PDF The Anamax-rosemont Project: An

1975-1

ARCHRECOFF

THE ANAMAX-ROSEMONT PROJECT: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION IN THE SANTA RITA MOUNTAINS VOLUME 1

Assembled by Sharon S. Debowski

with Contributions by Sharon S. Debowski Peter Coston Gordon Fritz Nancy Hammack Lynn S. Teague

Submitted by Cultural Resource Management Section

Arizona State Museum University of Arizona

to the ANAMAX Mining Company

February, 1980

ABSTRACT This report describes the archaeological survey of approximately 65 square kilometers of Coronado National Forest land in the northern Santa Rita Mountains of southern Arizona. Centered around the historic town site of Rosemont, this area is the subject of a proposed land exchange between the USDA Forest Service and ANAMAX Mining Company. Also included in the archaeological survey were portions of existing patented and private land lying within the overall survey area. Two separate volumes describe the survey and its results. Volume I contains detailed descriptions and discussions of the land-exchange area and its present and past environmental setting, survey and recording methodology used for the survey, and a history of previous archaeological research in the area. Other chapters discuss the culture history of the region, the archaeological sites within the proposed land-exchange area, and the implications these sites hold for the study of past settlement and subsistence systems in the Rosemont region. The final two chapters discuss the significance of the sites found in the land-exchange area and recommendations for their management. Volume I I presents detailed descriptions of all the archaeological sites recorded during the survey.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT . ? ? ? ? LI ST OF FIGURES

ii

....

vi i

LI ST OF TABLES

. . vii i

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. Project Background ?

..

1 1

Study Area Location

8

Mining Facilities within the Land Exchange

10

Legislation ? . . . ..

. ..?.

12

Goal,s of the ANAMAX-Rosemont Project

13

Evaluation of Significance?.

14

CHAPTER 2. RECORDING METHODOLOGY ? . .

17

Concept of an Archaeological Site

17

Application of Set Theory

18

Description and Interpretation

21

Imposed Biases . . . . . .

23

Collection Policies

25

Artifact Classifications.

27

Survey Schedule. . . . .

27

Preliminary Survey ??.

29

Coverage ? . . ? . ? . . .

30

Environmental-Archaeological Correlations

32

Record Ing Biot i c COll111un i ties . ? . . . ? ? .

33

CHAPTER 3. ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE.

35

Introduction . . . . . . . . . .

35

Climatic Change . . . ? . . .

35

The Rosemont Environment Today

38

Climate and Topography

38

Vegetation ..??....

Fa una . ? . .. ? ? ? ,. ? .. ? .. .. .. .. ?

... .

39 39

The Rosemont Environment in the Past

40

CHAPTER 4. HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE ROSEMONT

REGION.

. .???.?

. ?. .

43

CHAPTER 5. HISTORY OF HUMAN OCCUPATION . ?

45

Archaic Period .?..?

45

The Cochise Concept . . .

45

Sulphur Spring Stage

46

Cazador Stage

49

Chlricahua Stage

50

San Pedro Stage

50

iii

iv

Ventana Cave

??

51

Bat Cave

. ?. .

52

Archaic Chronology

54

Archaeological Evidence from the Rosemont Study Area.

54

Post-Archaic Period ....

55

Tucson Basin

56

Middle Santa Cruz River.

59

Empire Valley. ?

. .?.?

62

San Pedro Valley ? . . .

. .?.???.

65

Post-Archaic Period Occupation in the Rosemont

Study Area

69

Protohistoric Period. . . ? . ? .

? ?.?.

69

Int roduct ion

..?. .

. . ?.

69

Rel iabi 1ity of the "Time Gap" in Southern Arizona.

70

The Hohokam-Pima Continuum Hypothesis ? . ? .

73

The Sobaipuri-Salado Continuum Hypothesis . . . ? .

74

The Piman Immigration Hypothesis . . . .

74

Protohistoric Periop Occupation in the Rosemont

Study Area

75

Historic Period

75

Apache

76

Apache in the Rosemont Study Area.

78

Papago. ? . . . . . . . . . Papago in the Rosemont Study Area.

....

78 79

Lumbering .

80

Lumbering in the Rosemont Study Area .

81

Ranching

.?......

81

Ranching in the Rosemont Study Area

82

Mining

.. ??. ??.

. ..?

82

Mining in the Rosemont Study Area . . ?

85

CHAPTER'6. SETTLEMENT AND RESOURCE EXPLOITATION:

INTERPRETATIONS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA

88

Introduction

88

Archaic Period ..... .

89

IntroductIon .... .

89

Archaic Period Indicators

89

Activity Indicators ?..

93

Stone Material Exploitation.

98

Faunal Resource Procurement and Processing

100

Work i ng Mode 1 . . . .

?. .?. ?

100

Procurement and Preliminary Processing Sites

102

Terminal Processing Sites.

104

Wild Plant Exploitation

105

Plant Exploitation Sites.

105

Settlement Distribution .?.

106

Amargosa and Cochise ? ? .

106

The Rosemont Study Area

107

v

Post-Archaic Period

.?.???????.

. . . Post-Archaic Period Indicators

. . Protohistoric Period . . ? ? ? ? ? ?

. . 109

. .. 109 115

Protohlstoric Period Indicators

115

Historic Period

?...?.

118

Introduction ?..???

118

Historic Period Indicators.

118

Metal Artifacts . ? . . ? .

129

Tin Cans . . . . ? . . .

lZ9

Miscellaneous Metal Objects

130

Cartridge Cases and Shotgun Shells

132

Glass . ? . ? . . . ? ? .

140

Bottles ? .? ? . ? . ? ? .

140

Other Glass Objects

142

Ceramics . . ? . . . . . ? .

142

Earthenware and Porcelain

143

Other Ceramic Objects

143

Ranching . ? . ? . . ? . . . . .

144

. Martinez Ranch (XI-S5-L2) ? . . ? . . ? ? .

144

V-R Ranch (X13-S1-L6, X13-S1-L4, HP7-S1-Ll)

145

Lopez Ranch Corrals (M81-S1-Ll) . .

145

Chapo Ranch (M41-S2-L2)

145

Scholefield Ranch (X52-S4-L2) ?.

146

Mining . ? . . . .

146

Helena Mine . . . .

146

Rosemon t Camp

??. .

146

Rosemont Hine Area . . ??

153

Narragansett Mine-New Rosemont . . ? .

156

Miscellaneous Sites Related to Mining Activities 158

Isolated Artifacts and Trash Scatters . . ? . ?

160

CHAPTER 7. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES OF THE

ROSEMONT STUDY AREA ? ? ? ?

????

163

Introduction ..?.??.??????

163

Legal Significance ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . ? ? . ? . . ? . ? ? ? . 165

Scientific and Historical Significance ? ? ? ? ? . ? ? .

165

Archaic Period ? ??

? ?????.????

165

Amargosa . ? ? ? ?. ? ? ? ?

166

eoch i se '" . '" . '" . '" . " . . . . .

166

The Rosemont Study Area

166

Post-Archaic Period ..

169

Protohistoric Period

171

Historic Period.

172

Introduction. ?

? ?..

172

The Value of Historical and Industrial Archaoology ? 172

Historic Sites within Context of Previous ReEal'ch '. 173

Research Potential and Problems of Historic Sites. 175

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download