadvantage:
MEG:
advantages:
disadvantage:
CT scan:
advantages:
disadvantage:
PET scan:
advantage:
disadvantages:
MRI:
fMRI:
advantages:
disadvantages:
So what can we do with all this neuroimaging stuff?
Structure of the Brain
“older” brain structures:
“newer” brain structures:
3 Regions of the Human Brain
Hindbrain:
Midbrain:
Forebrain:
The Hindbrain & Midbrain
Brainstem:
Medulla:
Reticular formation:
Pons:
Thalamus:
The Cerebellum
The Limbic System
Amygdala:
Kluver & Bucy (1939):
Hypothalamus:
Olds & Milner (1954):
Hippocampus:
H.M.
anterograde amnesia:
retrograde amnesia (H.M. didn’t have this one):
procedural memories:
The Visible Brain
Cerebral cortex:
Cerebral hemispheres:
Our Divided Brains
Corpus callosum:
Hemispheric specialization
Left hemisphere:
Right hemisphere:
Split-brain patients:
Epilepsy:
A quick note on vision
Split-brains and vision:
Alien hand syndrome:
The Visible Brain, cont.
Sulcus:
Gyrus:
Lobes of the cerebral cortex:
1. Frontal lobe:
2. Parietal lobe:
3. Temporal lobe:
4. Occipital lobe:
2 Important Gyri to Know
1. motor cortex:
2. sensory cortex:
Plasticity
Plasticity:
Plasticity & the blind:
Plasticity & the deaf:
Neuroprosthetics:
Part IV: Handedness
Division of labor theory of handedness:
Handedness & language:
Advantages for lefties:
Advantages for righties:
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