Serrano High School Biology I
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|[pic] |Biology Chapter |
| |2 (Prentice Hall|
| |2008) |
| |Study online at |
| |_qcv|
| |e |
|1.|acid |:|a compound that forms H+ ions in solution |
|2.|activation energy |:|the energy that is needed to get a reaction started |
|3.|active site |:|a site on an enzyme where the substrate binds |
|4.|adhesion |:|attraction between molecules of different substances |
|5.|amino acids |:|compounds with an amino group (NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (COOH) on the other |
|6.|atom |:|the basic unit of matter |
|7.|atomic number |:|the number of protons in an atom of an element |
|8.|base |:|a compound that produces OH- ions in solution |
|9.|blood |:|a suspension of water, cells, and undissolved particles that moves through the body |
|10|buffers |:|weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden |
|. | | |changes in pH |
|11|carbohydrates |:|used as the main source of energy; used in structures for plants and some animals |
|. | | | |
|12|carbon's valence electrons |:|four |
|. | | | |
|13|catalyst |:|a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
|. | | | |
|14|chemical bonds |:|hold atoms in compounds together; the main types are ionic and covalent |
|. | | | |
|15|chemical element |:|a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom |
|. | | | |
|16|chemical formula |:|shorthand to show the chemical composition of a compound |
|. | | | |
|17|chemical reaction |:|a process that changes one set of chemicals (reactants) into another set of chemicals |
|. | | |(products) by breaking bonds and forming new ones |
|18|cohesion |:|attraction between molecules of the same substance |
|. | | | |
|19|compound |:|substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions|
|. | | | |
|20|covalent bond |:|a bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms |
|. | | | |
|21|DNA |:|deoxyribonucleic acid |
|. | | | |
|22|electrons |:|negatively charged particles in constant motion outside the nucleus |
|. | | | |
|23|elements in carbohydrates |:|carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
|. | | | |
|24|elements in lipids |:|carbon and hydrogen |
|. | | | |
|25|elements in nucleic acids |:|hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus |
|. | | | |
|26|enzymes |:|proteins that act as biological catalysts and speed up reactions by lowering activation |
|. | | |energy |
|27|examples of carbohydrates |:|starches and sugars |
|. | | | |
|28|examples of lipids |:|fats, oils and waxes |
|. | | | |
|29|fatty acids and glycerol |:|compounds that make up lipid molecules |
|. | | | |
|30|four groups of organic compounds in living|:|carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins |
|. |things | | |
|31|glycogen |:|animal starch that can be released from the liver when blood glucose is low |
|. | | | |
|32|how catalysts work |:|they lower the activation energy for a reaction |
|. | | | |
|33|hydrogen end of the water molecule |:|slight positive charge because it has less attraction for the electrons |
|. | | | |
|34|ion |:|a positively or negatively charged atom |
|. | | | |
|35|ionic bond |:|a bond formed when one or more electrons are transfered from one atom to another |
|. | | | |
|36|ions formed by water molecules |:|hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxide ion (OH-) |
|. | | | |
|37|isotopes |:|atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons |
|. | | | |
|38|lipids |:|used in living things to store energy; in biological membranes and coverings |
|. | | | |
|39|macromolecules |:|polymers; molecules made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules |
|. | | | |
|40|mixture |:|material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together |
|. | | |but not chemically combined |
|41|molecule |:|a structure that results when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds; the smallest unit|
|. | | |of most compounds |
|42|monomers |:|small units that join together to form macromolecules, or polymers |
|. | | | |
|43|monosaccharides |:|simple sugars (glucose, galactose (from milk), fructose (from fruit)) |
|. | | | |
|44|neutrons |:|particles with no charge in the nucleus |
|. | | | |
|45|nonspontaneous reactions |:|reactions that absorb energy and will not occur without a source of energy |
|. | | | |
|46|nucleic acids |:|store and transmit hereditary (genetic) information |
|. | | | |
|47|nucleotides |:|monomers that make up nucleic acids |
|. | | | |
|48|nucleotides are made of |:|5-carbon sugar; phosphate group; and nitrogenous base |
|. | | | |
|49|organic chemistry |:|the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms |
|. | | | |
|50|organic compounds |:|carbon compounds |
|. | | | |
|51|oxygen end of the water molecule|:|slight negative charge because it pulls the electrons more |
|. | | | |
|52|pH 7 |:|pH of pure water |
|. | | | |
|53|pH above 7 |:|bases |
|. | | | |
|54|pH below 7 |:|acids |
|. | | | |
|55|pH scale |:|a measurement system to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution |
|. | | | |
|56|polar molecules |:|molecules in which the charges are unevenly distributed; they can attract each other |
|. | | | |
|57|polymerization |:|a process that forms macromolecules by joining smaller compounds together to form larger ones |
|. | | | |
|58|polysaccharides |:|large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides |
|. | | | |
|59|products |:|the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
|. | | | |
|60|proteins |:|polymers of amino acid macromolecules that control the rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, form|
|. | | |bone and muscles, transport substances in and out of cells, or help fight disease |
|61|proteins are made of |:|nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
|. | | | |
|62|protons |:|positively charged particles in the nucleus |
|. | | | |
|63|reactants |:|the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
|. | | | |
|64|reasons carbon is important |:|can make covalent bonds with other atoms (4 valence electrons); can bond to other carbon atoms to make |
|. | | |long chains |
|65|RNA |:|ribonucleic acid |
|. | | | |
|66|solute |:|the substance in a solution that is dissolved |
|. | | | |
|67|solution |:|a mixture in which all the components are evenly distributed throughout the mixture |
|. | | | |
|68|solvent |:|the substance in a solution in which the solvent dissolves |
|. | | | |
|69|spontaneous reactions |:|reactions that release energy |
|. | | | |
|70|starches |:|complex carbohydrates (polymers) where extra sugar is stored |
|. | | | |
|71|subatomic particles |:|protons, neutrons and electrons |
|. | | | |
|72|substrates |:|reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
|. | | | |
|73|sugars |:|can be broken down for immediate energy |
|. | | | |
|74|suspensions |:|mixtures of water and nondissolved material |
|. | | | |
|75|van der Waals forces |:|intermolecular forces of attraction between the oppositely chargeed regions of nearby molecules |
|. | | | |
|76|water |:|H2O; the greatest solvent on earth |
|. | | | |
|77|why atoms are uncharged |:|atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons |
|. | | | |
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