Biology 6 Study Guide – Exam #1

[Pages:3]Biology 6 Study Guide ? Exam #1

This is a list of general topics you should be prepared to answer questions on for each chapter. This guide is NOT what you should study but rather is a guide to help organize your studying of the material listed. Your actual studying should involve the textbook, Powerpoint slides, your notes and other supplemental material such as Mastering Biology. Keep in mind that you will not be tested on material in the book that was not covered in class, and should know all of the key terms at the end of the Powerpoint slides for each chapter. Most important, if you have trouble understanding anything, come to my office hour or see a tutor ASAP. Once you feel like you understand the material in a given chapter, be sure to test yourself using the chapter questions, Mastering Biology, the sample questions on this study guide, or coming up with your own. If you put in the time and effort and use all the resources available to you, I'm confident you all can perform very well on the exam.

Chapter 1 (Themes in the Study of Life)

? the characteristics of living things ? the scientific method ? experimentation: independent, dependent, standardized variables; controls

sample questions: 1. What is a negative control? 2. Indicate 4 characteristics of all living things.

Chapters 2 & 3 (The Chemical Context of Life)

? the properties of each subatomic particle ? atomic number, atomic mass, isotopes ? determining electron configurations and numbers of unpaired electrons ? ions and ionic bonds ? polar and non-polar covalent bonds ? properties of water, hydrogen bonds ? water as a solvent ? the nature of pH and the pH scale ? acids, bases and pH buffers

sample questions: 1. How many unpaired electrons are there in a neutral fluorine atom (atomic number 9). 2. If a solution at pH 7 changes to pH 11, what happened to the [H+] and [OH-]?

Chapter 4 (Carbon & Molecular Diversity of Life)

? the 6 main elements used in macromolecules ? the properties of carbon ? meaning of "organic" ? isomers: structural, cis-trans, enantiomers ? the various functional groups and their properties

sample questions:

1. Which functional group is basic? 2. Distinguish cis-trans isomers from enantiomers.

Chapter 5 (Structure & Function of Large Biological Molecules) ? polymers, dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis ? carbohydrates: general roles, structures and examples o monosaccharides & disaccharides ? ring vs linear forms ? ketoses vs aldoses o polysaccharides ? starch vs cellulose ? glycogen ? chitin ? lipids: general roles, structures and examples o fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids o saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids ? saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids ? proteins: general roles, structures and examples ? general amino acid structure ? identifying polar, non-polar, charged (acidic, basic) R groups ? polypeptides and peptide bonds ? the basis of primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary levels of protein structure ? nucleic acids: general roles, structures and examples ? nucleotide structure o the nitrogenous bases ? purines and pyrimidines o the differences between deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides ? how nucleotides are connected in a polymer or "strand" ? the base pairs of DNA and the basis of their formation ? the concept of "molecular complementarity"

sample questions:

1. How do phospholipids and triglycerides differ? 2. Describe what is meant by the tertiary structure of a protein.

Chapter 6 (A Tour of the Cell)

? key concepts of microscopy ? characteristics of light vs electron microscopy ? why cells are small

o surface to volume ratio o diffusion ? characteristics and structures associated with prokaryotic cells ? cytosol vs cytoplasm ? the general roles of each major organelle ? the secretory pathway (endomembrane system) ? organelles, structures found in plant cells vs animal cells ? general structures and roles of the cytoskeletal proteins o microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules ? the process of vesicle transport (role of cytoskeleton, motor proteins) ? general structures and roles of flagella and cilia ? general structures and roles of the various intercellular junctions o tight junctions vs desmosomes o gap junctions vs plasmodesmata ? basic structures of the extracellular matrix, plant cell walls

sample questions: 1. Describe how a new membrane lipid or membrane protein reaches the plasma membrane. 2. Describe how and where ribosomes are produced, and how and where they function in cells.

Extra credit articles

You may answer extra credit questions on the exam for only ONE of the following articles:

"The Fat Gene" by Richard J. Johnson and Peter Andrews, Scientific American, October 2015, pp. 64-69.

"Cellular Small Talk" by Dale W. Laird, Paul D. Lampe and Ross G. Johnson, Scientific American, May 2015, pp. 70-77.

"The Orderly Chaos of Proteins" by A. Keith Dunker & Richard W. Kriwacki, Scientific American, April 2011, pp. 68-73.

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