Microsoft Word - 05.18.10-Ecology Notes.docx



Name ___________________ Period _____

Ch 3-6 Notes: Ecology

Words to Know: ecology, biosphere, biotic, abiotic, ecosystem, community, population, autotrophs, heterotrophs, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritovores, scavengers, food chain, food web, trophic levels, nutrient, limiting nutrient, weather, climate, ozone layer, greenhouse effect, niche, habitat, competition, predation, predator, prey, keystone species, symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, primary succession, secondary succession, carrying capacity, renewable resource, nonrenewable resource, biological magnification, biodiversity, ecological hot spot, ecological footprint, conservation

The Biosphere

What is Ecology?

ecology: the study of the __________________ among organisms and between organisms their __________________

biosphere: all parts of the Earth where __________________ _________________ (land, water and air) biotic: the __________________ factors in an ecosystem

Ex:

abiotic: the __________________ factors in an ecosystem

Ex:

Levels of Organization

ecosystem: interactions among the community and __________________ factors community: group of interacting __________________

population: group of one species living in the same place at the __________________

Energy, Producers and Consumers

[pic]

autotrophs: An organism that can __________________ its own food; use __________________ or __________________; also called __________________.

heterotrophs: An organism that has to get its food from __________________; also called

__________________.

Types of Heterotrophs

herbivores: eat only __________________

carnivores: eat only __________________

omnivores: eat both ____________________________________

detritovores: break down __________________material; __________________ scavengers: eat ____________________________________

Energy Flow in Ecosystems

food chain

food web

[pic]

trophic levels: Each step in a __________________.

• As you move up trophic levels, __________________ of the energy is __________________.

Pyramids

Energy Pyramid __________________

Cycles of Matter

[pic]

nutrient: __________________ an organism needs to sustain life.

• Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorous

limiting nutrient: the nutrient whose supply __________________ productivity of producers

[pic]

Nitrogen Cycle

[pic]

Phosphorous Cycle

[pic]

Ecosystems and Communities

Niches and Community Interactions

niche: __________________ an organism does to __________________.

[pic]

• All __________________ and __________________conditions.

• What it eats, where it lives (__________________), how it avoids predators, etc.

competition: Occurs when two organisms want the same resource at the same time.

Competitive Exclusion Principle: No two species can occupy the same niche at the same time.

predation: An interaction where one organism __________________ and __________________ on

another organism.

predator: __________________

prey: __________________

keystone species: A species that exerts strong control on the structure of a __________________ so

that changes to its population causes __________________ changes

Ex: sea otters

symbiosis: Any relationship in which two species ____________________________________together. mutualism: __________________ species __________________

Ex: bees and flowers

commensalism: one species __________________ while the other is not __________________

Ex: barnacles on a whale

parasitism: one species __________________, while the other is __________________

Ex: tapeworms-YUK!

Succession

Ecological Succession

primary succession: occurs where there is _________

Ex: after a _________ erupts

secondary succession: occurs where there is _________

Ex: after a ______________

Climate

weather: the ______________ condition of the Earth at a particular _________ and _________

climate: the average, ______________conditions of ______________ and ______________

[pic]

Effect of Latitude on Climate

• The tilt of the Earth creates climate zones based on latitude:

Heat Transport in the Biosphere

• Unequal heating of the Earth drives _________ and ______________.

• Air and water near the equator _________ and _________.

ozone layer: Layer of the Earth’s atmosphere (_________km above Earth) containing _________ (O3)

• Absorbs 93-99% of _________

The Greenhouse Effect: Natural situation where _________ trap the sun’s heat energy in the _________.

• Maintains our _________. (Earth would be _________cooler without it.)

Humans in the Biosphere

carrying capacity: The ______________ number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can ______________.

renewable resource: can be ______________ by a healthy ecosystem

Ex: trees, wind

nonrenewable resource: ______________ be replenished by natural processes in a ______________ amount of time

Ex: fossil fuels

biological magnification: ______________ concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher ______________ levels in a food chain

biodiversity: All of the organisms in the ______________

conservation: “wise use”; studying the loss of biodiversity & ways it can be ______________

ecological hot spot: a place where significant numbers of species and habitats are in ______________ danger of extinction

ecological footprint: The total area of functioning land and water ecosystems needed to ______________ resources and ______________ the wastes of an individual or population. ) - Used to calculate the biosphere’s carrying capacity for ______________.

-----------------------

|) |Carbon |

| | |

|) |Nitrogen |

|) |Phosphorous |

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download