Biology STARR-EOC Review NAME

Biology STARR-EOC Review NAME_______________________________________________________ Goal 1: Learner will develop abilities necessary to do and understand scientific inquiry.

1.01 Identify biological problems and questions that can be answered through scientific investigations.

1.02 Design and conduct scientific investigations to answer biological questions (create testable hypotheses, identify variables, use a control or comparison group when appropriate, select and use appropriate measurement tools, collect and record data, organize data into charts and graphs, analyze and interpret data, communicate findings).

You have measured the rate at which a fish breaths at various temperatures by counting the rate at which its gills open. The data is below.

Breathing rate Temperature 19/min 5 deg C 25/min 10 deg C 30/min 20 deg C 34/min 30 deg C 37/min 35 deg C

1. What is the independent variable? The dependent variable? p. 9

Temperature

Breathing rate

2. What happens to breathing rate with increase in Temp?

Breathing rate increases

3. What would be a good control for this experiment?

Measure breathing rate of fish in regular environment

4. How do you think the breathing rate was measured?

Counting movements of gill cover or mouth openings

5. What do you think would happen if you raised the

temperature even more?

Fish might die at some point ? living systems cannot handle too much increase in T.

6. Why would it be a bad idea to do this?

Death of fish

1.03 Formulate and revise scientific explanations and models of biological phenomena using logic and evidence to: explain observations, make inferences and predictions, explain the relationship between evidence and explanation.

Bromothymol blue turns to bromothymol yellow in the presence of carbon dioxide. When the carbon dioxide is removed, the solution will return to a blue color. Two green water plants were placed in separate test tubes, each containing water and bromothymol yellow. Both test tubes were corked. One tube was placed in the light, the other in the dark. After several days, the liquid in the tube exposed to light turned blue.

1. What is the independent variable in this experiment? Light 2. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? Color of the bromothymol 3. What is the control for this experiment? Test tube in the dark 4. This demonstration illustrates that, during photosynthesis, green plants take in carbon dioxide.

1.



Biology STARR-EOC Review

1.04 Apply safety procedures in the laboratory and in field studies. (Recognize and avoid potential hazards, safely manipulate materials and equipment needed for scientific investigations.)

1.Label the microscope. 1. Body tube 2. Revolving nosepiece 3. Low power objective 4. Medium power objective 5. High power objective 6. Stage clips 7. Diaphragm 8. Light source 9. Eyepiece 10. Arm 11. Stage 12. Coarse adjustment knob 13. Fine adjustment knob 14. Base

2. How do you determine total magnification of a microscope? (Assume the eyepiece magnifies 10 x and the objective magnifies 40 x) eyepiece x objective = total 10x x 40x = 400x

3. Draw how the letter "e" would look as view through a microscope? Upside down and inverted

4. What kind of care must be taken when working with bacteria? Use gloves; goggles; do not expose bacteria to air unnecessarily. 5. Why must care be used when working with bacteria? Bacteria can cause disease and should be handled with care. 6. What are the issues surrounding the use of animals for research? Answers will vary ? animals should not be tortured or used in a way that causes great pain.

1.05 Analyze reports of scientific investigations from an informed scientifically literate viewpoint including considerations of: appropriate sample, adequacy of experimental controls, replication of findings, and alternative interpretations of the data.



Biology STARR-EOC Review

Goal 2: Learner will develop an understanding of the physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.

2.01 Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the following organic molecules:

Macromolecules Carbohydrates

Function Quick energy; plant cell walls

Proteins

Serve as enzymes, antibodies, plasma membrane inclusions; carrier molecules (hemoglobin); structural

Lipids insoluble in water, hydrophobic Nucleic Acids

Long term energy storage, insulation, plasma membranes

Carry instructions for making proteins; also carry those instructions to the ribosomes

Subunits / Monomer Monosaccharides such as glucose (simple sugars) Amino acids (held together by peptide bonds) Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, Nit. base)

Specific Molecule Function

Starch

Glucose storage in plants

Cellulose

Structural support for plants

Insulin

Hormone that lowers blood glucose levels

Glycogen

Glucose storage in animals

Glucose

Energy

Enzymes Hemoglobin

Speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy Carries oxygen in blood to body tissues

Fats

Store energy

DNA

Stores hereditary information

RNA

Manufacturing (making) proteins

Type of Organic compound Carbohydrate (glucose) Carbohydrate (glucose) protein

Carbohydrate (glucose) carbohydrate

protein

Protein

Lipid

Nucleic acid

Nucleic acid

Describe the following nutrient tests:

Nutrient

Type of Test

Starch

Iodine

Lipids

Brown paper

Monosaccharides Simple Sugars Protein

Benedicts solution and heat Biurets

Negative Test Orangish-brown No spot

blue

blue

Positive Test Dark blue-black Translucent, greasy spot orange

Dark purple



Biology STARR-EOC Review

2.02 Investigate and describe the structure and function of cells including cell organelles, cell specialization, and communication among cells within an organism.

Fill in this chart. Also give the letter or number of the part as seen in the diagrams below.

Cell Part and Letter Structure Description

Function

Nucleus

Dense region in the center of the cell

Control the cell

A, 6

Plasma Membrane Lipid bilayer- surrounds the cell

Controls what comes in and out of

K, near 11

the cell

Cell wall

Thick layer outside the cell membrane of Structure and support

Plants only, J

plants

Mitochondria

Double membrane- shaped like a kidney Powerhouse to produce ATP-

L, 1

bean

cellular respiration

Vacuoles

Sac-like organ

Stores water, wastes, ions, and

G, 3, large in plants

nutrients

Chloroplasts

Double membrane- contains stacks of Perform photosynthesis to make

Plants only, I

discs- green

glucose

Ribosomes

Small particles around the cell

Protein synthesis

F, 13

1. Which cell is the plant cell (left or right)? left 2. Which structures are found only in the plant cell? Chloroplast, large central vacuole, cell wall 3. Which structures are found only in the animal cell? Centrioles, lysosomes

4. Put the following in order from smallest to largest:

Organ systems ____4_______

Cells ______1_____

Organs __3_________

Tissues ____2_______



Biology STARR-EOC Review

Below are a variety of cells from the human body. Use the index of your book to look them up.

1. Which cell is adapted for movement? What structure makes this movement possible? What organelle is very plentiful in these cells in order to provide the energy for movement? Sperm cell; flagellum; mitochondrion (for cellular respiration) 2. What is the function of the Red Blood cell? To carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from cells 3. Which cell is involved in the immune system? White blood cell (B cells, T cells, macrophages) 4. Which cell helps in movement of bones? Muscle cell; contraction involving muscle proteins (myosin and actin) 5. Which cell is adapted for transmitting messages? Neuron (nerve cell)

Hormones:

1. What structures produce hormones? Glands 2. How do hormones travel throughout a body? Through the circulatory system (bloodstream) 3. What is the function of hormones? Regulation of body functions; growth; metabolism, etc.

The diagram below shows many proteins and other molecules embedded in a cell membrane. 1. What is the cell membrane made up of? Phospholipid bilayer & proteins 2. What are some of the functions of these proteins and other molecules? Receptor proteins, channels, pumps 3. Why is it described as selectively permeable? Some substances can pass through the membrane and others cannot

1. Protein

2. Phospholipid



Biology STARR-EOC Review

2.03 Investigate and analyze the cell as a living system including: maintenance of homeostasis, movement of materials into and out of cells, and energy use and release in biochemical reactions.

1. Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left. Water (white) passed to right; starch (dark) could not move through membrane 2. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left? Too large for membrane pores 3. How is the semi-permeable membrane like a cell membrane? Allows some substances to pass and not others- regulates movement 4. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)? On right 5. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first? On left 6. In osmosis, water moves from an area of __high___ to an area of __low____ concentration. 7. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? From right to left Why? High concentration is on right; low is on left and molecules move from high to low concentration. 8. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of __high___ to an area of __low___ concentration. 9. What is osmotic pressure? The difference between concentrations of molecules on each side of membrane ? greater the difference, the greater the osmotic pressure. 10.Draw arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations: a. Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%. ----------------------------------------b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%. ----------------------------------------- 11. What is homeostasis?

Biology STARR-EOC Review Regulation of internal environment; maintenance of balance and stability 12. How do cells maintain homeostasis: Consider pH, temperature, blood glucose, water balance (hormone systems maintains homeostasis); insulin and glucagon work together to maintain blood sugar; osmosis regulates water; temperature regulation through sweating, shivering, blood vessels opening wide and becoming smaller; pH through buffers and H ions.

Comparison of active and passive transport p. 182-189

Requires energy?

PASSIVE TRANPORT NO

ACTIVE TRANSPORT YES

Low to high concentration or high to low concentration? Examples

High to Low

Low to High

Osmosis of water; movement of Neurons ? sodium/potassium

glucose

pumps or iodine in thyroid

Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty.



Biology STARR-EOC Review

Type of Solutions

Diffusion and Osmosis are both types of ___PASSIVE___ TRANSPORT - that is, no energy is required for the molecules to move into or out of the cell. Sometimes, large molecules cannot cross the plasma membrane, and are "helped" across by _proteins_. This process, which uses proteins and ATP is called _ACTIVE TRANSPORT_.

Energy

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