Biology L3 : TOPICS COVERED BY THE FINAL EXAM 2008-2009



Biology L3 : TOPICS COVERED BY THE FINAL EXAM 2016-2017

Biochemistry

➢ lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids

Cells

➢ diffusion and osmosis

Energy Transformations

➢ Photosynthesis

➢ Cellular Respiration

Microbiology

➢ Bacteria & Viruses

➢ Treatment: Antibiotics, Antivirals, Vaccines, Sanitation

Inheritance

➢ Mendelian inheritance

➢ pedigrees

➢ karyotypes

Recombinant DNA technology

➢ GMOs

Genes to polypeptides

➢ Protein synthesis

➢ Mutations

Evolution

➢ Natural Selection – the mechanisms of evolution

➢ Evidence for evolution

➢ Hominid evolution

Ecology

➢ feeding relationships within ecosystems

➢ non-feeding relationships – symbiosis

➢ affects of abiotic factors on organisms

Multiple choice: worth 50% of exam grade

BIOCHEMISTRY

1. Know the composition of each class of organic molecule below:

➢ proteins composed of amino acids

➢ lipids composed of fatty acids + glycerol

➢ carbohydrates composed of monosaccharides

➢ nucleic acids composed of nucleotides

2. What do enzymes (a type of protein) do?

3. DNA & RNA structure; the nucleotides consist of

➢ deoxyribose or ribose (sugars)

➢ phosphate

➢ bases – adenine, thymine (or uracil), cytosine, guanine

CELLS

1. Components of ALL cells

➢ membrane

➢ cytoplasm

2. Prokaryotic – no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (bacteria)

3. Eukaryotic – nucleus, membrane-bound organelles i.e. mitochondria and chloroplasts (our cells)

4. Describe the function of each of the following cellular organelles:

➢ Chloroplasts

➢ Ribosomes

➢ Nucleus

➢ Cytoplasm

➢ Mitochondria

➢ Cell membrane

5. Describe how substances move into or out of the cell.

6. Vocabulary to know:

➢ diffusion

➢ osmosis

➢ passive transport

➢ active transport

➢ exocytosis

➢ endocytosis

➢ hypotonic

➢ hypertonic

7. Be able to solve simple problems analyzing movement of water and solutes across a membrane, i.e.

cell membrane

➢ Which way will water move – into or out of the cell?

CELLULAR REPLICATION

Mitosis vs Meiosis: How do they differ, how are they the same?

-chromosome number (diploid vs haploid)

➢ mitosis – cell division; body cells; asexual – diploid to diploid

➢ meiosis – reduction division; egg or sperm; sexual – diploid to haploid

INHERITANCE

1. Mendelian inheritance – rules of inheritance

2. GMOs and their role in our food supply

3. Vocabulary to know:

➢ gene

➢ chromosome

➢ homozygous

➢ heterozygous

➢ punnett square

➢ genotype

➢ phenotype

➢ karyotype

➢ pedigree

➢ trait

➢ hybrid

➢ allele

➢ dominant

➢ recessive

➢ sex-linked

➢ autosomal

4. Be able to analyze pedigrees and karyotypes

ECOLOGY-

1. Population growth

➢ Will need to respond to data related to population growth

2. Reasons why S- or J-shaped population growth occurs

➢ biotic factors

➢ abiotic factors

3. Relationships between organisms in a community (symbiosis)

➢ mutualism

➢ commensalism

➢ parasitism

4. Energy flow through ecosystems

➢ energy pyramids

➢ the law of 10%

➢ food webs

➢ trophic levels of organisms: producer, primary/secondary/tertiary/quaternary consumers, decomposers

EVOLUTION

1. Darwin first proposed the theory of natural selection

2. Evolution is change in a population over time

Vocabulary / concepts:

➢ evolution

➢ adaptation

➢ niche

3. Evidence for evolution

➢ fossil record, homologous structures, taxonomy, molecular (DNA) evidence

4. Hominid evolution

➢ humans originated in Africa: supported by fossil evidence

➢ major species of hominids and their defining traits that made them more human:

o ardipithicus, australopithicus, homo habilus, homo erectus, Neanderthals, homo sapiens archaic (cro-magnon), homo sapiens sapiens

BACTERIA AND VIRUSES-

➢ Characteristics/differences between viruses and bacteria

➢ Treatments for bacterial vs viral diseases

➢ Vaccination: how it works

PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION

➢ Major steps of each process (overview) and products made from them

➢ Relationship between 2 processes: a cycle!

➢ Significance of each process to life

➢ Who does them? (plants, animals, both)

Free Response Questions: Worth 50% of exam grade!!

These topics are some which may appear as free response questions on the final exam. In addition to these, a few student-generated questions will be included, selected from all L3 biology classes, which could be on any topic students were able to choose from to create a question.

Interpret a pedigree and modes of inheritance of a disorder within it; predict offspring

Analyze a karyotype and what has occurred within one

Discuss and interpret data related to a population; applications to human evolution

Analysis of DNA sequence to determine relationships

Diagram and explain the process of photosynthesis; identify how both energy, (sunlight), and matter, (Carbon), are transformed within the process.

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65% water

98% water outside cell

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