Anatomy Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization
Anatomy Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization
Tissue Level of Organization
______________ are groups of similar __________and extracellular products that carry out a common ____________________.
____________________; The study of tissue and their relationship to ____________________
______________________________; non-cellular material outside of cells produced by living __________ (ex; bone material)
4 Types of Tissues
____________________tissue; surfaces
____________________tissue; internal: support, ____________________
____________________tissue; movement
____________________tissue; communication
Epithelial Tissue
Lines every body ____________________and all body __________.
Forms both the external and ____________________lining of many __________.
Constitutes the majority of ____________________.
Composed of one or more ____________________of closely packed __________that form a barrier between two compartments having different ____________________.
Little to no extracellular __________.
No __________vessels penetrate an ____________________.
Simple vs. Stratified Epithelium
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Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: Cellularity
Composed almost entirely of __________bound closely together by different types of cell __________.
Minimal amount of ________________________________________
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: Polarity
____________________surface (free, or top, surface) exposed to body __________
Intercellular ___________________ (between cells)
________________surface (fixed, or bottom, surface) attached to underlying __________
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: Attachment
The __________surface of an epithelium is bound to a thin ____________________membrane.
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: Avascularity
Lack blood __________.
Nutrients obtained either directly across the __________surface or by diffusion across the ___________.
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: Innervation
Some epithelia are richly ____________________to detect changes in the environment at that __________or ______________________________.
Most nervous tissue is in the underlying ________________________________________
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: Regeneration Capacity
Frequently ____________________or lost by ____________________and is replaced via high ________________________________________.
Continual ____________________occurs through the divisions of the deepest epithelial cells (called __________cells) near its __________.
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
Protection of underlying __________ __________ (skin)
Regulation of ____________________into and out of the organ or __________
Produce ____________________or ____________________
- ____________________glands (into bodily fluids)
- ____________________glands (to body surfaces)
____________________; nerve endings detect changes in the external _______________at their surface.
Continuously supply ______________________________to the nervous system concerning ____________________, pressure, ______________________________, and pain.
Junctions
There are __________types of cell junctions:
__________junctions; apical surfaces, joins cells to each other (sealing __________)
____________________junctions; middle of cells, strong structural connection
______________________________; similar to buttons; connects adjacent cells without __________
__________junctions; forms pores allowing materials to pass from one ____________________
Junctions
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Classification of Epithelial Tissue
____________________of cell layers;
- ____________________; one cell layer only
- ____________________; many layers (like __________)
- ______________________________; looks like many layers due to uneven nuclei (_____ layer)
Cell shape;
- ____________________; flat
- ____________________; square or round
- ____________________; rectangular
Glands
Individual __________or multicellular __________that produce substances needed in or on the body
May be __________________ (for use in the body) or __________________ (for use outside the body)
Produce substances such as;
- mucus, ____________________, enzymes, and __________products
Endocrine Glands
Lack __________and secrete their _____________directly into the ____________________fluid and/or ____________________.
Most endocrine glands produce ____________________that act as chemical ____________________to influence cell activities elsewhere in the __________.
Exocrine Glands
Usually maintain their _______________with the _________________surface by means of a _________.
__________secretes materials onto the surface of the __________or onto an epithelial ____________________lining an internal passageway.
May be ___________________ (ex: goblet cells; mucus) without ducts or ___________________ (most others) with __________
Examples; ______________________________________________________________________
Secretion Types
__________glands produce and secrete a nonviscous, _____________fluid, such as sweat, milk, tears, or ______________________________.
Mucus glands secrete __________, which forms __________when mixed with water.
Mixed glands, such as the two pairs of ____________________glands inferior to the oral cavity, contain both serous and mucus cells, and produce a mixture of the two types of ____________________.
Merocrine Glands
Also called ______________glands, package their secretions in structures called ______________________________ which travel to the __________surface of the glandular cell and release their secretion by ______________________________.
The ________________cells remain intact and are not damaged in any way by producing the _________.
Holocrine Gland
____________________is produced through the ____________________of the secretory cell.
__________cells are ____________________by cell division at the base of the gland.
Apocrine Gland
Secretion occurs with the “____________________” of the apical surface of the cell and the subsequent release of secretory product and some cellular ____________________.
Examples: the _____________glands and some __________glands in the axillary and __________
Connective Tissue
Most ________________, abundant, widely distributed, and microscopically __________of the tissues.
Designed to ________________________________________ organs.
__________body structures together.
Never found on a body __________
Types; ____________________________________________________________
Basic Components of CT
All CT share __________basic components:
* __________
* ____________________fibers
* ____________________substance
Components of CT: Cells
connective tissue proper contains ____________________,
fat contains ____________________,
____________________contains chondrocytes, and
bone contains ____________________.
- Many CT’s contain white blood cells such as ________________, which phagocytize foreign ____________________.
Components of CT: Protein Fibers
Most contains _____________fibers throughout the tissue.
____________________and ____________________connective tissue.
Type and abundance of these fibers varies depending on ____________________.
Components of CT: Protein Fibers
Three basic types of protein fibers:
* ____________________fibers are strong and stretch-resistant
* ____________________fibers are flexible and resilient
* ____________________fibers form an interwoven framework
* No fibers found in blood except when ______________________________
Components of CT: Ground Substance
__________and the ______________fibers reside within a material called _______________substance.
____________________material produced by the connective tissue cells.
Primarily consists of molecules composed of __________and carbohydrate and variable amounts of __.
May be _________________ (blood), _________________ (cartilage), or __________ (bone).
Functions of Connective Tissue
Physical ____________________
Support and structural ____________________
____________________of structures
____________________
____________________
Classification of Connective Tissue
The connective tissue types present after birth are classified into __________broad categories:
- connective tissue ____________________
- ____________________connective tissue
- __________connective tissue
The Resident Cells of the Connective Tissue Proper
____________________; produce fibers and ground substance of __________
____________________; fat cells
Fixed ____________________; non-moving __________
______________________________cells; stem cells that can divide and replace lost __________
The Wandering Cells of the Connective Tissue Proper
__________cells; secrete _______________ (prevent clotting) and ____________(increase blood flow)
____________________cells; produce antibodies to fight ____________________
______________________________; Engulf ____________________through phagocytosis
Other ____________________; variety of other white blood cells used in immunity
2 Broad Categories of CT
_________________connective tissue
- _________________; common; cushions shocks
- ____________________; contains fat cells
- ____________________; forms framework for many organs
Dense connective tissue (Primarily ____________________fiber)
- ____________________; parallel fibers (____________________)
- ____________________; fibers in all directions (__________)
- _________________; branching elastic fibers (__________cords and ligaments)
Supporting Connective Tissue
____________________and __________
Form a strong, _____________framework that protects and supports the soft body tissues.
Extracellular __________contains many protein fibers and a ground substance that ranges from semisolid to solid.
Cartilage
Firm extra cellular __________of protein fibers and ____________________substance
Living cells called ____________________
Chondrocytes live in spaces called __________
Stronger and more _____________than other types of ____________________tissue
Found in areas of the body that need ________________support and ___________________ (like in joints and at the tip of your __________)
Bone
Also known as ____________________tissue
More __________and ____________________than cartilage
One third _________________materials - primarily collagen fibers (resists ____________________)
Two thirds ____________________components
- primarily ____________________salts (like calcium phosphate)
- calcium provides __________________ (weight-bearing) strength (think of reinforced ________)
Possesses a ____________________; connective tissue layer surrounding the __________
Blood: Fluid Connective Tissue
Blood is a __________connective tissue composed of cells called ______________________________.
____________________ (red blood cells)
____________________ (white blood cells)
____________________
- erythrocytes transport __________and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the _______tissues
- ____________________mount an immune response
- ____________________are involved with blood clotting
Muscle Tissue
Responds to ____________________from the ____________system causing them to shorten.
Produce ____________________and ____________________movement.
Types;
- _______________; striated, used for voluntary movements, usually attached to bones
- _________________; striated with intercalated discs, involuntary, found in heart
- _______________; involuntary, found in skin and internal organs such as small intestine, _____
Nervous Tissue
Sometimes termed ____________________tissue.
Consists of ____________________, or nerve cells, and __________cells that support, protect, and provide a framework for ____________________.
Neurons
Detect ______________, process information quickly, and rapidly _______________electrical impulses from one region of the body to ____________________.
Prominent __________body functions in ____________________; ____________________processing, _______________, and retrieval; internal ____________________.
Neurons
Processes extend from the nerve cell body.
- ____________________; incoming signals to neuron
- _____________; outgoing signals from neuron
Review Questions; Ch. 4
1. What are groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function.
2. What is the study of tissue and their relationship to organs
3. What is the non-cellular material outside of cells produced by living cells (ex; bone material)
4. What are the 4 Types of Tissues
5. Epithelial tissue lines every body surface and all body cavities; True (A) or False (B)
6. What is composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells that form a barrier between two compartments having different components.
7. How much extracellular matrix is found in epithelial tissue?
8. Many blood vessels penetrate an epithelium; True (A) or False (B)
9. What are the 5 characteristics of Epithelial Tissue?
10. What epithelial surface (free, or top, surface) is exposed to the body surface?
11. The basal surface (fixed, or bottom, surface) of epithelial tissue is attached to what?
12. What term means that epithelia lack blood vessels?
13. How are nutrients obtained in an epithelial tissue?
14. Some epithelia are richly innervated to detect changes in the environment at that body or organ surface; True (A) or False (B)
15. Frequently damaged or lost by abrasion and is replaced via what capacity?
16. Continual replacement occurs through the divisions of the which epithelial cells?
17. What are the basic functions of Epithelial Tissue?
18. What structures in epithelial tissue continuously supply information to the nervous system concerning touch, pressure, temperature, and pain?
19. What are the four types of cell junctions in epithelial tissue?
20. What are the two ways that Epithelial Tissue is classified?
21. In an epithelial tissue, what do the terms, Simple, Stratified, and Pseudostratified mean?
22. What are the 3 basic cell shapes found in epithelial tissue?
23. What are individual cells or multicellular organs that produce substances needed in or on the body?
24. What do the terms endocrine and exocrine mean?
25. What glands lack ducts and secrete their products directly into the interstitial fluid and/or bloodstream?
26. Most endocrine glands produce what chemicals that act as chemical messengers to influence cell activities elsewhere in the body?
27. Exocrine glands usually maintain their contact with the epithelial surface by means of;
28. What glands are also called eccrine glands, package their secretions in structures called secretory vesicles which travel to the apical surface of the glandular cell and release their secretion by exocytosis?
29. In what type of gland is the secretion produced through the destruction of the secretory cell?
30. In what type of gland is the secretion produced with the “decapitation” of the apical surface of the cell and the subsequent release of secretory product and some cellular fragments.
31. Mammary glands and some sweat glands in the axillary and pubic regions are an example of an eccrine gland; True (A) or False (B)
32. What type of tissue is the most diverse, abundant, widely distributed, and microscopically variable of the tissues?
33. What is connective tissue designed to do?
34. Connective tissue is never found where (normally)?
35. What are the 5 Types of connective tissue?
36. Connective tissue proper contains what cells?
37. Fat cells are called;
38. Cartilage contains what cells?
39. Many CT’s contain white blood cells such as macrophages, which do what?
40. Most connective tissue contains what structures throughout the tissue?
41. What is the function of protein fibers in connective tissues?
42. Type and abundance of these protein fibers varies in connective tissue depending on what?
43. What are the three basic types of protein fibers found in connective tissue?
44. There are no protein fibers found in blood except when?
45. Cells and the protein fibers of connective tissue reside within a material called;
46. What produces the nonliving material in connective tissue?
47. What are the 5 Functions of Connective Tissue
48. The connective tissue types present after birth are classified into what three broad categories:
49. What are The 4 types of Resident Cells of the Connective Tissue Proper?
50. What are the 4 types of Wandering Cells of the Connective Tissue Proper?
51. What are the 2 Broad Categories of Connective Tissue?
52. What are the two types of Supporting Connective Tissue?
53. What connective tissue has firm extra cellular matrix of protein fibers and ground substance and living cells called chondrocytes?
54. Chondrocytes live in spaces called;
55. Cartilage is weaker and less flexible than other types of connective tissue; True (A) or False (B)
56. Where in the body is cartilage normally found?
57. What is also known as osseous tissue?
58. Bone is more rigid and inflexible than cartilage; True (A) or False (B)
59. What is the function of the collagen fibers of bone?
60. If you took a bone and put it in acid, the minerals would dissolve, but not the protein. If you did this to a femur that weighed 10 pounds, how heavy would it be when it came out?
61. What would the consistency of that bone be after the acid?
62. The calcium in bone is provides what function?
63. The connective tissue layer surrounding the bone is called the;
64. What is the only fluid connective tissue in the body?
65. The scientific name for red blood cells and white blood cells are __________ and _____________
66. What blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body tissues
67. What blood cells mount an immune response
68. What blood cells are involved with blood clotting?
69. What type of tissue responds to stimulation from the nervous system causing them to shorten?
70. Muscle cells can produce both voluntary and involuntary movements; True (A) or False (B)
71. What are the 3 types of muscle tissue, their locations, and functions?
72. What type of tissue consists of neurons, or nerve cells, and glial cells that support, protect, and provide a framework for neurons?
73. What cells detect stimuli, process information quickly, and rapidly transmit electrical impulses from one region of the body to another?
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