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Need to Know for students Skipping Regular BiologyBasic Cell structure and function – Cell Packet – attached at the end of this handout. and matter Biomolecules and Digestion: read and take notes about the major biomolecules that make up cells and organisms on the page linked below: the following video:: Starch is a major carbohydrate in a potato. Describe how you think the starch in a potato could become glycogen in your muscle cells.ProteinsWatch the following video and take notes on the various aspects of proteins below to traitsStructureEnzymesCellular RespirationWatch the following PowerPoint (in presentation mode):Describe how our bodies get and use the energy they need to do work. What is ATP?What is the connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?Transport mechanisms: look up definitions for the following terms but put them into your own wordsOsmosis(Simple) Diffusion Facilitated diffusionActive transportGenetics: the primary topics we covered in general biology were DNA structure and FunctionDNA replicationMitosis and cancerTranscription and TranslationHeredity and meiosisMutations – role in genetic diseasesGo to the learn.genetics.utah.edu/ website and begin your exploration: with Basic Genetics and click there. Explore each of the topics under Tour of Basic GeneticsThen explore further by going to the following linksMore about chromosomesMore about traitsBuild a DNA moleculeMore about proteins – Transcribe and Translate a GeneAnything else that looks interesting to you – it’s a great website!I would take notes that paraphrase the concepts that are introduced here and I would make a list of unfamiliar vocabulary. Drawing pictures and diagrams can be very helpful too. These are other helpful videos to use in your exploration the following video is evolution?What conditions are necessary for evolution or what drives evolution?How does variation happen in a population? What causes individuals to have different characteristics?EcologyConstructing and Interpreting Food WebDefinitions:Food Chain: Draw a food chainFood Web: Draw a food webProducer: Consumer:Trophic Level: Energy Pyramid:Draw an energy pyramid and label the producers, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers10% Rule (make sure that you understand this and write the definition in your own words) Biotic Factors (examples):Abiotic Factors (examples): BiomagnificationRead the following article and answer the questions West Coast Killer Whales Are Poisoned by Pollution-Tainted Salmonleft000Three pods of killer whales in the Pacific Northwest have now earned the unfortunate title of being the most contaminated wildlife on Earth. In December 2005, the three pods of orcas (J, K, and L) living between the southern end of Puget Sound and the middle of Vancouver Island were listed as endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act. These killer whales, known as southern residents, live in the coastal waters near the U.S.-Canadian border and survive almost exclusively on contaminated Chinook salmon, which are preferred probably because they are the largest salmon, have the highest fat content and are available year-round. The salmon contain high levels of?polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs) and other industrial chemicals, which accumulate in even higher levels in the killer whales. Researcher Peter Ross says whales are particularly sensitive because they eat massive amounts of fish over a long life – killer whales can live for 80 or 90 years – creating a massive buildup of toxins in a process called bioaccumulation. Poison accumulates in their systems because they eat up to 200 pounds of fish a day and they're at the top of the food chain. Also, two of the three pods often venture down the coast to northern and central California, where they eat salmon that still bear traces of DDT, the pesticide banned in 1972, said Brad Hanson, a wildlife biologist for NOAA. “The toxic substance still hasn't left the environment, it doesn't break down,” he said. That means the whales, particularly the southern resident population, have become some of the most contaminated marine mammals in the world [AP].Researchers estimate that the southern resident killer whales carry 6.6 times more PCBs than a different group of whales just 200 miles to the north, known as the northern residents. They found that the Chinook salmon in the southern waters, including Puget Sound near Washington state, not only had the highest concentrations of contaminants but also the least amount of body fat. This means the southern residents are suffering a “double whammy” because they are forced to eat extra helpings of heavily contaminated salmon. Ross and his colleagues discovered that 98% of the contaminants in the Chinook eaten by these whales originated from the salmon’s time at sea, in the near-shore waters of the Pacific. Only a small amount came from the time the salmon spent in rivers, although many of the rivers are contaminated, too, Ross said. “Salmon are telling us something about what is happening in the Pacific Ocean,” Ross said. “They are going out to sea and by the time they return, they have accumulated contaminants from the food they eat during their entire time in the Pacific Ocean” [Scientific American]. Researchers believe the PCBs are compromising the whale’s immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections. PCBs are a kind of endocrine disruptor, known to interfere with development, meddle with immune system function and cause a host of other problems. The Environmental Protection Agency banned most uses of PCBs in 1979; but the chemicals had been widely used in coolants, pesticides, plastics and other products and are extremely persistent in the environment, cycling through the food web for decades [Science News]. According to a new toxicology study, the southern resident males carry almost 150 parts per million of PCBs, the highest concentration recorded in a wild animal [Scientific American]. Female orcas tend to have lower concentrations of the chemicals because mothers offload them to their young, both in the womb and through breast milk. This means at a developmentally fragile time, baby orcas get a big dose of poisons [Science News]. As salmon habitat is destroyed their population decreases, killer whales have to burn blubber to survive, transferring toxins stored in the blubber to vital organs. "When orcas metabolize fat that's 1,000 parts per million PCBs, it's phenomenally toxic," Balcomb says. "Even trace amounts of PCBs disrupt the orcas' endocrine systems, adversely affecting reproduction and their immune systems. We have seen whales become emaciated and disappear. And lots of reproduction-age females are not reproducing." But researchers say cleaning up PCBs will be very difficult because the only way to get rid of the chemical is to incinerate it at very high temperatures. [Discover Magazine]"They are teetering," says Ken Balcomb, senior scientist at the Center for Whale Research in Friday Harbor, Washington. It is "highly likely," Balcomb adds, that this population of killer whales will be extinct within 100 years if conditions do not improve for both whales and salmon."The Puget Sound is our backyard," adds James Schroeder, an NWF senior environmental policy specialist. "If it's unhealthy for killer whales because the water is polluted, the sediments are laced with toxins and the food web has collapsed, it's ultimately uninhabitable for humans." Why do the orcas prefer Chinook salmon?Why are orcas sensitive to contaminated fish?What is the ‘double whammy’ for whales eating Puget Sound salmon?How did the salmon become contaminated?Where did PCB’s come from?How do PCB’s harm orcas?Basic Cell Structure and Function Handout: You will look at computer models of cells; you will learn the functions and the descriptions of the cells and their components. Part A. Cellular Scale – “How Big IS A…” Navigating the site: Cells.alive has a navigation bar at the left. After accessing the page, click on CELL BIOLOGY on the left side navigation bar. From here, you will access the links: "How Big is a…;" the animal cell model, the plant cell model, and the bacterial cell model. Here you will look at objects found on the head of a pin. Your job is to rank them in order of size on the chart below and estimate the length of each (in nanometers, micrometers, or millimeters – you might want to look these metric units up). The line in the bottom right corner of the screen is used to help you estimate. Sketch each of the objects. ObjectSketchSize in nanometers, micrometers and millilmetersHuman hair??Dust Mite??Red Blood Cells??E. coli??Staphylococcus??Ebola virus??Rhinovirus??Part B: Bacterial Cell Model - (you will need to return to the "Cell Biology" link to access this page, or hit your back button) INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET ? Is a bacterial cell Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Explain why.? Part C; Animal Cell Model - (you will need to return to the "Cell Biology" link to access this page, or hit your back button) For this model, you will need to click on the various parts of the cell to go to a screen that tells you about the parts. Answers to the following questions are found there. 1. What do mitochondria do??2. How big are mitochondria??3. What does the Golgi Apparatus do?? 4. What is the difference between smooth and rough ER??5. Where is the nucleolus found??6. What does the nucleolus do??7. What does the cytoskeleton do??8. Cytosol goes by what other name? ?9. What is the function of the cytosol? ?10. What is the function of the lysosome? 11. What does a ribosome do?12. Where is DNA found in the cell? Is the DNA the same in all cells??Sketch each of the following. Mitochondria?Golgi Apparatus????Rough ER????Nucleus????Lysosome????Part D: Plant Cell Model - (you will need to return to the "Cell Biology" link to access this page, or hit your back button)1. What other type of cell has a cell wall??2. What makes the plant cells green??3. In plant cells, what does the vacuole do?4. Which has more types of organelles? Plants or animals? Explain your answer.Sketch the followingChloroplast???Vacuole???Part E: Overview For the chart below, place a check in the box if the cell has that component. PlantAnimalBacteriaChloroplastVacuoleRibosomeMitochondriaDNAEndoplasmic ReticulumCell WallGolgi Apparatus ................
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