General Biology Exam 1 – Topic – Name:



SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Prokaryotic cells are distinguishable from eukaryotic cells by the presence of a nucleus.

1 True

2 False

A good experiment should look at as many variables as possible.

1 True

2 False

A hypothesis is much more general than a scientific theory.

1 True

2 False

Which kingdom has eukaryotic members?

1 Kingdom Protista

2 Kingdom Fungi

3 Kingdom Plantae

4 Kingdom Animalia

5 All have some eukaryotic members.

Which kingdom possesses unicellular animal-like members as well as unicellular plant-like members?

1 Kingdom Fungi

2 Kingdom Animalia

3 Kingdom Protista

4 Kingdom Plantae

5 All of the above

The experiments of Francesco Redi

1 disproved maggots and flies were related.

2 disproved the idea of spontaneous generation.

3 disproved the scientific method.

4 used the scientific method to prove the idea of spontaneous generation.

5 used his experiments to determine that flies come from maggots.

Which of these would NOT be scientific?

1 Determine differences in species composition between two parks.

2 Immunize people with different vaccines to determine the effectiveness against flu virus.

3 Send tadpoles up in the space shuttle to see how gravity affects development.

4 Use different tomatoes in spaghetti sauce to determine which produces the best taste.

5 Use different advertising methods for a product to determine which produces the best purchasing results.

The scientific method includes all of the following except

1 experimentation.

2 a testable theory.

3 an observation.

4 a hypothesis

5 conclusions.

We use the scientific method every day. Imagine your car doesn't start one morning before school. Which of these is a reasonable HYPOTHESIS regarding the problem?

1 I'm going to be late.

2 I'm out of gas.

3 Check if your lights were left on.

4 Kick the tires.

5 Add a quart of oil.

A scientific theory

1 is a general explanation for a natural phenomena.

2 is an educated guess.

3 is less reliable than a hypothesis.

4 will never be changed.

5 none of the above.

A scientific explanation that is tentative and requires more investigation is termed a/an:

1 Theory

2 Fact

3 Control

4 Hypothesis

5 Observation

A carefully formulated scientific explanation that is based on a large accumulation of observations and is in accord with scientific principles is termed a/an:

1 Hypothesis

2 Theory

3 Fact

4 Control

5 Postulate

All the following are features of the scientific method except:

1 Hypothesis formulation

2 Observation and experimentation

3 Subjective data collection

4 Inductive and deductive reasoning

5 Forming conclusions

You are testing treatments for AIDS sufferers and find that 75% respond very well and 25% show no improvement or decline in health after your experimental treatment. You should...

1 conclude you have proven the effectiveness of the drug.

2 conclude that only 75% of AIDS victims should be treated.

3 review the results, modify the drug or the dosage, and repeat the experiment.

4 discontinue experimentation because 25% of patients did not improve.

5 begin work on an entirely new drug.

In your laboratory in a pharmaceutical company you have developed a new chemical drug that you think will help alleviate the symptoms of the Xyzaplasia disease. The first series of experiments to test the effectiveness of your drug will be performed with mice that have the Xyzaplasia disease. Describe how you will set up an experiment to test for the effectiveness of the drug that you have developed.

A typical animal would be characterized by all of the following except

1 the presence of eukaryotic cells.

2 the ability to acquire nutrition through ingestion.

3 the ability to grow and reproduce.

4 the ability to maintain homeostasis.

5 all of the above.

To which kingdom would a multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organism belong?

1 Protista

2 Fungi

3 Plantae

4 Animalia

5 None of the above

The Bacteria and Eukarya domains are distinguished by

1 members of Bacteria being single-celled and members of Eukarya being multicellular.

2 Bacteria getting nutrients via absorption and eukarya by ingestion and photosynthesis.

3 the fact that only Eukarya have the ability to grow and reproduce.

4 the absence or presence of organelles including a nucleus.

5 none of the above.

There are very few laws, but many theories in biology. Why?

1 It is a difference in terminology; they are actually the same thing.

2 A theory is supported by repeated tests and by extensive evidence, but can not be proven; laws must be proven to be true.

3 Laws are true all the time, theories are true only most of the time.

4 Laws are hypotheses that have been proven; theories are hypotheses that haven't been tested yet.

5 A theory is a tentative explanation, a law is an explanation that has been shown to be true at least once.

One ml of an experimental drug diluted in a saline solution is injected into 20 pregnant mice to determine possible side effects. Which of the following is a suitable "control" for this experiment?

1 20 male mice injected with 1 ml of saline

2 20 male mice injected with 1 ml of the drug

3 20 pregnant mice injected with 2 ml of the drug

4 20 non-pregnant mice injected with 1 ml of the drug

5 20 pregnant mice injected with 1 ml of saline

The basic difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell is that the prokaryotic cell:

1 Possesses membrane-bound organelles

2 Lacks DNA

3 Lacks a nuclear envelope

4 Is usually considerably larger

5 Is structurally more complex

Which of the following domains contains the most primitive bacteria that live in extreme environments?

1 Archaea

2 Bacteria

3 Plantae

4 Fungi

5 Eukarya

Which of the following domains contains the common advanced plants and animals and fungi?

1 Archaea

2 Bacteria

3 Plantae

4 Fungi

5 Eukarya

Which of the following kingdoms contains multicellular organisms that ingest their food?

1 Protista

2 Animalia

3 Plantae

4 Archaea

5 Fungi

Which of the following kingdoms contains primarily multicellular, larger-celled, photosynthetic organisms?

1 Protista

2 Animalia

3 Plantae

4 Archaea

5 Fungi

Which of the following kingdoms contains organisms that obtain their food by absorption through filments called hyphae?

1 Protista

2 Animalia

3 Plantae

4 Archaea

5 Fungi

A researcher reports he has conducted many experiments where a galvanometer (lie detector) was hooked up to detect the plant's responses. He reports that when a spider was released near the plant, the spider's decision to escape was picked up by the plant, "causing a reaction in the leaf." When other researchers repeated the experiment, they could not get any galvanometer responses. The researcher then concluded that plants could be put into a faint by humans.

1 This is a justified conclusion from a research design that appears to follow the scientific method.

2 The only problem with this general research plan is that it lacks a control.

3 Results must be somewhat repeatable and these results that only work for this researcher do not qualify as science.

4 The design is scientific; it just lacks a hypothesis.

5 If the researcher has actual numerical counts, this must be accepted as valid science.

An elementary student decides to conduct an experiment comparing the effectiveness of two commercial soaps as cleaning agents, using each in paired tests of different types of stains and colors of cloth, where the only variable is the soap used. The student will use the judgment of classmates to decide if the stains remain equal or if soap one cleans better than the other in each test run. However, the student makes no prediction of which soap is expected to perform best.

1 This lacks a hypothesis and is therefore not a scientific test.

2 This lacks any control group (no-soap treatment) and therefore will provide no meaningful results.

3 Because this is based on the subjective judgments of students, it is not objective and therefore not scientific.

4 This is a scientific procedure, although it does lack a stated hypothesis describing an anticipated outcome.

5 This experimental design has all the components and procedures of the scientific method.

What is inductive reasoning?

1 a tentative statement, based on data, that can be used to guide further observations and experiments

2 a report of the findings of scientific experiments

3 a general statement made to infer a specific conclusion, often in an "if . . . then" format

4 using isolated observations and facts to reach a general idea that may explain a phenomenon

What is deductive reasoning?

1 a tentative statement, based on data, that can be used to guide further observations and experiments

2 a report of the findings of scientific experiments

3 a general statement made to infer a specific conclusion, often in "if . . . then" format

4 using isolated facts to reach a general idea that may explain a phenomenon

What is a hypothesis?

1 a tentative statement, based on data, that can be used to guide further observations and experiments

2 a report of the findings of scientific experiments

3 a general statement made to infer a specific conclusion, often in an "if . . . then" format

4 using isolated facts to reach a general idea that may explain a phenomenon

Which statement is not true about a hypothesis?

1 Experiments or observations are undertaken to test a hypothesis.

2 A hypothesis cannot be proven true.

3 A hypothesis cannot be proven false.

4 Data that support a hypothesis do not actually prove it.

5 If data from experiments do not support a hypothesis, the hypothesis must be rejected or revised.

Which best describes a control group in an experiment?

1 the condition that is being tested

2 a sample taken through all experimental steps except the one being tested

3 a variable that is being deliberately varied in the experiment

4 the dependent variable

Four groups of mice consume different amounts of sweetener in their food. The control group is the one that receives

1 10 mg/day of sweetener.

2 50 mg/day of sweetener.

3 no sweetener.

4 extra food.

5 milk instead of water.

Which statement is not true about experimental design?

1 All conditions are held the same except for the condition being tested by the experiment.

2 It is best to use genetically identical mice to reduce the uncontrolled variables.

3 Mice for each group should be selected at random.

4 The condition being tested in an experiment is the control variable.

5 The dependent variable is observed at the end of the experiment when statistical comparisons are made between groups.

Which of the following terms best describes the collection of scientific data through observation in the field, such as observing the behavior of birds?

1 a scientific model

2 an experiment

3 descriptive research

4 a scientific theory or principle

5 experimental results

Some biologists study the complex interactions of animals and plants in forests or prairies. Such ecology field research often produces slightly different results for different researchers. In contrast, ecology experiments that are run indoors with one organism in a terrarium usually produce results that are repeatable. What is the most likely explanation?

1 The scientific method is only useful in laboratory settings.

2 It is not possible to establish a control group outside of a laboratory.

3 It is easier to hold all but one variable constant in a laboratory.

4 Field research is only descriptive, and descriptive research is not strictly "science."

5 Fieldwork is inductive; lab work is deductive.

You are interested in the effect of increased carbon dioxide versus normal air, and also in the effect of green light versus full sunlight on the growth of corn plants in a greenhouse. Although you can set up your experiment inside a greenhouse, it is possible that there will be plant growth effects due to effects that you do not know and may never know. Which of the following are important to ensure control of unknown variables?

1 An increase in carbon dioxide does not result in a substantial decrease of other necessary gases.

2 All seedlings are from one uniform strain.

3 The intensity or brightness of the green light equals the intensity of the full sunlight.

4 All temperatures and available water remain the same.

5 All of the choices are important.

You probably believe that the earth is spherical, but it is obvious that the earth is flat. Look around; where do you see the curvature? One classmate suggests that if you call someone on the "other side" of the world by phone, he or she will answer and, for instance, it will be midnight there at the instant it is noon here. Another student reminds you of the picture taken of the spherical earth from the moon landing. Your teacher explains the ancient observation that when the sun was directly overhead on one day near the equator, a pole some hundreds of miles away to the north still cast a shadow. What is the best scientific basis for still considering that the earth is spherical?

1 "Seeing is believing" and, therefore, you must suspend judgment until you can ride on the Concorde and see the curvature of the earth for yourself.

2 If scientists say it, it must be correct until they vote otherwise.

3 If it is in a science book, it is correct until another explanation is published.

4 The observation that the earth is flat is direct and objective, whereas all of the other observations are indirect and subjective or based on extrapolated judgment.

5 Reasoning must be used to arrive at a model that best fits the observations.

From Kansas to central Indiana to Pennsylvania, many people believe that they have water moccasins (also called "cottonmouths") in their ponds. Some assert they have seen them, although they are certainly not so foolish as to try to capture one alive. Meanwhile, the fish and game offices and the range maps in the herpetology books indicate that this poisonous snake does not breed this far north. What is the most scientific attitude to assume on this issue?

1 Observations by both the public and the fish and game officers are subjective so this is not easily resolved objectively.

2 A simple field trip to the pond locations–that captured and confirmed the identity of the snakes–would settle the matter.

3 Scientific books with range maps are based on field research and, therefore, determine the truth in this case.

4 Because living organisms are active, scientific theories in biology always change.

Science is only concerned with understanding and explaining the natural world.

1 True

2 False

A hypothesis is formulated from observations or experimental data to explain the data and to serve as a guide for further research.

1 True

2 False

Scientific observations should be made in a subjective manner.

1 True

2 False

The control group in an experiment is the one that shows the dependent variable.

1 True

2 False

The control group in an experiment is given all the same treatments as the experimental group(s), except for the one variable being tested.

1 True

2 False

It is important that an experimental procedure include a control group where possible.

1 True

2 False

In an experiment testing sweetener in the diet of mice, the control group is the one that has the most sweetener.

1 True

2 False

Some scientific data are obtained through observation rather than experimental results.

1 True

2 False

A theory is strongly supported by many forms of evidence, is accepted by an overwhelming number of scientists, and has not yet been found to be incorrect.

1 True

2 False

A theory in science is different from the usage of the term in everyday language.

1 True

2 False

Unicellular prokaryotes

1 lack a membrane bounded nucleus

2 are found in the domains Bacteria and Archaea

3 are found in almost all habitats

4 All of the choices are correct.

Which statement is NOT true about science?

1 Science is concerned about understanding the natural world.

2 Science approaches data in a subjective manner.

3 Science gains information by observing and testing the natural world.

4 The conclusions of science are subject to change based on new findings.

5 Science attempts to avoid prejudice in making judgments.

The two parts of a species name, in order, are the

1 kingdom and genus names.

2 genus and species names.

3 genus name and specific epithet.

4 specific epithet and genus name.

5 species and genus names.

Which of the following sequences correctly gives the different classification levels of an organism, going from the largest grouping to the smallest? (Some are left out.)

1 species, genus, family, class, phylum

2 kingdom, phylum, class, order, species

3 class, family, kingdom, species, genus

4 genus, class, phylum, species, family

Which term is based on the Greek root words for "laws" of "classification"?

1 species, genus, family, class, phylum

2 taxonomy

3 homeostasis

4 nomenclature

5 hypothesis

An earlier classification grouped organisms by whether they inhabited the air, land or sea. However, the five-kingdoms-of-life and three-domains system divided into class-order-family-genus-species as described in this chapter is superior because it

1 better represents the origin of features held in common–the unity of life in DNA, etc.

2 better reflects the origin of adaptations–the diversity of life for differing environments.

3 allows the organization of over 900,000 different species.

4 groups organisms based on similarities related to their structure and evolution.

5 All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following terms best describes a conceptual scheme in science that is strongly supported, has not yet been found incorrect, and is based on the results of many observations?

1 a scientific model

2 an experiment

3 descriptive research

4 a scientific theory or principle

5 experimental results

Which of the following concepts is NOT one of the unifying theories of biology?

1 Virtually all organisms are composed of cells.

2 Life may arise through spontaneous generation.

3 Life comes only from life.

4 Organisms contain coded information that dictates their form, function, and behavior.

5 All living things have a common ancestor and are adapted to a particular way of life.

A group of college students order a pizza with mushrooms, ham, and pineapple. The mushrooms belong to the kingdom

1 Protista

2 Plantae

3 Fungi

4 Animalia

The correct order of classification from most general to most specific is which of the following?

1 Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species

2 Kingdom-Domain-Class-Phylum-Order-Family-Genus-Species

3 Kingdom-Domain-Class-Phylum-Order-Genus-Species-Family

4 Kingdom-Class-Phylum-Domain-Genus-Order-Family-Species

Experimental design

1 is the way in which the scientist intends to conduct an experiment

2 ensures that scientists are testing what they want to test

3 ensures that the test results are meaningful

4 All of the choices are correct.

5 None of the choices are correct.

For five years, you wake up before the alarm is set to ring each morning. This leads you to conclude that people have a built-in "alarm clock" capable of waking them up. From a science viewpoint, this conclusion

1 is science because it is based on real observations.

2 is science because it is predictive of what will happen tomorrow morning.

3 is scientifically valid because 5 years x 365 days is a large number of trials.

4 may not be valid because it generalizes about all people, and there may have been other variables that could awaken you without a built-in clock.

5 cannot be scientifically treated because it involves human behavior.

The classification system most commonly used by biologists today contains five domains.

1 True

2 False

The binomial system of naming species uses a single primary name to identify each species.

1 True

2 False

Taxonomists are responsible for placing animals into the proper category of classification.

1 True

2 False

A(n) ____________ is an educated guess.

1 theory

2 principle

3 observable fact

4 hypothesis

5 law

Which of the following can an experiment NOT do?

1 prove a hypothesis

2 disprove a hypothesis

3 lead to a modification of a hypothesis

4 none of the above

Which of the following represents the highest degree of certainty?

1 hypothesis

2 conclusion

3 principle

4 theory

5 law

In order to arrive at a solution to a problem a scientist usually proposes and tests

1 laws

2 theories

3 hypotheses

4 principles

5 facts

The validity of scientific discoveries should be based on

1 morality

2 aesthetics

3 philosophy

4 economics

5 none of these

A tentative explanation based on observation and past knowledge is a:

1 hypothesis

2 phenomenon

3 control

4 variable

5 theory

What type of reasoning is used to make a hypothesis?

1 inductive

2 theoretical

3 cognate

4 deductive

What type of reasoning is used to make a general statement from specific facts?

1 inductive

2 theoretical

3 cognate

4 deductive

The theory of biogenesis states?

1 all organisms contain genes that they pass on to their offspring

2 all life arises from pre-existing life

3 populations change over time, adapting to their environment

4 cells are the smallest unit of life and all organisms are composed of cells

5 all of the above

Who is credited as being the first to observe microorganisms?

1 Robert Koch

2 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

3 Gregory Mendel

4 Alfred Wallace

5 Robert Hooke

What type of reasoning is used to test a hypothesis?

1 inductive

2 theoretical

3 cognate

4 deductive

Which statement is false regarding science?

1 Science helps us to understand the natural world

2 Science strives to be objective rather than subjective

3 Correct scientific conclusions are permanent and never subject to change or refinement

4 Information is gathered by scientific methods

5 Information is gained by observing and testing

Regarding the scientific method, which statement is false?

1 Hypotheses are tentative explanations of observed phenomena.

2 A hypothesis may become a theory which may become a law.

3 Deductive reasoning is often used in the design of the experiment.

4 The experimental variable is the result or change that is observed.

5 Conclusions are formed after an experiment is conducted.

Which statement is false?

1 Science improved our life by the discovery of antibiotics.

2 Science helps us to understand cancer mechanisms.

3 Science is a basis for all ethical and moral decisions.

4 Science can ease the feeding of the world population by producing new plant strains.

Regarding the scientific method, which statement is false?

1 Results of the experiment are reported in scientific journals.

2 Hypotheses are finally proven as absolutely true or false.

3 The control is not subjected to the experimental variable.

4 Statistical tests may be used to analyze the results of the experiment.

5 Results of the experiment are often summarized in a graph or a table.

A hypothesis is:

1 a reasonable guess of an answer

2 a law that explains results

3 the same as a theory

4 observable data

Regarding the scientific method, which statement is false?

1 A theory repeatedly supported is sometimes called a law.

2 Consistent observations about a hypothesis may lead to a theory.

3 Theories formed in everyday life carry the same validity as a scientific theory.

4 Only one experimental variable is used in an experiment.

5 Published research should provide detail to allow anyone to repeat the experiment in the same manner.

Scientific method includes all of these except:

1 observation

2 hypothesis making

3 testing

4 the application of knowledge gained

Art, theology, and philosophy are nonsciences because:

1 they are not worthwhile fields of study

2 they are basically untrue

3 they deal with things that cannot employ the scientific method

4 they are bodies of knowledge too small to qualify as science

Design a simple experiment based on the observation that people taking Drug X for headaches also seem to have lower cholesterol. Include a hypothesis statement and your actual experimental design for the study.

All scientific study begins with observations and the formation of testable __________.

To test the effect of vitamin D on growth, two groups of rats were raised under identical conditions and fed the same diet, but one of the groups also received daily injections of vitamin D. The injections of vitamin D in this experiment are considered the __________.

Describe the binomial system of naming organisms. Explain what each part of a name represents.

Explain the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning, and tell how they are used in scientific research.

Distinguish between an experimental variable, a dependent variable, and a control group.

Explain the reasons that scientists are expected to publish their experimental results in scientific journals. What are the benefits of such publications?

Explain why it is possible to prove that a hypothesis is false, but not that it is true. Give an example of proving a hypothesis false.

Explain why science is restricted to the natural world and cannot address such concepts as religion and the supernatural.

A)You ask an auto mechanic to fix your car. It keeps stalling when you stop at stoplights. The mechanic looks this symptom up in the car manual and it indicates that this is usually due to a dirty carburetor. The carburetor is cleaned–but the car still stalls! Would you be happy to pay the bill at this point, and would you consider this a "scientific method"? B)Unsuccessful at the first "cure," the mechanic thinks through how the engine works and then decides to pull a spark plug. The gap appears to be fouled with dirt, so all the spark plugs are replaced. The car now runs smoothly. Now would you be happy to pay, and would you consider this a "scientific method"? Consider how the procedures followed by the mechanic compare or contrast with the same general procedures followed by a surgeon in a medical operation.

Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus belong to the two domains __________ and __________.

Cell containing a nucleus are __________ and cells without a nucleus are ___________.

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