BIOLOGY



BIOLOGY NOTES NAME:

BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY PART 4 DAY / MOD:

PAGES 44-48 DATE:

Standards:

____ Describe the basic molecular structure and primary functions of the four categories of biological

molecules

____ Describe the properties of the carbon atom that make the diversity of carbon compounds possible

____ Describe the important structural characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

and explain the functions of carbohydrates in living things

____ Describe the structures of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Explain the functions of

lipids in living organisms. Identify some reactions that fatty acids undergo.

____ Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids. Explain the functions of proteins in living organisms.

Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of enzymes.

Essential Question:

1.

I. Nutrients of Life

Nutrient = substances in ________ that supply the __________ and raw materials our bodies use for growth,

repair, and maintenance

• Nutrients can be broken down into 2 large categories: ________________ compounds and ___________ compounds

A. Inorganic compounds = compounds that do not contain _______________

• Inorganic molecules are usually smaller and more ___________

• The groups of inorganic molecules that are necessary to life include: _____________, _______________, and ________________.

B. Organic compounds = compounds that contain the element ____________

• Carbon is the backbone of ________ because it has the ability to make ______________ of compounds. Unlike many elements, carbon is special because:

a. carbon can bond to ____ different atoms

b. carbon can bond to ________ and form long chains & ________

c. carbon can form single, double or triple _________ with other atoms

❖ these bonds will be ___________

• Overall, there are four groups of organic molecules found in food that we need to survive: __________________, __________________, ________________, and ________________________

II. Structure of Organic Molecules

A. Carbohydrates = compounds made up of ____, ____, and ____ in a ratio of 1:2:1.

• This means for every ___ carbon atom there are ___ hydrogen atoms and ___ oxygen atom

e.g.

• Sugars (Small Monomer Structure):

a. monosaccharides = simple sugar molecules that contain up to ____ carbon atoms

e.g.

b. disaccharides = sugars made of ____ covalently bonded monosaccharides

1. lactose - glucose + ____________ / found in __________

2. maltose - __________ + glucose / found in ____________

3. sucrose - glucose + ___________ / common table ________

• Starches (Large Polymer Structure):

a. polysaccharides = giant ____________ of carbohydrates that consist of thousands of covalently ___________ monosaccharides and disaccharides

1. glycogen – found in ______________

2. starch – found in foods such as _______, potatoes and __________

3. cellulose – polymer in _____________ foods such as ___________ and ________

• Functions of Carbohydrates:

a. The main function of carbohydrates is to provide ____________ to the body (SHORT TERM)

b. Excess carbohydrates in the body can be stored in the form of ___________ by the liver and skeletal muscle to be used at a later time

c. Although the body cannot digest _______________ found in fibrous food like ___________, it is still important because it helps keep you “ _____________ ”

d. _______________________ is also the compound that makes up cell _______ found in plants

B. Lipids / Fats = ______________ compounds that contain _____, ____, and a very small amount of ___

e.g.

• Lipids / fats are the only group of organic molecules in which there are no ___________ or polymers

• Instead, lipids / fats consist of one ______________ molecule covalently bonded to many __________ acids molecules

• There are, however, _____ types of fatty acids:

a. saturated fats = fats that contain the maximum number of ______________ bonds in their fatty _______ chains

❖ usually solids at room temperature like _________ and __________

b. unsaturated fats = fats that contain at least one double _________ between carbon atoms and have a lower number of ____________ bonds in their fatty ______ chains

❖ usually liquids at room temperature like ____________ and _____________

• triglyceride = lipid compound made of _____ glycerol molecule bonded to ____ fatty acid chains

• phospholipid = lipid compound made of _____ glycerol molecule bonded to ____ fatty acid chains and _____ phospholipid (____)

❖ the phospholipid is the type of lipid that makes up ___________ membranes

• cholesterol = lipid compound that has a _________ structure

❖ cholesterol is needed by the body make _________________ hormones, added protection in _______________ and provides structural support in cell ___________________

• Functions of Lipids:

a. The main function of lipids / fats is to provide the body with materials for building ______________ barriers in the body like ______ membranes around cells

b. Lipids / fats also function to _______________ the body and protect our ____________ organs

❖ the body takes all excess _______ not being used and chemically converts it to ______ which is stored on the body

❖ For this reason, fats are considered sources of _____________ ______________ energy storage

c. An excess of fats is dangerous to health

e.g.

C. Proteins = Polymeric compounds composed of amino acids which contain the elements ______, ______, ______, and _____

❖ animal proteins are found in foods like __________ and ____________

❖ plant proteins are found in foods like ____________ and ____________

• Monomers of Proteins:

a. amino acids = small compounds consisting of an amino group (_____), a carboxyl group (_____) and individual ______ groups ________________ bonded together to make ___________

❖ peptide bond = the special bonds that exists between the ___________ group and the ____________ group in an amino acid

❖ there are over _______ different types of amino acids because the _____ groups differ

• Functions of Proteins:

Proteins are probably the most important group of nutrients for the body because the have a wide range of ______________. These functions include:

a. movement and formations of ___________ and muscles e.g.

b. controlling the rates of ___________ reactions e.g.

c. transporting substances in and out of cells e.g.

d. fighting off _____________ e.g.

e. regulation and ___________________ e.g.

D. Nucleic Acids = Polymeric compounds composed of nucleotides which contain the elements _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____

e.g.

• Monomers of Nucleic Acids:

a. nucleotide = small compounds that consists of a ____________ group, a 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous ________________

e.g.

• Functions of Nucleic Acids:

a. The main function of nucleic acids is to work together to make _____________________

❖ DNA stores the hereditary information for building the ____________________

❖ RNA helps to build the ____________________________

-----------------------

STUDENT SYNTHESIS

To demonstrate knowledge of the information contained within these notes, within the space below EITHER 1. Create two higher level test questions and answers based on the information OR 2. Write a comprehensive paragraph of the information

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download