BIOLOGY SOL REVIEW SHEET



Name: _________________________________________________ Date: ______________ Block: _______Brief Overview of Topics Covered in BiologyImportant Prefixes and Suffixes:Mono-Bio-Di-Cyto-Bi-Hemo-Tri-Homo-Poly- Hetero-Hyper-Syn-Hypo-Photo-Iso-Archae-Eu--ologyPro--aseExo--saccarideEndo-Auto-Important Scientists:Pasteur - ________________________________________________________________________________Redi -___________________________________________________________________________________Leeuwenhoek- ___________________________________________________________________________Hooke - _________________________________________________________________________________Franklin & Wilkins - ________________________________________________________________________Waston & Crick - __________________________________________________________________________Chargaff - _______________________________________________________________________________Mendel - ________________________________________________________________________________Darwin - _________________________________________________________________________________Lamarck - _______________________________________________________________________________Linnaeus - _______________________________________________________________________________Vocabulary Based Review:Beginner: : 1: The Science of Biology Scientific InvestigationExperimental Scenario:Allen read that the gas company was burying sheets of magnesium next to pipelines in order to prevent rusting. He decided to investigate the effectiveness of various metals in preventing rusting. He placed the following into three separate test tubes of water: A) Iron nail. B) Iron nail wrapped with aluminum strip. C) Iron nail wrapped with magnesium. He used the same amount of water, equal amounts of the metals, and the same size iron nails. At the end of five days, he recorded the amount of rusting and the color of the water. Data Collection Table:Create a data table with appropriate labels:Hypothesis: (If/Then/Because) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Null Hypothesis: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Independent Variable: _______________________ Dependent Variable: _____________________________Is there a control group? If so, which group would it be? ___________________________________________ Constants: _______________________________________________________________________________What is the difference between precise and accurate data? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Descriptive StatisticsFind all the calculations for the following data: 202325192021232518Range:Mean: Mode:Median:Key VocabularyMatch the term(s) with the following description. Multiple terms may be used per scenario.d. Qualitative Datac. Quantitative Datab. Inferencea. Observation________Sam is testing water in the reservoir. Because she cannot test all the water, she collects samples from several different parts of the reservoir. If the samples are clean enough to drink, she decides that all the water is safe to drink. Alex noted that the manatee had two scars on its back.James noted that the scars on the manatee appeared old and the animal seems healthy and alert.Reading Tables and GraphsBacteria are tiny microorganisms that can reproduce by dividing into two. The table and graph below show the results of an experiment that tested the effects of temperature on bacterial reproduction. At the beginning, three populations of bacteria, all the same type, were of equal size. Each population was kept at a different temperature of four days. Figure 1: The effect of temperature (OC) on bacterial reproduction (number of bacteria per mL of broth).\sAnalysis QuestionsWhat variable did the researcher change during this experiment?What do the shapes of the curve tell you about the changes in population size?What effect did the different temperatures have on the growth of the bacterial populations? Justify your answer.Suppose some bacteria used in this experiment were kept at a temperature of 100OC. Would you expect the population sizes to increase even faster than at 15OC? Explain your reasoning.Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life Properties of WaterBecause of their partial positive and negative charges, polar molecules such as water can attracted to each other. The attraction between the hydrogen atom on one water molecule and the oxygen atom on another water molecule is an example of a ___________________ bond. Unique Properties of Water:Cohesion – ____________________________________________________________________Example: Surface TensionAdhesion – ____________________________________________________________________Example: Capillary ActionAcids, Bases, and pHpH Scale: indicates the concentration of ________ ions to _________ ions. Acid = pH 0-6.9 Base = pH 7.1-14 0 7 14What is a Buffer?The strong acid hydrogen fluoride (HF) can be dissolved in pure water. Will the pH of the solution be greater or less than 7?MacromoleculeChemical StructureMonomerFunctionCarbohydratesLipidsNucleic AcidsProteinsChemical Reactions and EnzymesCatalyst – is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.Identify the parts of the enzymatic reaction.A. ____________________________B. ____________________________C. ____________________________D. ____________________________E. ____________________________List several factors that could impact that rate of an enzymatic reaction:1. ______________________2. ______________________3. ______________________Chapter 19 and Appendix D: Using Microscopes to Understand PathogensMicroscope:Total Magnification = Magnification of the Objective x EyepieceWhat is the total magnification under high power? ____________ What is the total magnification under low power? _____________Diagram of a MicroscopeDiagram of how to lower a CoverslipLabel the Parts:____________________________________________________________________The picture shows a coverslip correctly being lowered onto a slide. Why is this method used? What is a pathogen?Classifying Prokaryotes: Types of BacteriaProkaryotic Cells: ______________________________________________________________________Eubacteria: _____________________________________________________________________Archaebacteria: __________________________________________________________________Outside of being pathogens, list three other functions of bacteria in nature?________________________ 2. ________________________ 3. ______________________Basic Structure of a BacteriumBasic Structure of a T4 BacteriophageUnderstanding Viruses: Structure and Function Viruses come in a variety of sizes and shapes. A typical virus is composed of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. Compare and contrast the two ways that viruses cause infections?Do you think viruses should be considered a form of life? Describe the reasons for your opinion.Chapter 7: Cell Structure and FunctionTraditional Cell Theory1.2.3.Types of Cells:Cells come in a great variety of shapes and a range of sizes. Cells fall into two broad categories, depending on whether they contain a _____________________ and/or membrane bound ________________________.Plant CellAnimal CellBacteriaProkaryotes - _____________________________________________________________________Eukaryotes - ______________________________________________________________________StructureFunctionPlant, Animal, BothCytoplasmCell MembraneNucleusNucleolusRibosomeSmooth ERRough ERMitochondriaGolgi apparatusCentrioleLysosomeCytoskeletonVacuoleChloroplastCell WallCell MembraneThe cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support.Describe the Function of Each StructureProtein: Lipid Bilayer:Carbohydrate Chain:Diffusion through the CellOsmosis: ________________________________________________________________________IsotonicHypertonicHypotonicFacilitated Diffusion: ________________________________________________________________Active Transport: __________________________________________________________________Bulk Transport:Endocytosis: ________________________________________________________________Example: Pinocytosis and PhagocytosisExocytosis: _________________________________________________________________Chapter 10: Cell Growth and DivisionLimits to Cell GrowthIf a cell got too large, it would be more difficult to get sufficient amounts of oxygen and nutrients in and waste products out. This is one reason why cells do not grow much larger even if the organism of which they are part of does.Cell SizeSurface Area (L x W x 6)150750Volume (L x W x H)125125Ratio of Surface Area to Volume1.2 to 16 to 1Events of the Cell CycleDuring the normal cell cycle, interphase can be quite long; whereas the process of cell division takes place quickly. Briefly explain each of the events of the cell cycle: G1: ________________________________________________ S: __________________________________________________ G2: ________________________________________________ Mitosis: _____________________________________________Cytokinesis: __________________________________________MitosisBiologists divide the events of mitosis into four phases. Identify what phase each of the following diagrams are displaying (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, or telophase).Phase of MitosisA._________________B. ________________C. ________________D. ________________Put the following phases in order: ______, ______, _______, _______Chapter 9: Cellular RespirationEnergy Transfer DiagramATP CycleChemical Formula (Cellular Respiration): ___________ + O2 ___________ + __________ + _____ ATP (usable energy)What is the purpose of cellular respiration? ___________________________________________What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? ________________________In which organelle does cellular respiration occur? _____________________________________Chapter 8: PhotosynthesisDescribe the function of each structure found in a leaf cross section.1. Cuticle: _____________________________________________2. Epidermis: ___________________________________________3. Spongy Mesophyll: ____________________________________4. Palisade Mesophyll: ___________________________________5. Vein: _______________________________________________6. Stomata: ____________________________________________LightChemical Formula (Photosynthesis): ___________ + ___________ ___________ + C6H12O6What is the ultimate source of energy? _______________________________________________In which organelle does photosynthesis occur? ________________________________________Scientists believe that oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere as a result of organisms that were capability of doing what? __________________________________________________________Chapter 12: DNA and RNAStructure of DNA and RNADNA and RNA are made of repeating units known as nucleotides. List the Three Part of a Nucleotide: 1. _____________________________ 2. _____________________________ 3. _____________________________The sugar and the phosphate make up the backbone of the nucleic acid. The genetic code is based off the nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil). In DNA: ______ bonds with A; _______ bonds with GIn RNA: ______ bonds with A; _______ bonds with GDNA ReplicationWhen Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA, the structure explained how DNA could be copied. During DNA replication, the DNA molecules separates into two strands, and then produces two new complementary standings following the rules of base pairing. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template, or model, for the new strand. How are the long DNA molecules found in eukaryotes packaged into short chromosomes?During DNA replication, what sequence of nucleotides would bond with the DNA sequence T A T – G A G – C T A – C C G? _______ - _______ - _______ - _______RNA and Protein SynthesismRNAtRNArRNAType of RNAFunctionDescribe the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Protein Synthesis (DNA to Protein)During _______________________: Helicase binds to DNA and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of mRNA.During ________________________: The cell uses information from mRNA to produce proteins with the help of tRNA and rRNA.Use the Decoder Ring to Find the Amino Acids:DNAT A CG G TA T CmRNAAmino AcidsA. TranscriptionB. TranslationLabel Each of the following events as: _______ 1. Occurs in the Nucleus. _______ 2. Occurs in the Cytoplasm. _______ 3. mRNA, rRNA and tRNA are used. _______ 4. A polypeptide (protein) is created. _______ 5. DNA is copied into mRNA. _______ 6. Codons and Anti-Codons join. _______ 7. mRNA is synthesized. _______ 8. Peptide Bonds join Amino Acids.DNA TechnologyDNA Fingerprinting: Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments. Based on size, the DNA fragments make a pattern of bands on the gel. These bands can then be compared with other samples. Which kitten is related to the cat based off the bands? ____________ Karyotype:To analyze chromosomes, cell biologists photograph cells in mitosis, when they are easy to see. They arrange the homologous chromosomes together to form a picture. What sex is the child below? __________Chapter 11: Introduction to GeneticsDefine the following Words:1. Homozygous: ___________________________________________________________________2. Heterozygous: __________________________________________________________________3. Dominant: ______________________________________________________________________4. Recessive: _____________________________________________________________________5. Allele: _________________________________________________________________________6. Genotype: ______________________________________________________________________7: Phenotype: _____________________________________________________________________Punnett SquaresIn purple people eaters two horns is dominant to one horn. Draw a Punnett Square showing the cross of a purple people eater that is heterozygous for two horns with a purple people eater that only has one horn.Key: Cross: ___________ x ___________Genotype: Phenotype:Japanese four o’clock plants display incomplete dominance. The gene for red plants is incompletely dominant over the gene for white plants. What ratio may be expected in a cross between a red-flowered Japanese four o’clock plant and a white one?Key: Cross: ___________ x ___________Genotype: Phenotype:Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a recessive sex-linked disorder that causes for the build of fat in the brain. It is carried on the X chromosome. Cross a father who does not have ALD with a mother who is a carrier for ALD.Key: Cross: ___________ x ___________Genotype: Phenotype:MeiosisMeiosis is the process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes.Define the following Terms:Homologous:Diploid:Haploid:Gametes:Crossing-Over:Answer the following QuestionsDuring meiosis, homologous chromosomes (like the ones shown in Figure 1) can exchange DNA in a process known as what?Explain why this can create genetic diversity in gametes.Figure 1: Homologous ChromosomesWhy must gametes be haploids?Chapter 15, 16 and 17: EvolutionEvolution, or the change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. During his travels, Darwin made numerous observations and collected evidence that led him to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about the way life changes over time. He called this theory Natural Selection, the process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest.Evidence that Supports Evolutionary Theory:EmbryologyThe information in the table above supports the conclusion that frogs are more closely related to what other organism.The above chart shows vertebrate embryo development.Which of these would be least related to the others?Comparative AnatomyMolecular BiologyBased on this information, how many differences in the resulting amino acid sequences would you expect to find between humans and chimpanzees? ________________One method of determining the classification of an animal is by comparing the amino acid sequence. Which of these animals most closely resembles the unknown animal?Mouse: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-Glu-Val-Val-Leu Dog: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-Asp-Glu-Lys-AspHorse: Met-Gly-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Arg-Asp-His-Glu-Lys-AspCat: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-His-Arg-Cys-Thre-Asp The picture above shows part of the pectoral girdle and limbs of two flying vertebrates known as the bat and the prehistoric pterosaur. Which bone of the pterosaur corresponds to the humerus of the bat? Chapter 18: ClassificationTo study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name and group organisms in a logical manner.Binomial NomenclatureEach species is assigned a two-part scientific name. The scientific name is always written in italics. The first word is capitalized (Genus) and the second word is lowercase (species).Escherichia coli is the scientific name of a bacterium. What category of classification is Escherichia? Evolutionary ClassificationBiologist now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities. Construct a cladogram based off the derived characteristics found anismDerived CharacterWater- Conducting (Vascular) TissueSeedsFlowersMossesAbsentAbsentAbsentFernsPresentAbsentAbsentCone-Bearing(Gymnosperms)PresentPresentAbsentFlowering(Angiosperms)PresentPresentPresentClassification of Living ThingsThe three domains are the domain Eukarya, which is composed of protest, fungi, plants, and animals; the domain Bacteria, which corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria; and the domain Archaea, which corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria.Match the Kingdom with the description found below:F. AnimalE. PlantD. FungiC. ProtistA. EubacteriaB. Archaebacteria______A biologist has just discovered a new life form. The newly described organism is multicellular, does not carry on photosynthesis, and absorbs nutrients from the environment. It is composed of eukaryotic cells with cell walls. In which kingdom would the organism be classified? ______A group of students were researching unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that lived in harsh environments such as volcanic hot springs, brine pools and anaerobic organic mud. Which of these groups are the students most like researching?______A student just discovered an organism that obtains energy through photosynthesis, is multicellular and eukaryotic. What type of cell is the student most likely observing?Chapter 3: Understanding the BiosphereEnergy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various heterotrophs (consumers). Food Chain: A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten.Put an arrow in the direction that energy would flow in the diagram below. AlgaeZooplanktonSmall FishSquidSharkFood Web: A diagram that links at least two food chains together. Food webs describe how energy is passed throughout a section of an ecosystem (or an entire ecosystem).In the diagram above, which organism provides nutrients for the largest number of other organisms? _________________According to the energy pyramid above, the most energy is present at what level? __________Which level of this food pyramid represents the largest biomass? ______________Chapter 4: Ecosystems and CommunitiesWhat is an Ecosystem? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What Shapes an Ecosystem?Biotic and Abiotic Factors:Abiotic: _______________________Examples:____________________________Biotic: ________________________Examples:_____________________________Symbiosis: _________________________________________________________________Mutualism: ____________________________________________________________Commensalism: ________________________________________________________Parasitism: ____________________________________________________________Ecological Succession: ______________________________________________________Primary Succession: _____________________________________________________Secondary Succession: __________________________________________________Climax Community: ______________________________________________________Which order of diagrams would show primary succession in an area that had never before been occupied by living organisms? ____________________Each drawing represents different stages in community succession within the state of Virginia. Which of the following drawings represents the climax community in this succession pattern? ____________Chapter 5: PopulationsThis graph suggests that from 1840 to 1920, the carrying capacity for sheep in Tasmania was approximately _________million sheep.Most populations introduced to a new ecosystem grow until factors such as lack of food and overcrowding limit their growth, as illustrated to the left. What does the portion of the graph labeled B represent? ___________________ growth. ................
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