Biology L3 : TOPICS COVERED BY THE FINAL EXAM 2008-2009
Biology L3 : TOPICS COVERED BY THE FINAL EXAM 2016-2017
Biochemistry
➢ lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids
Cells
➢ diffusion and osmosis
Energy Transformations
➢ Photosynthesis
➢ Cellular Respiration
Microbiology
➢ Bacteria & Viruses
➢ Treatment: Antibiotics, Antivirals, Vaccines, Sanitation
Inheritance
➢ Mendelian inheritance
➢ pedigrees
➢ karyotypes
Recombinant DNA technology
➢ GMOs
Genes to polypeptides
➢ Protein synthesis
➢ Mutations
Evolution
➢ Natural Selection – the mechanisms of evolution
➢ Evidence for evolution
➢ Hominid evolution
Ecology
➢ feeding relationships within ecosystems
➢ non-feeding relationships – symbiosis
➢ affects of abiotic factors on organisms
Multiple choice: worth 50% of exam grade
BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Know the composition of each class of organic molecule below:
➢ proteins composed of amino acids
➢ lipids composed of fatty acids + glycerol
➢ carbohydrates composed of monosaccharides
➢ nucleic acids composed of nucleotides
2. What do enzymes (a type of protein) do?
3. DNA & RNA structure; the nucleotides consist of
➢ deoxyribose or ribose (sugars)
➢ phosphate
➢ bases – adenine, thymine (or uracil), cytosine, guanine
CELLS
1. Components of ALL cells
➢ membrane
➢ cytoplasm
2. Prokaryotic – no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (bacteria)
3. Eukaryotic – nucleus, membrane-bound organelles i.e. mitochondria and chloroplasts (our cells)
4. Describe the function of each of the following cellular organelles:
➢ Chloroplasts
➢ Ribosomes
➢ Nucleus
➢ Cytoplasm
➢ Mitochondria
➢ Cell membrane
5. Describe how substances move into or out of the cell.
6. Vocabulary to know:
➢ diffusion
➢ osmosis
➢ passive transport
➢ active transport
➢ exocytosis
➢ endocytosis
➢ hypotonic
➢ hypertonic
7. Be able to solve simple problems analyzing movement of water and solutes across a membrane, i.e.
cell membrane
➢ Which way will water move – into or out of the cell?
CELLULAR REPLICATION
Mitosis vs Meiosis: How do they differ, how are they the same?
-chromosome number (diploid vs haploid)
➢ mitosis – cell division; body cells; asexual – diploid to diploid
➢ meiosis – reduction division; egg or sperm; sexual – diploid to haploid
INHERITANCE
1. Mendelian inheritance – rules of inheritance
2. GMOs and their role in our food supply
3. Vocabulary to know:
➢ gene
➢ chromosome
➢ homozygous
➢ heterozygous
➢ punnett square
➢ genotype
➢ phenotype
➢ karyotype
➢ pedigree
➢ trait
➢ hybrid
➢ allele
➢ dominant
➢ recessive
➢ sex-linked
➢ autosomal
4. Be able to analyze pedigrees and karyotypes
ECOLOGY-
1. Population growth
➢ Will need to respond to data related to population growth
2. Reasons why S- or J-shaped population growth occurs
➢ biotic factors
➢ abiotic factors
3. Relationships between organisms in a community (symbiosis)
➢ mutualism
➢ commensalism
➢ parasitism
4. Energy flow through ecosystems
➢ energy pyramids
➢ the law of 10%
➢ food webs
➢ trophic levels of organisms: producer, primary/secondary/tertiary/quaternary consumers, decomposers
EVOLUTION
1. Darwin first proposed the theory of natural selection
2. Evolution is change in a population over time
Vocabulary / concepts:
➢ evolution
➢ adaptation
➢ niche
3. Evidence for evolution
➢ fossil record, homologous structures, taxonomy, molecular (DNA) evidence
4. Hominid evolution
➢ humans originated in Africa: supported by fossil evidence
➢ major species of hominids and their defining traits that made them more human:
o ardipithicus, australopithicus, homo habilus, homo erectus, Neanderthals, homo sapiens archaic (cro-magnon), homo sapiens sapiens
BACTERIA AND VIRUSES-
➢ Characteristics/differences between viruses and bacteria
➢ Treatments for bacterial vs viral diseases
➢ Vaccination: how it works
PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION
➢ Major steps of each process (overview) and products made from them
➢ Relationship between 2 processes: a cycle!
➢ Significance of each process to life
➢ Who does them? (plants, animals, both)
Free Response Questions: Worth 50% of exam grade!!
These topics are some which may appear as free response questions on the final exam. In addition to these, a few student-generated questions will be included, selected from all L3 biology classes, which could be on any topic students were able to choose from to create a question.
Interpret a pedigree and modes of inheritance of a disorder within it; predict offspring
Analyze a karyotype and what has occurred within one
Discuss and interpret data related to a population; applications to human evolution
Analysis of DNA sequence to determine relationships
Diagram and explain the process of photosynthesis; identify how both energy, (sunlight), and matter, (Carbon), are transformed within the process.
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65% water
98% water outside cell
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