Irene McCormack



-76327076835002019 Year 11 Human Biology ATAR Course Outline (Units 1 & 2)Term 1WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments1Introduction and expectations (1) Topic: Cells & Tissuesthe human body is comprised of cells, tissues and organs within complex systems that work together to maintain life (1)Y11 begin Thursday 2/2Level of OrganisationCells are basic unit of all living thingsTissues- A group of cells of similar structure working together for a specific function (introduction to types of tissues)Organs – a group of tissues working together for a specific functionCourse overviewCourse assessment outlineWACE Study Guide: RQ & Terminology 2.1PP: Writing AnswersLatin/Greek prefixes and suffixesPP: TissueHP Chapter 5 RQs 1-6, AYKQ 1-4HP Activity 5.12the various tissues of the human body perform specific functions and can be categorised into four basic tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous (2)cell organelles maintain life processes and require the input of materials and the removal of wastes to support efficient functioning of the cell (1)use microscopy techniques competently and methodically for the collection of valid and reliable (4)Types of tissues and functionsepithelial – covering tissueconnective – joining tissuemuscular – contract and relaxnervous – tissues that transmits nerve Cell Organelles/StructureCell membranePhospholipid bilayer with embedded proteinsRole of membrane proteins (carrier, receptors, channel and recognition proteins)Selectively permeable natureFunction. Ribosome, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria functionsObserving cellsFocusing cells and use of minigridsEstimate field of diameter, length and width in both mm and um.PP: Cell Structure & FunctionWACE Study Guide: RQ & Terminology 2.4HP Activities 3.1 & 3.3HP Chapter 3 RQ 1-9, AYKQ 1-5Science Geek: Cell Biology ReviewHP Chapter 3 w/sChapter 3: Cells colouring worksheetFOV calculation worksheetsPreparation of onion slideObserving Cells worksheetWACE: RQ & terminology 2.2WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments3Task 1: Microscopes Prac test the cell membrane separates the cell from its surroundings with a structure, described by the fluid mosaic model, which allows for the movement of materials into and out of the cell by diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport and vesicular transport (endocytosis/exocytosis) (4)Cell Membrane (in detail) and Transport Across a Cell Membrane Fluid mosaic model – phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins – components in constant motionCarrier proteins – facilitated diffusion and active transportChannel proteins – diffusion of ionsOsmosis – movement of water from high to low solute concentration across a semi permeable membrane. Hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonicSelectively permeable natureTask 1: Microscopes practical test (5%)HP Chap 4 RQ 1-10, AYKQ 1-6HP Activity 4.2 & 4.3HP Chapter 4 w/sPP: Cell TransportBuild a membrane cut and paste activity: Cell MembraneWeblink: Diffusion and osmosisEgg osmosis pracAgar diffusion pracWACE: 2.34factors affecting the exchange of materials across the cell membrane include surface area to volume ratio, concentration gradients, and the physical and chemical nature of the materials being exchanged (1)Topic: Metabolismbiochemical processes, including anabolic and catabolic reactions in the cell, are controlled in the presence of specific enzymes (1)enzyme function can be affected by factors including pH, temperature, presence of inhibitors, co-enzymes and co-factors, and the concentration of reactants and products (1)Factors affecting exchange of materialssurface to volume ratio – size of cells, speed of transfer, shape of surface.Concentration gradient – direction of movement, speed of transferAnabolismRequires energy inputBuilds large molecules from smaller eg. Protein synthesis to form hormones, enzyme structural proteins and membrane proteinsCatabolismEnergy releasedInvolves breaking down large molecules onto small ones eg. Cellular respirationOrganelle involved mitochondriaChap 6 RQ 1-10, AYKQ 1-8PP: EnzymesWACE: 3.1 & 3.4Cell respiration worksheetNutrient and organic compound worksheet5cellular respiration occurs, in different locations in the cytosol and mitochondria, to catabolise organic compounds, aerobically or anaerobically, to release energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (2)for efficient metabolism, cells require oxygen and nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals (1)Topic TestCellular respirationword equation for aerobic respirationanaerobic respiration – glycolysisComparison of aerobic and anaerobic respiration Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) high energy chemical bondsDiagrammatic representation of relationship between ATP and ADPCellular use of energy – building complex molecules, cell division and growth, movement of whole cell, maintain cellular organisations, active transport and transmission of nerve impulses. CarbohydratesContains C,H, OEnergy source for cellular respirationMonosaccharides – single sugar molecule e.g. glucoseDisaccharides – double sugar molecules e.g. sucrosePolysaccharides – long chains of single sugars e.g. glycogen, starch.ProteinsContains C, H, O and N (sometimes P, S)Proteins – complex molecules of 1000 or more amino acids chemically combined and amino acids (building block)Form structural components of body e.g. cell membrane proteins and muscle fibres, enzymes and hormonesLipidsContain C,H,OBuilding blocks of fatty acids and glyceridesEssential fatty acids – Omega 3, Omega 6Insulation, protection of organs and phospholipids in cell membraneSaturated and unsaturatedCholesterol – high density lipids and low-density lipids.VitaminsOrganic substances required in small amounts eg. A,B,C,D,E and KYear 11 Retreat: Thur 2/3Task 2: Cells, Tissues and Metabolism Topic Test (5%)HP Activity 6.1HP Chapter 6 Respiration w/sIcing sugar bomb WACE: 3.2HP Chapter 6 Nutrients w/s PP: NutrientsNutrients Summary TableWACE: 3.3WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments6Science Inquiry Skillsrepresent data in meaningful and useful ways; organise and analyse data to identify trends, patterns and relationships; qualitatively describe sources of measurement error, and uncertainty and limitations in data; and select, synthesise and use evidence to make and justify conclusions (1)interpret a range of scientific and media texts, and evaluate processes, claims and conclusions by considering the quality of available evidence; and use reasoning to construct scientific arguments (1)Test Reviewidentify, research and construct questions for investigation; propose hypotheses; and predict possible outcomes (1) Think AnalyticallyInterpret a range of scientific and media texts, and evaluate processes, claims and conclusions by considering the quality of available evidence. Use reasoning to constrict scientific argumentRepresent c conceptual understandingsSelect, construct and use appropriate representations, including labelled diagrams and images of various cells, tissues and organ systems, to communicate conceptual understandings, solve problems and make predictions. ValidityExperimental and control groupsControlled variablesUse of placebosSample sizeDouble blind trialsReliability Sample sizeReplicates/trialsRepetitionAccuracy of measuring tools and measurements. HP Chap 2 RQ 1-10, AYKQ 1-4HP Activities 2.1-2.5Enzyme Concentration and Reaction Rate Investigation WACE: 1.1BW: Activity 27: Effective enzymes7Investigation: Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity (5)conduct investigations, including monitoring body functions; use microscopy techniques; and perform real or virtual dissection, safely, competently and methodically for the collection of valid and reliable datadesign investigations, including the procedure(s) to be followed, the materials required, and the type and amount of primary and/or secondary data to be collected; conduct risk assessments; and onsider research ethics, including animal ethicsEnzyme Investigation: temperature and reaction rateTask 3: Investigation: Plan validationWeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments8Topic: Respiratory Systemthe exchange of gases between the internal and external environments of the body is facilitated by the structure and function of the respiratory system at the cell, tissue and organ levels (2)the efficient exchange of gases in the lungs is maintained by the actions of breathing, blood flow and the structure of the alveoli (1)Investigation: Analysis Validation Respiratory Systems Structure and function of parts of the respiratory system (nasal passage, mouth, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, respiratory membrane)Mechanics of breathinginspiration – diaphragm, intercostals, rib cage, volume, pressure and airflow. Expiration – diaphragm, intercostals, rib cage, volume, pressure and air flow. Respiratory surfaces and the exchange of gasesLarge surface area of alveoli, thin alveoli membranesGood blood supply to alveoliMoist surfacesConcentration gradients and gas exchangeBlood flowPulmonary arteries and veins, capillary networkIntroduce concept of homeostasis (steady state control system) – parts and definitionsRegulation of blood gas concentrations (breathing homeostasis) Task 4: Temperature and Enzyme Activity Investigation Analysis Validation (10%)Respiratory System PPHP Chapter 8 RQ 1-8, AYKQ 1-7HP Chapter 8 w/sWACE: 4.1WACE: 4.2Circulatory System PPHP Chap 7 RQ 1-14, AYKQ 1-6WACE: 5.19Topic: Circulatory Systemthe transport of materials within the internal environment for exchange with cells is facilitated by the structure and function of the circulatory system at the cell, tissue and organ levels (2)the components of blood facilitate the transport of different materials around the body (plasma and erythrocytes), play a role in the clotting of blood (platelets) and the protection of the body (leucocytes) (3)Heartstructure and function (chambers, valves, major blood vessels, direction of blood flow)Cardiac cycle – diastole, systole, systolic pressure and diastolic pressureCardiac output – heart rate, stroke volumeControl of heart rate – sinoatrial nodeBlood vesselsarteries, veins and capillaries (exchange of materials) – structure and direction of flowHP activities 7.1 & 7.4HP Chapter 7 Circulatory System w/sBW activity 15 (heart and lung dissection)WACE: 5.210/11the lymphatic system functions to return tissue fluid to the circulatory system and to assist in protecting the body from disease (1)blood transfusions rely on determining blood groups and can be used to treat many different diseases and conditions (1)Topic TestTest ReviewBlood Plasmatransport of nutrientswastes (Carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes)Red Blood cells – erythrocytesstructure of erythrocytestransport of oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobinWhite blood cells – leucocytesBody defence from microorganismsPlateletsBlood clotting – collect in fibres of fibrin forming a clotBlood flow and exercise feedback modelLymphatic System (overview, location of lymph nodes) and non specific defence. Task 5: Science Inquiry Skills, Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Topic Test (5%)HP Chapter 7 Blood Groups w/sWACE: 5.3WACE: Science as a Human Endeavour 1. Terminology i-iii, RQs 1-5Term 2WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments1Topic: Digestive Systemthe supply of nutrients in a form that can be used in cells is facilitated by the structure and function of the digestive system at the cell, tissue and organ levels (1)digestion involves the breakdown of large molecules to smaller ones by mechanical digestion (teeth, bile and peristalsis) and chemical digestion (by enzymes with distinctive operating conditions and functions that are located in different sections of the digestive system) (2)Digestive System Structure and functions – mouth, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, oesophagus stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gall bladder, bile duct, pancrease, rectum and anus. DigestionDifference between mechanical and chemical digestionTeeth types and functionsPeristalsis (muscle layer of alimentary canalStaff PD day: Monday 23/4Anzac Day Wednesday 25/4PP Digestive SystemHP Chapter 9 RQs 1-9, AYKQ 1-7HP Chapter 9 Digestive System w/sHP Activity 9.2Clickview: Food and digestionWACE: 6.12 the salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder produce or store secretions which aid the processes of digestion (1)absorption requires nutrients to be in a form that can cross cell membranes into the blood or lymph and occurs at different locations, including the small intestine and large intestine (1)elimination removes undigested materials and some metabolic wastes from the body (1)Digestive juices and structures involvedOrgan and associated glandsEnzyme producedFood type acted on productsEmulsification of fats (bile salts)Absorption of nutrientsVilli finger like projections of the small intestine for absorption f nutrientsLarge surface area of small intestine (length, folding, villi, microvilli)Sugars and amino acids absorbed into blood capillaryFatty acids and glycerol absorbed into lactealSimple diffusion and active transportElimination – role of large intestine and formation of faecesPTS interviews 3/5: Early closeWACE: 6.2WACE: 6.3WACE: 6.4HP Chapter 10 RQs 1-9, AYKQ 1-9PP Excretory SystemHP Chapter 10 Activity 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3WACE: 8.1 & 8.2WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments3Topic: The excretory Systemthe excretory system regulates the chemical composition of body fluids by removing metabolic wastes and retaining the proper amounts of water, salts, and nutrients; components of this system include the kidneys, liver, lungs, and skin functioning at the organ level (1)deamination of amino acids in the liver produces urea, which then is transported to the kidneys for removal (1)the nephrons in the kidney facilitate three basic processes: filtration, reabsorption and secretion during urine formation to maintain the composition of body fluids (2)Structure and Function of the Excretory SystemKidney, ureter, bladder, urethraDeaminationDeamination – removal of amino group from excess amino acid in the liverToxicity of waste products and need for excretionNephronMicroscopic structure of the nephron (glomeruli capsule, parts of the renal tubule, collecting duct)Blood supplyFormation of urineGlomerular filtrationReabsorption and tubular secretions Excretion of wastesUrine compositionTask 6: Digestive & Excretory Systems Topic Test (4%)Task 7: Lifestyle diseases extended response (4%)IMCC Day 16/5WACE: 8.3WACE: Science as a Human Endeavour1. Terminology iv-xii, RQs 6-154Science as a Human Endeavourtreatment of conditions due to system or organ dysfunction has changed through improvements in early diagnosis and appropriate use of drugs, physical therapy, radiation therapy, and removal and/or replacement of affected partslifestyle choices, including being active or sedentary, the use of drugs and type of diet, can compromise body functioning in the short term and may have long-term consequencesActivity of Sedentary lifestyleCardiovascular disease – factors affecting cardiovascular diseaseObesity and diabetesDietObesity and cardiovascular diseaseDigestive disease e.g. bowel cancer, celiac diseaseAlcoholBinge drinking and short and long term effectsSmoking Emphysema, cancer (types), cardiovascular disease and kidney diseaseTask 7: Lifestyle diseases extended response (4%)WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments5Exam RevisionPast exam questionsScience Inquiry SkillsCellsDigestive and Excretory SystemCirculatory SystemExtended Response Past Exam QuestionsTopic Review using Padlet (various graphic organisers)6Exam RevisionSEMESTER 1 EXAMSTask 8: Semester 1 Examination7Exam RevisionSEMESTER 1 EXAMS8Exam ReviewTopic: Skeletal Frameoworkthe skeletal framework of the body consists of bone and cartilage which function to provide body support, protection and movement, and is facilitated by the structure and function at cell and tissue levels (4)BoneMacroscopic – structure of long bone (epiphysis, articular cartilage, epiphyseal line, diaphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, spongy bone, compact bone)Microscopic – compact bone – Haversian systems central canal, osteocytes in an inorganic matrix of calcium and phosphateMicroscopic – spongy (cancellous) bone – red bone marrow, osteocytes. Cartilage Hyaline - smooth and strong – located at ends of jointsFibro – slightly flexible – ribsElastic – flexible – ear and noseCartilage tissue consists of chondrocytes, and elastic fibres and collagen embedded in a matrixExam ReviewPP: Skeletal systemChapter 12: Bone and Cartilage worksheetHP Chapter 12 RQ 1-15, AYKQ1-11WACE: 7.2WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments9articulations of joints of the skeleton are classified according to their structure or the range of movements permitted (2)osteoporosis and osteoarthritis are diseases, primarily of ageing, that cause disability. Increased understanding of the causes of these conditions leads to improved practices for management and prevention (1) the muscular system is organised to maintain posture and produce movement; muscle fibre contraction can be explained using the sliding filament theory (2)Types of jointsImmoveable joints (fibrous) – sutures of the cranium joined by fibrous cartilageSlightly moveable joints (cartilaginous) – limited movement – ribs intervertebral discs and pubis symphysisFreely moveable joints (synovial) – ball and socket (3 planes of movement), hinge (1 plant of movement – bend and straighten) and pivot (rotational 1 plane)OsteoporosisBone density determined by dietary requirement of calcium, weight bearing activity and genetic inheritanceLoss of calcium from bones more quickly than replaced leading to a loss of bone densityIncreased risk of fractures, curved spine, shortened eightPrevention – regular weight bearing activity, good dietary calcium intakeOsteoarthritisLoss of cartilage between jointsFriction between joints, inflammation, pain and limits movement at jointPrevention – maintain healthy weight rangeTreatment – pain and anti-inflammatory medication, joint replacement, aids for carrying out daily activitiesMyosinMain component of thick filamentsPresent in all three types of muscle tissuesConverts the chemical energy from ATP into mechanical energy of motionActinMaintain component of thin filamentsContains a myosin binding site diagrammatic representation of sarcomere in relaces and contracted statesMechanism involvedRole of calcium ionsHP Activities 12.1, 12.2 & 12.3PP: JointsJoints worksheetOsteoporosis and Osteoarthritis PPWACE: Science as a Human Endeavour 1. Terminology ix-x, RQs 7PP: Muscular SystemHP Chapter 11 RQs 1-9, AYKQ 1-7 HP Activities 11.1 & 11.2HP Chapter 11 Muscles w/sWeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments10movement results from the actions of paired muscles, with others acting as stabilisers, to produce the required movement (1)Topic: DNADNA occurs bound to proteins in chromosomes in the nucleus and as unbound DNA in the mitochondria (0.5)DNA stores the information for the production of proteins that determines the structure and function of cells (0.5)the structural properties of the helical DNA molecule, including double-stranded, nucleotide composition and weak bonds involved in base pairing between the complementary strands, allow for its replication (1)protein synthesis involves the transcription of a gene on DNA into messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus, and translation into an amino acid sequence at the ribosome with the aid of transfer RNA (2)Action of musclesAntagonistic pairs of musclesNuclear DNAFound in the nucleusNuclear membrane disintegrates during cell divisionMitochondrial DNAFound in the mitochondriaSmall circular moleculeInherited through the motherFunction of DNAGenetic code – instructions for protein synthesisProtein synthesis – transcription and translationImportance in cell metabolismDNA StructureNucleotides – phosphate group, sugar molecule and nitrogen basesBase pairs – A/T and C/GDouble helix – two strands twisted togetherTranscription Process by which RNA is formedDifference between DNA and RNA (importance)mRNA – codon and the role of RNA polymerasemRNA moves from nucleus to the cytoplasmTranslationproduction of proteinsite of synthesisrole of ribosomerole of tRNA – anticodonstRNA and relationship to amino acids (bond to form protein)WACE: 7.1PP: DNAHP Chapter 13 RQ 1-11, AYKQ1-9HP activities 13.1, 13.2 & 13.3HP Chapter 13 DNA worksheetWACE: 11.1PP: Protein Synthesis HP Chapter 13 Protein Synthesis w/sWeblink: Protein Synthesis WACE: 11.2Term 3WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments1Protein synthesis review (1)epigenetics is the study of phenotypic expression of genes, which depends on the factors controlling transcription and translation during protein synthesis, the products of other genes, and the environment (1)Topic: Cell Reproductionmitosis forms part of the cell cycle producing new cells with the same genetic content (1)the sequence of DNA replication, chromosome duplication and chromosome separation are important processes in the production of identical daughter cells by mitosis for growth, repair and replacement of tissues within the body (2)Factors affecting Gene ExpressionHeritable traits that do not involve changes n DNACauses genes to be activates or silences by altering access of genes for transcriptionHistone ModificationWay in which DNA wraps itself around histones affects gene expressionDNA methylation and acetylationAddition acetyl group to histones activates gene expressionEpigenetics modification accumulate throughout a person’s life and have been linked to cancer and diabetes. MitosisProcess pf nuclear division that forms two identical daughter cellsDaughter cells contain the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell – diploid numberDiagrammatic representation of the stage of mitosis, with details of changes in the nuclear membrane, centrioles, spindle formation, chromosomes and chromatids and division of cytoplasm.Mon 16/7: Staff PD DayPP: EpigeneticsWACE: 11.3PP: MitosisMitosis worksheetHP Chapter 14 Mitosis w/s HP Chapter 14 RQ 1-10, AYKQ 1-8 HP Activities 14.1, 14.2 & 14.3Online Onion root tips worksheet and web activityTerm 3WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments2uncontrolled division of cells can result in the development of tumours/cancers (1) new technologies, including Pap smear, breast screening and blood tests for prostate cancer, have made early detection of cancers possible (1)Topic Test: DNA, Cell Reproduction & Musculoskeletal System Test ReviewCancerUnregulated cellular divisionCancer cells fail to fully differentiate and therefore are not fully functionalScreening for CancerPapsmearsBreast screening and blood tests for prostate cancerTreatment OptionsTreatment of conditions due to system or organ dysfunction has changed through improvements in early diagnosis and appropriate use of drugs, physical therapy, radiation therapy, and removal and/or replacement of affected parts.Wed 24/7: PTS Early CloseFri 27/7: House Athletics CarnivalCancer worksheetHP Chapter 15 RQ 1-12, AYKQ 1-7 Activities 15.1, 15.2 (rat dissections) & 15.3Mitosis padletWACE: 12.13Topic: Human reproductionthe production of offspring is facilitated by the structure and function of the male and female reproductive systems in producing and delivering gametes for fertilisation and providing for the developing embryo and foetus (3)human gametes are produced through spermatogenesis and oogenesis, which are specific forms of meiosis, but varying significantly in process and products (2)Male: testes, van deferens, urethra, penis, prostate and other associated glands, pathway of sperm, content of sperm. Female:ovaries, oviducts/fallopian tube, uterus, vagina, pathway of ovum, fertilisation and formation of zygote, menstruation.Spermatogenesisnumber of sperm produced from one parent celln number of chromosomes present at each stage (terminology i.e. names of cells at each stage not required)mature sperm structure and functionsOogenesisproduction of one viable ovum and polar bodies from one parent celln number of chromosomes present at each stage (terminology i.e. names of cells at each stage not required)PP: Human Reproductive systemHP Chapter 15 Male & Female Reproductive systems w/sHP Chapter 16 RQ 1-10, AYKQ 1-6PP: GametogenesisAnimation: SpermatogenesisAnimation: OogenesisWACE: 13.2Rat DissectionTerm 3WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments4Topic: Cell Reproductionmeiosis produces gametes for reproduction and involves DNA replication, chromosome pairing, and two successive nuclear divisions distributing haploid sets of chromosomes to each gamete (1)differences between mitosis and meiosis reflect their roles in the body (1)Topic: Human Reproductionboth male and female reproductive systems are regulated by hormones, including the regulation of the menstrual and ovarian cycles (3)Rat dissection ValidationMeiosis sequence of chromosomal changesfirst meiotic division – reduces the number of chromosomes (haploid), no homologous pairs. Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis number of nuclear divisionsnumber of cells produceddifference between arrangement of homologous chromosomesseparation of chromatids and chromosomeschanges to genetic material – crossing overcells produced – haploid or diploid.Human reproductionOvarian cycle – series of events occurring in the ovaries, development of follicles, formation of the corpus luteum, role of hormones (FSH, LH)Menstrual cycle – changes occurring in the uterus, role of hormones (oestrogen, progesterone, HCG)Spermatogenesis – production of sperm, role of hormones (FSH, LH, testosterone)Positive and negative feedback modelsTask 9 Test: Musculoskeletal system, DNA & Cell Reproduction (4%)PP: Meiosis Meiosis worksheetWACE: 12.2 & 12.3PP: Hormonal Control of ReproductionHP Chapter 16 Female Hormones w/sWACE: 13.1Term 3WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments5for the establishment of a pregnancy, conception requires the union of viable sperm and ovum at the optimal time in the ovarian cycle (1)the development of the embryo after implantation involves the differentiation of cells into three different germ layers that will eventually produce specific systems in the body and the placenta (3)Location and time of fertilisationStages of parental developmentGestation periodDistinction between embryo and foetusEmbryonic stages – morula, blastocyst/inner cell mass, embryonic membranes.Formation of the blastocyst and the inner cell massPlacental developmentPrimary Germ LayersEctoderm – nervous system, skin and other epithelial tissuesMesoderm – skeleton, muscles, kidneys and connective tissuesEndoderm – epithelium of alimentary canal, liver, pancreas, larynx, bronchi and lungs developmentTask 10: Rat Dissection Validation Test (5%)Friday 17/8 Staff RetreatPP: Embryonic DevelopmentPP: Stem CellsCatalyst video: IPS cellsCatalyst video: Stem Cell ethicsHP Activities 17.1 & 17.2HP Chapter 17 RQ 1-16, AYKQ 1-8WACE: 13.36Topic: Cell Reproductionstem cells have the ability to divide by mitosis and differentiate into many different tissues, depending on the level of cell potency (2)there are a variety of assisted reproductive technologies to help overcome infertility problems, but each has its limitations, risks and benefits (2) greater understanding of the menstrual cycle, conception and implantation has produced improved methods of the establishment of a pregnancy, along with advancements in contraceptive methods; both have ethical considerations (1)Stem cellstypes of stem cells – adult, embryonic and cord bloodlocation – sourcefunction – usepotency – totipotent, pluripotent, multipotentAssisted Reproductive Technologies and InfertilityCauses of infertility – males and femalesOvulation inductionArtificial inseminationIn-vitro fertilisation (IVF) fallopian transferStorage of sperm, eggs and embryos. Mon 21/8: Staff Catholic DayHP Chapter 18 RQ 1-14, AYKQ 1-8PP: Infertility TreatmentsTerm 3WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments7Topic: Human Reproductionlifestyle choices, including diet, illicit drugs, alcohol and nicotine, may affect foetal developmentthere are a range of techniques available to genetically screen embryos before implantation or during early development, including blood tests, amniocentesis and chorionic villi sampling (1)the use of genetic profiling and genetic screening of adults and embryos have implicit ethical considerations (1)Genetic ScreeningAmniocentesesFoetal blood samplingChorionic villus samplingHP Chapter 19 RQ 1-11, AYKQ 1-7PP: Clinical imagingTerm 3WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments8Topic: Stages of labourthe stages of labour include birth, during which there are circulatory system changes in the child (3)contraception methods that reduce the probability of the union of gametes or implantation all have limitations, risks and benefits, and include methods that:use steroid hormonesuse physical barriers between gametesuse chemical spermicidesuse sterilisation (tubal ligation, vasectomy) function after coitus (emergency contraceptive pill and intrauterine devices [IUDs]). (2)Parturition (labour/birth)Foetal position before birthFirst stage of labour – contraception, dilation of cervixSecond stage of labour – bursting amniotic sac, delivery of babyThird stage of labour – expulsion of placenta, other membranes and remains of the umbilical cord (afterbirth)Types pf delivery – breech, caesarean, premature birthsFoetal CirculationPlacental circulation – umbilical arteries, umbilical veinsPlacental – exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastesDucts arteriosus – bypassing the lungsForamen ovaleDuctus venosus – bypassing the liverNeonatal Circulation Changes to circulation de to lung expansion and changes in pressure‘hole in the heart’ babiesChanges to circulation due to cessation of flow through placental circulationChanges in sites for exchange of materials – oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes.ContraceptionHow it works, advantages and disadvantagesPreventing production of egg or sperm – contraceptive pillProducing egg and sperm, but preventing fertilisation – coitus interruptus, douching, natural, ovulation or rhythm methodsMechanical barriers (condoms, spermicides, diaphragms, cervical caps), surgical proceduresAllowing fertilisation to occur by preventing implantation – IUD, morning after pill.Task 11: Reproduction, Development, Differentiation and Reproductive Technologies Topic Test (4%)PP: Labour and stages of birthHP Chapter 19 Stages of Birth w/sPP: ContraceptionHP Chapter 20 RQ 1-11, AYKQ 1-5Contraception jigsawWACE: 13.4Term 3WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments9SHE: greater understanding of the menstrual cycle, conception and implantation has produced improved methods of the establishment of a pregnancy, along with advancements in contraceptive methods; both have ethical considerations (1)Topic: Sextually Transmitted InfectionsSexually transmitted infections (STIs), diseases transmitted through unprotected sex or genital contact, can be prevented through safe sex methods; early detection and treatment of infection are important and, if left untreated, STIs can lead to serious health consequences (2) Test ReviewPathogensBrief introduction to types of pathogens and their mode of action.Bacterial – causes, symptoms and treatmentGonorrhoeaSyphilisChlamydiaViral – causes, symptoms and treatmentGenital herpesHuman papilloma virusHIV/AIDSTask 12: Stem Cells Extended Response (5%)HP Chapter 21 RQ 1-12, AYKQ 1-9HP Chapter 21 STIs w/s STIs summary w/sPP: STIsClickview: STIs and worksheet10Topic: Types of Inheritanceprobable frequencies of genotype and phenotype of offspring can be predicted using Punnett squares and by taking into consideration patterns of inheritance, including the effects of dominance, co-dominance, autosomal or sex-linked alleles, and multiple alleles: Huntington's disease, phenylketonuria (PKU), ABO blood groups, red–green colour blindness/haemophilia show different inheritance patterns (5)Stem Cells Extended Response ReviewMonohybrid crossesTerminology – genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, hemizygous, first filial generation, second filial generation, autosome, sex chromosomeRelationship between chromatin, chromosome, DNA, gene and alleleState parental genotype and possible allele representation in parents’ gametes.Show possible genotype and phenotype combinations of offspring from a cross using a punnet square. State the probabilities of possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring after construction of a Punnett squareList the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring after construction of a punnet square.Example of autosomal inheritance – Huntington disease, PKU, sickle-cell anaemia.Example of sex linked inheritance – red-green colour blindness and haemophilia PP: GeneticsGenetics problems worksheetCodominance and sex linked worksheetsWACE: 14.1Topic: Types of Inheritanceprobable frequencies of genotype and phenotype of offspring can be predicted using Punnett squares and by taking into consideration patterns of inheritance, including the effects of dominance, co-dominance, autosomal or sex-linked alleles, and multiple alleles: Huntington's disease, phenylketonuria (PKU), ABO blood groups, red–green colour blindness/haemophilia show different inheritance patterns (5)Autosomal dominance/ RecessivenessDominant and recessive alleles located on an autosomeBe familiar with Huntington’s Disease, a dominant autosomal inherited genetic disorderBe familiar with the phenylketonuria (PKU), a recessive autosomal inherited genetic disorderBe familiar with phenylketonuria (PKU), a recessive autosomal inherited genetic disorder. Polymorphic/Multi-allelic Inheritance (ABO blood groups)Polymorphic gene – a gene that may exist in three r more allelic forms (multi-allelic)An Individual possesses only two much alleles at the same loci on homologous chromosomes at any one time e.g. ABO blood groupsMultiple alleles result from different mutations of the same gene. Term 4WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments1Topic: SIS select, construct and use appropriate representations, including models of DNA replication, transcription and translation, Punnett squares, pedigrees and karyotypes, to communicate conceptual understanding, solve problems and make predictions (2)Topic: Cell reproductionvariations in the genotypes of offspring, including gender, arise as a result of the processes of meiosis and fertilisation (1)Topic: Types of Inheritancepedigree charts can be constructed for families with a particular genetic disorder and can be used to reveal patterns of inheritance and assist in determining the probability of inheriting the condition in future generations (4)Pedigrees: conventions – symbols used to present males, females, marriage, offspringInheritance patterns – autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex linked recessive, multiple-allelic i.e. ABO blood group (polymorphic)Problem solving framework to interpret pedigree chartsMon 8/10/: Staff PD dayHP Chapter 22 RQs 1-11, AYKQ 1-14Activity 22.1WACE: SIS 2Pedigrees PPPedigrees worksheetsHP Chapter 23 RQs 1-10, AYKQ 1-9WACE: 14.22Genetics Disorders Extended ResponseDNA profiling identifies the unique genetic make-up of individuals and can be used in determining parentage (2)DNA profilingEvery individual has a unique DNA make up – half inherited from mother and half inherited from father.Science as a human endeavourThe use of genetic profiling and genetic screening of adults and embryos have implicit ethical considerationsTask 13: Genetics Disorder Extended Response (5%)HP Chapter 23 Pedigrees w/s HP Activities 23.1 & 23.2PP: DNA ProfilingDNA profiling interactiveDNA profiling activities: 7, 10-13WACE: 14.3Term 4WeekSyllabus Content Discussion PointsSuggested Activities and Assessments3Topic: SHE the use of genetic profiling and genetic screening of adults and embryos have implicit ethical considerations (1)Topic: Cell Reproductioncrossing over, non-disjunction and random assortment of chromosomes during meiosis will produce gametes with different genetic content (2)Topic: DNAepigenetics is the study of phenotypic expression of genes, which depends on the factors controlling transcription and translation during protein synthesis, the products of other genes, and the environment (1)Extended Response ValidationVariations in geneticsCrossing overNon-disjunctionRandom assortmentRandom fertilisationResulting in variationFactors Affecting Gene ExpressionHeritable traits that do not involve changes in DNACauses genes to be activated or silenced by altering access of genes for transcriptionHistone ModificationsWay in which DNA wraps itself around histones affects gene expressionDNA methylation and acetylationAddition of acetyl group to histones activates gene expressionsEpigenetics modifications accumulate throughout a person’s life and have been linked to cancer and diabetes WACE: Science as a Human Endeavour 2PP: VariationChapter 24 RQs 1-8, AYKQ 1-9Activity 24.1Activity 24.2Task 13: Genetics Disorder Extended Response (5%)4-5Test: GeneticsValidation & Test ReviewExam Revision Task 14 Test: STIs and Genetics Topic Test (4%)Past exam questions by topicExtended Response past exam questionsTopic Reviews using Padlet (various graphic organisers)6Exam RevisionSEMESTER 2 EXAMSTask15: Semester 2 Examination7Exam RevisionSEMESTER 2 EXAMS ................
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