AP Psychology Essential Information



AP Psychology Essential InformationPlease complete the following terms as they are assigned. Do not use the glossary in the back of the textbook to define the terms. Please use the definition in the corresponding chapter s to define the terms. You may need to use the internet for some of the definitions. I will give you a list of websites to stay away from in this packet.ProloguePsychologyEmpiricismStructuralismFunctionalismHumanistic psychologyNature-nurture issueNatural selectionLevels of analysisBiopsychosocial approachBasic researchApplied researchCounseling psychologyClinical psychologyPsychiatryChapter 1Hindsight biasCritical thinkingTheoryHypothesisOperational definitionReplicationCase studySurveyFalse consensus effectPopulationRandom sampleNaturalistic observationCorrelationScatterplotIllusory correlationExperimentDouble-blind procedurePlacebo effectExperimental conditionControl conditionRandom assignmentIndependent variableDependent variableModeMeanMedianRangeStandard deviationStatistical significanceCultureChapter 2Biological psychologyNeuronDendriteAxonMyelin sheathAction potentialThresholdSynapseNeurotransmittersAcetylcholineEndorphinsNervous systemCentral nervous systemPeripheral nervous systemNervesSensory neuronsMotor neuronsInterneuronSomatic nervous systemAutonomic nervous systemSympathetic nervous systemParasympathetic nervous systemReflexNeural networksEndocrine systemHormonesLesionElectroencephalogramPET (positron emission tomography)scanMRI(Magnetic resonance imaging)fMRI(Functional MRI)BrainstemMedullaReticular formationThalamusCerebellumLimbic systemAmygdalaHypothalamusCerebralGlial cellsFrontal lobesParietal lobesOccipital lobesTemporal lobesMotor cortexSensory cortexAssociation areasAphasiaBroca’s areaWernicke’s areaPlasticityCorpus callosumSplit brainChapter 3EnvironmentBehavior geneticsChromosomesDNAGenesGenomesIdentical twinsFraternal twinsTemperamentHeritabilityInteractionMolecular geneticsEvolutionary psychologyNatural selectionMutationGenderCultureNormPersonal spaceIndividualismCollectivismAggressionX chromosomeY chromosomeTestosteroneRoleGender roleGender identityGender-typingSocial learning theoryGender schema theoryDevelopmental psychologyChapter 4ZygoteEmbryoFetusTeratogensFetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)Rooting reflexHabituationMaturationSchemaAssimilationAccommodationCognitionSensorimotor stageObject permanencePreoperational stageConservationEgocentrismTheory of mindAutismConcrete operational stageFormal operational stageStranger anxietyAttachment Critical periodImprintingBasic trustSelf-conceptAdolescencePubertyPrimary sex characteristicsSecondary sex characteristicsMenarche (Meh-NAR-key)IdentityIntimacyMenopauseAlzheimer’s diseaseCross-sectional studyCrystallized intelligenceFluid intelligenceChapter 5SensationPerceptionBottom-up processingTop-down processingPsychophysicsAbsolute thresholdWeber’s LawSensory adaptationTransductionWavelengthHueIntensityPupilIrisLensAccommodationRetinaAcuityNearsightednessFarsightednessRodsConesOptic nerveBlind spotFoveaFeature detectorsParallel processingYoung- Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theoryOpponent-process theoryColor ConstancyAuditionFrequencyPitchMiddle EarCochlea (KOHK-lee-uh)Inner earPlace theoryFrequency theoryConduction hearing lossSensorineural hearing lossCochlear implantGate-control theorySensory interactionKinesthesis (kin-ehs-THEE-sehs)Vestibular senseChapter 6Selective attentionInattentional blindnessVisual captureGestaltFigure-groundGroupingDepth perceptionVisual cliffBinocular cuesRetinal disparityConvergenceMonocular cuesPhi phenomenonPerceptual constancyPerceptual adaptationPerceptual setHuman factors psychologyExtrasensory perceptionParapsychologyChapter 7ConsciousnessBiological rhythmsCircadian (ser-KAY-dee-an) rhythmREM sleepAlpha wavesSleepHallucinationsDelta wavesInsomniaNarcolepsySleep apneaNight terrorsDreamManifest contentLatent contentREM reboundHypnosisPosthypnotic suggestionDissociationPsychoactive drugToleranceWithdrawalPhysical dependencePsychological dependenceAddictionDepressantsBarbituratesOpiatesStimulatesAmphetaminesMethamphetaminesEcstasy (MDMA)HallucinogensLSDTHCNear-death experienceDualismMonismChapter 8LearningAssociative learningClassical conditioningBehaviorismUnconditioned response (UR)Unconditioned stimulus (US)Conditioned response (CR)Conditioned stimulus (CS)AcquisitionExtinctionSpontaneous recoveryGeneralizationDiscriminationOperant conditioningRespondent behaviorOperant behaviorLaw of effectOperant chamberShapingReinforcerPositive reinforcementNegative reinforcementPrimary reinforcerConditioned reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)Continuous reinforcementPartial(intermittent) reinforcementFixed-ratio scheduleVariable-ratio scheduleFixed-interval scheduleVariable-interval schedulePunishmentCognitive mapLatent learningIntrinsic motivationExtrinsic motivationObservational learningModelingMirror neuronsProsocial behaviorChapter 9MemoryFlashbulb memoryEncodingStorageRetrievalSensory memoryShort-term memoryLong-term memoryWorking memoryAutomatic processingEffortful processingRehearsalSpacing effectSerial position effectVisual encodingAcoustic encodingSemantic encodingImageryMnemonics (nih-MON-iks)ChunkingIconic memoryEchoic memoryLong-term potentiation (LTP)AmnesiaImplicit memoryExplicit memoryHippocampusRecallRecognitionRelearningPrimingDéjà vu Mood-congruent memoryProactive interferenceRetroactive interferenceRepressionMisinformation effectSource amnesiaChapter 10 CognitionConceptPrototypeAlgorithmHeuristicInsightConfirmation biasFixationMental setFunctional fixednessRepresentativeness heuristicAvailability heuristicOverconfidenceFramingBelief biasBelief perseveranceLanguagePhonemeMorphemeGrammarSemanticsSyntaxBabbling stageOne-word stageTwo-word stageTelegraphic speechLinguistic determinismChapter 11IntelligenceFactor analysisGeneral intelligenceSavant syndromeEmotional intelligenceCreativityIntelligence testMental ageStanford-BinetIntelligence Quotient (IQ)Aptitude testAchievement testWechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Standardization Normal curveReliabilityValidityContent validityCriterionPredictive validityMental retardationDown syndromeStereotype threatChapter 12MotivationInstinctDrive-reduction theoryHomeostasisIncentiveHierarchy of needsGlucoseSet pointBasal metabolic rateAnorexia nervosaBulimia nervosaSexual response cycleRefractory periodSexual disorderEstrogenTestosteroneSexual orientationFlowIndustrial-organizational psychologyPersonnel psychologyOrganizational psychologyStructured interviewsAchievement motivationTask leadershipSocial leadershipChapter 13EmotionJames-Lange theoryCannon-Bard theoryTwo-factor theoryPolygraphCatharsisFeel-good, do-good phenomenonSubject well-beingAdaptation-level phenomenonRelative deprivationChapter 14Behavioral medicineHealth psychologyStressGeneral adaptation syndrome(GAS)Coronary Heart DiseaseType AType BPsycho physiological illnessLymphocytesCopingProblem-focused copingEmotion-focused copingAerobic exerciseBiofeedbackComplementary and alternative medicine Chapter 15PersonalityFree associationPsychoanalysisUnconsciousIdEgoSuperegoPsychosexual stagesOedipus (ED-uh-puss) complexIdentificationFixationDefense mechanismsRepressionRegressionReaction formationProjectionRationalizationDisplacementCollective unconsciousProjective testThematic Apperception Test Rorschach inkblot testTerror-management theorySelf-actualizationUnconditional positive regardSelf-conceptTraitPersonality inventoryMinnesota Multiphasic Personality InventoryEmpirically derived testSocial-cognitive perspectiveReciprocal determinismPersonal controlExternal locus of controlInternal locus of controlLearned helplessnessPositive psychologySpotlight effectSelf-esteemSelf-serving biasChapter 16Psychological disorderAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)Medical modelDSM-IVAnxiety disordersGeneralized anxiety disorderPanic disorderPhobiaObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Dissociative disordersDissociative identity disorderMood disordersMajor depressive disorderManiaBipolar disorderSchizophreniaDelusionsPersonality disordersAntisocial personality disorderChapter 17 PsychotherapyBiomedical therapyEclectic approachPsychoanalysisResistanceInterpretationTransferenceClient-centered therapyActive listeningBehavior therapy CounterconditioningExposure therapiesSystematic desensitizationVirtual reality exposure therapyAversive conditioningToken economyCognitive therapyCognitive-behavior therapyFamily therapyRegression toward the meanMeta-analysisPsychopharmacologyTardive dyskinesiaElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT)Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)PsychosurgeryLobotomyChapter 18Social psychologyAttribution theoryFundamental attribution errorAttitudeFoot-in-the-door phenomenonCognitive dissonance theoryConformityNormative social influenceInformational social influenceSocial facilitationSocial loafingDeindividuationGroup polarizationGroupthinkPrejudiceStereotypeDiscriminationIngroupOutgroupIngroup biasScapegoat theoryJust-world phenomenonAggressionFrustration-aggression principleConflictSocial trapMere exposure effectPassionate loveCompanionate loveEquitySelf-disclosureAltruismBystander effectSocial exchange theoryReciprocity normSocial-responsibility normSuperordinate goalsGRIT ................
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