Perspective - Grosse Pointe Public Schools



Perspective |Psychologists | |

|Biological |N/A |

|Evolutionary |Charles Darwin |

|Psychoanalytic (Psychodynamic- use more techniques and combination of perspectives) |Freud |

| |Neo-Freudians: Jung, Adler, Horney, Erikson |

|Cognitive |Piaget, Kohlberg, Gilligan, Beck, Ellis, Chomsky, Whorf |

|Behavioral/Behaviorism/Behaviorist |Watson, Pavlov, Thorndike, Skinner, Bandura |

|Humanistic |Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow (Martin Seligman – Positive Psychology) |

|Sociocultural |N/A |

Chapter 1: Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

|Wilhelm Wundt |Structuralism |

|William James |Functionalism |

|Max Wertheimer |Gestalt – whole greater than the sum of the parts |

|Freud |Psychoanalysis |

|John Watson/Thorndike/Pavlov |Behaviorism |

Chapter 2: Neuroscience - there are no specific psychologists to remember

Chapter 3: Nature and Nurture - there are no specific psychologists to remember

Chapter 4: Development

|Piaget |4 stages of COGNITIVE development: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational |

|Kohlberg |3 stages of MORAL development: Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional |

|Carol Gilligan |Opponent of Kohlberg’s theories (felt he was sexist) |

|Erikson |8 stages of PSYCHOSOCIAL development: Trust v. Mistrust, Autonomy v. Doubt, Initiative v. Guilt, Industry v.|

| |Inferiority, Identity v. Confusion, Intimacy v. Isolation, Generativity v. Stagnation, Integrity v. Despair |

|Elisabeth Kubler-Ross |5 Stages of Dying: Anger, Denial, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance |

|Mary Ainsworth |Attachment studies, Strange Situation |

|Harry Harlow |Rhesus monkey studies: contact comfort important |

|Diana Baumrind |4 Parenting Styles: Authoritarian, Passive, Permissive, Authoritative (the best one) |

|Freud |5 Psychosexual Stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital |

Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception

|Young-Helmholtz |Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision – red, green, blue receptors in retina |

|Weber’s Law |Just Noticeable Difference, difference Threshold |

Chapter 6: Consciousness

|Ernest Hilgard |Hidden Observer Effect in dissociation |

Chapter 7: Learning (behaviorism)

|John Watson |Baby Albert/white rat – classical conditioning |

|Ivan Pavlov |Classical Conditioning |

|Edward Thorndike |Law of Effect |

|B.F. Skinner |Operant Conditioning |

|Garcia & Koelling (Garcia effect) |Biological preparedness in classical conditioning. We are biological prepared to be conditioned for certain|

| |things |

|Albert Bandura |Social Learning, modeling, Bobo doll experiment |

|Wolfgang Kohler |Insight learning in chimps |

Chapter 8: Memory

|Hermann Ebbinghaus |Forgetting curve |

|Elizabeth Loftus |Constructed (false) memories |

Chapter 9: Thinking, Language and Intelligence

|Noam Chomsky |Language capability innate (born with a language acquisition device) |

|Benjamin Whorf |Linguistic Relativity – language controls/influences thinking (this idea has been found to be mostly untrue |

| |except for the impact of labeling) |

|Binet |Measure mental age |

|Terman (at Stanford led to Stanford-Binet) |Revised Binet’s tests |

|Stern |Devised IQ (intelligence quotient) |

|Spearman |g – general intelligence |

|Goleman |Emotional Intelligence |

|Gardner |Multiple Intelligences |

Chapter 10: Motivation

|Abraham Maslow |Hierarchy of Needs |

|Yerkes-Dodson |Arousal Theory |

Chapter 11: Emotions, Stress and Health

|James-Lange |Physiological arousal precedes emotion |

|Cannon-Bard |Physiological arousal + cognition = emotion |

|Schacter Two-Factor Theory |Physiological arousal and cognitive components interact to produce emotion. Explained the cognitive |

| |component more to differentiate theory from Cannon-Bard |

|Selye |General Adaptation Syndrome (3 phase response to stress: 1. alarm 2. resistance 3. exhaustion) |

Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders

|Rosenhan |Effects of diagnostic labels |

Chapter 12: Personality

|Freud |Psychoanalytic – defense mechanisms, psychosexual stages |

|Carl Jung |Collective unconscious; Archetypes, personality traits (intuitive, sensing, feeling, thinking – the basis |

| |for Myers-Briggs personality inventory) |

|Alfred Adler |Birth order; inferiority and superiority complexes |

|Karen Horney |Women envy; felt Freud was sexist in saying that men have stronger superegos than women |

|Gordon Allport |Idiographic method: cardinal, central and secondary dispositions or traits specific to individual |

|Eysenck-Cattell |Nomothetic method: Used factor analysis to identify common traits in all people |

|Julian Rotter |Locus of control |

|Carl Rogers |Self Theory - Self-concept; ideal vs. real self; unconditional positive regard |

|Abraham Maslow |Hierarchy of Needs; top of the hierarchy – self-actualization |

|Albert Bandura |Social-cognitive theory: reciprocal determinism; self-efficacy |

|Martin Seligman |Positive psychology |

|George Kelly (we didn’t talk about him, but know him) |Personal-Construct Theory: people develop their own constructs to understand the world. Based on |

| |fundamental postulate – people are influenced by their cognitions. |

|William Sheldon |Somatotype Theory (3 body types): Endomorphs (fat) are friendly and outgoing, Mesomorphs (muscular) are |

| |aggressive, Ectomorphs (thin) are shy and secretive |

|Barnum Effect (named after PT Barnum) |The tendency for people to believe personality descriptions provided by palm readers, psychics, astrologers,|

| |etc. |

Chapter 14: Therapy

|Pinel and Dix |Advocated humane treatment for mentally ill |

|Freud |Psychoanalysis: free association, uncover unconscious, transference, resistance |

|Carl Rogers |Humanistic: Client-centered Therapy using active listening |

|Fritz Perls (we didn’t talk about him, but know him) |Gestalt/Humanistic Therapy: get in touch with whole selves (even body position) and stressed the importance |

| |of the present time |

|Beck |Cognitive Therapy: used the cognitive triad – beliefs about self, world and future |

|Albert Ellis |Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT or RET): expose and confront irrational thoughts |

Chapter 15: Social Psychology

|Leon Festinger |Cognitive Dissonance |

|Rosenthal |Pygmalion Effect = self-fulfilling prophecy |

|Sherif |Superordinate goals promote cooperation |

|Asch |Conformity – the line study |

|Milgram |Obedience – the shocking experiment |

|Zimbardo |Stanford Prison Study – role playing |

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