BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY NOTES 2.4 NAME:
BIOCHEMISTRY PART 4 DAY / MOD:
PAGES 50-56 DATE:
Standards:
____ Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids. Explain the functions of proteins in living
organisms. Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of
enzymes.
____ Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical
reactions. Identify factors such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity.
Essential Question:
1.
I. Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reaction = a process that changes one set of ______________ into another
• In a chemical reaction, chemical __________ must be broken and new __________ formed
❖ reactants = the chemicals that ____________ the reaction and undergo transformation
❖ products = the chemicals that ____________ the reaction
e.g.
II. Reactions That Build & Break Polymers
Most nutrients as well as nucleic acids are also ______________________ or giant molecules.
Once food is taken into the body, these large molecules are _________________ down and used to
build other ________________.
A. Building Polymers (Macromolecules)
Dehydration Synthesis = the process that occurs to make _________________ by removing ____________ and forming ______________ bonds between ____ monomers
• This process occurs to join:
1. amino acids into ________________
2. nucleotides into _________________
3. monosaccharides into _____________________ which can join together to form polysaccharides
B. Breaking Polymers (Macromolecules)
Hydrolysis = the process that occurs to break the ______________________ bonds in polymers by adding ________________ and results in smaller ___________________
• in the body this is known as ________________________
• The process occurs to break down:
1. proteins into ______________ acids
2. nucleic acids into ______________________
3. polysaccharides into ________________________ which can be broken down to ________________________
III. Speeding Chemical Reactions
Activation energy = the amount of ____________ required to _____________ a chemical reaction
A. Catalysts & Enzymes
Catalyst = any substance that ________________ up a chemical reaction
• catalysts lower the amount of ________________ energy needed for a reaction to ________
Enzyme = a type of protein that acts as a _________________ for specific chemical
__________________
• enzymes lower the amount of _______________ energy in a chemical reaction
e.g.
• Enzymes are named for the _________________ reaction they act as a _______________ on
❖ enzymes usually end in ___________
e.g.
B. The Lock & Key Model : How Enzymes Work
1. the enzyme is the __________ and has a specific _____________ where only certain substrates will fit
➢ substrate = the reactants of a chemical _______________ on which the enzyme will act upon
2. the substrate, or ________________, will fit into the reaction at the _______________ site
e.g.
C. Enzymes Denatured
Denaturization = the destruction of an _______________
1. denaturization can occur through changes in ________________, pH, pressure or other ______________ called inhibitors
2. if enzymes are _________________ they lose their structure and cannot ____________________
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STUDENT SYNTHESIS
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