CP Biology EOCT Review



NAME_________________ DATE ________________ PERIOD____

Biology- Georgia Milestones STUDY GUIDE

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS ON YOUR OWN PAPER (ATTACH THIS SHEET TO YOURS)

CELL BASICS AND HOMEOSTASIS

1. What is the difference between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell? Give an example of each type of cell.

2. What are the three parts of the cell theory?

3. What contributions did these scientists make to the study of cells: Schwann, Schleiden, and Leeuwenhoek?

4. In relation to a microscope, what is magnification and resolution?

5. What is the difference between the magnification and resolution powers of a light microscope and electron microscope?

6. Define homeostasis. Give an example of an organism attempting to maintain homeostasis.

7. Compare and contrast animal and plant cells.

THE CELL AND ORGANELLES

8. Describe the structure and function of the following organelles: nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosome, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, cilia, flagella, chromosome, cell membrane, nuclear envelope, cell wall and cycle?

9. Identify the levels of organization of an organism?

10. What is meant by saying that a cell is in hypertonic solution? hypotonic? isotonic?

11. Which way will water move if a cell is in hypertonic solution? hypotonic? isotonic?

12. What is an isotonic solution? give an example.

13. What are active and passive transport? List similarities and differences.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

14. Name the four macromolecules and 2 give examples each.

15. What is the main organic compound contained in all living things

16. What is the function of each of the four macromolecules?

17. What type of macromolecule are enzymes?

18. What is activation energy? How does an enzyme lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction?

19. What is a catalyst?

20. Give an example of how an enzyme acts as a catalyst.

21. List and describe the factors that affect the activity of an enzyme.

22. Explain the relationship of an enzyme and substrate in a reaction.

ENERGY AND CHEMISTRY OF THE CELL

23. Define the term energy.

24. Identify 2 types of chemical bonds. Explain their similarities and differences.

25. When chemical bonds are formed between two atoms, is energy being released or stored?

26. What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?

27. Which bonds in an ATP molecule are identified as “high energy bonds”? What happens when these bonds are broken? Formed?

28. Write the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP.

29. Show how ADP and ATP can be recycled as energy is stored and released.

30. How can the recycling of ATP be used to run the “machinery” of a cell?

31. Identify the 3 subatomic particles.

32. Which subatomic particles are positive, negative or neutral?

CELL DIVISION

33. What type of cell undergoes meiosis?

34. List and explain the phases of mitosis.

35. What type of cell undergoes mitosis?

36. List and explain the phases of meiosis.

NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

37. State the three main differences between RNA and DNA.

38. List and explain the steps involved in the process of transcription.

39. List and explain the steps involved in the process of translation

40. In what part of the cell does transcription take place?

41. In what part of a cell does translation take place?

42. Explain the relationship between DNA and chromosomes?

43. List and explain the steps of DNA replication.

44. Write the complimentary strand for – ACGAATTCCGG.

45. What is a stop codon?

46. What is DNA fingerprinting? Name some uses of DNA fingerprinting.

47. What is the Human Genome Project?

GENETICS

48. Use a punnett square to determine the probability of a trait occurring in an individual. What is the probability that the offspring of a homozygous dominant individual will exhibit the dominant phenotype?

49. Use a punnett square to determine the probability of a sex-linked trait occurring in an individual. A woman carrying the gene for hemophilia is married to a hemophiliac. What percentage of their children will be expected to have hemophilia?

50. What is a sex linked trait?

51. Use a punnett square to determine the genotypes and phenotypes in problems dealing with multiple alleles. A man of blood type AB marries a woman of blood type A. What are the possible blood types of the offspring if the woman’s mother was type O?

52. Use a punnett square to determine the genotypes and phenotypes in problems dealing with codominance. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes that result from the cross of a red horse and a white horse if hair color is a codominant trait?

53. Use a punnett square to determine the genotypes and phenotypes in problems dealing with incomplete dominance. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes that result from the cross of a red snapdragon and a white snapdragon if color is an incompletely dominant trait?

54. State the laws of independent assortment and segregation.

55. What is gene linkage? How does gene linkage explain the observation that most people with red hair also have freckles?

56. What is a mutation? What is the difference between a chromosomal mutation and a gene mutation? Give an example of each and tell what effects each may have.

57. List several causes of mutations.

58. Explain the genetic disorders sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis and hemophilia.

59. What is genetic variability? Explain the relationship between the following factors and genetic variability: sexual reproduction, mutation and genetic recombination during crossing-over.

ECOLOGY

60. Describe the role of producers, consumers, and decomposers in a food web.

61. Compare and contrast heterotrophs and autotrophs?

62. What is global warming?

63. Define List and explain the processes involved in the nitrogen cycle (including nitrification, ammonification, assimilation and denitrification).

64. What role do decomposers and nitrogen fixing bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?

65. Describe what occurs in the water cycle (including evaporation, transpiration, condensation and precipitation)

66. What is the role of plants in the water cycle?

67. Using a food chain as an example, describe how the sun is the ultimate source of energy on earth.

68. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

69. What is a trophic level? Which trophic level always contains the largest number of organisms? Why is this necessary?

70. Why is the transfer of energy within a food chain not 100%?

71. Why are there limits to the number of consumers in a food chain?

72. Define the term symbiosis.

73. What is the difference between mutualism, commensalism and parasitism?

74. Under what conditions will competition exist between organisms?

75. In what ways do organisms cooperate with each other to ensure the stability of their ecosystem?

76. What is a niche? Can two organisms occupy the same niche? Why or why not?

77. What is birthrate and death rate? How do birthrate and death rate affect population growth?

78. If a culture has a very old structure, will there be significant population growth in the near future? Why or why not.

79. What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?

80. Identify 2 abiotic and biotic factors.

81. Explain the difference between density dependent and density independent limiting factors. Give an example of each.

82. What are limiting factors? List 4 examples.

83. Explain the process of succession and distinguish between primary and secondary succession.

84. What determines whether primary or secondary succession is occurring?

85. What is a pioneer species and what is its role in succession?

86. What is a climax community? Give an example.

87. How has the use of CFCs influenced the environment and the ozone layer?

88. Describe the effects of acid rain on an ecosystem?

89. What is carrying capacity?

90. List the 7 biomes and where they are located?

SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

91. What are independent and dependent variables? List 2 examples.

92. On which axes of a graph would you place the independent variable?

93. On which axes of a graph would you place the dependent variable?

94. What is a control in an experiment?

95. What instruments are used to measure mass, volume and temperature?

96. What is a line of best fit?

97. What instrument is used to measure length?

98. What are the basic SI unit for mass, volume, temperature and length?

99. What temperature scales are used in the United States and Canada?

100. What is a statement of relationship?

EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

101. Compare and contrast species diversity, ecosystem diversity and genetic diversity.

102. What is evolution?

103. What does it mean to be extinct?

104. List the 7 methods of classifying organisms.

105. List the 6 kingdoms and identify 2 organisms in each kingdom.

106. What are the 2 super kingdoms?

107. The two part name for naming organisms is called_____________________.

108. Who was the father of evolution?

109. Who is the author of The Origin of Species? What famous theory was introduced in this book?

110. Compare and contrast analogous, homologous, and vestigial features. What can these features tell us about the evolutionary relationship between two organisms?

111. What can the examination of the embryos of two organisms tell us about their evolutionary relationship?

112. Define the term natural selection. What information can be gathered about two organisms whose fossils are being compared?

113. Fossil A is found in strata one. Fossil B is found in strata two. Strata one is below strata two. Which fossil is older in relative age? How do you know?

114. Explain the term survival of the fittest.

115. What evidence led scientists to classify archaebacteria in a kingdom separate from eubacteria?

116. What is a phylogenetic tree? Draw a phylogenetic tree showing the evolutionary relationship between the 6 kingdoms.

PLEASE REVIEW HOW TO USE A DICHOTOMOUS KEY

BACTERIA, VIRUSES, PROTISTS AND FUNGI

117. Why are archaebacteria considered anaerobic?

118. Define: methanogens, halophiles, thermoacidophiles

119. Identify and define the 3 shapes of bacteria.

120. Define heterotrophs, autotrophs, and chemotrophs.

121. How do bacteria move?

122. How do bacteria reproduce?

123. Why are viruses not considered cells?

124. What are bacteriophages?

125. Explain the lytic pathway of viral infection.

126. Identify 4 characteristics of protists.

127. Which member of the protists kingdom causes Red Tides?

128. How are animal- like protists grouped?

129. Why are plankton important?

130. Describe the primary difference between algae and protozoa.

131. List 2 examples of fungi.

132. What is a saprophyte?

133. Why do fungi secrete enzymes?

134. Name 2 ways fungi cause disease?

135. Discuss the symbiotic relationship between fungi and other organisms.

136. What are 2 uses for the fungus penicillium?

PLANT KINGDOM

137. Explain the difference between a sporophyte and a gametophyte.

138. What are the characteristics of nonvascular plants?

139. What are the characteristics of vascular plants?

140. What is the function of the cuticle on leaves?

141. What is the function of xylem and phloem?

142. Nonflowering plants are called _______________.

143. Flowering plants are called_____________________.

144. List 2 examples of conifers.

145. Identify the structure and function for the following Roots, Root Hairs, Stem, Leaf, Root cap.

146. What is the function of the stomata?

147. What is the difference between a monocot and a dicot?

148. Identify the structure and function for the following parts of a flower: Stamen, Pistil, Anther, Ovary, Ovule, Stigma, Style, Pollen tube.

149. Compare end contrast self pollination and cross pollination.

150. Describe the difference between deciduous and evergreen trees.

ANIMAL KINGDOM

151. Describe 3 differences between vertebrates and invertebrates.

152. List the characteristics and give examples of organisms in each phylum: Mollusks, Echinoderm and Arthropods.

153. Define and give examples of organisms with endoskeletons.

154. Define and give examples of organisms with exoskeletons.

155. What are the stages of complete and incomplete metamorphosis?

156. Describe the similarities and differences between a larva and a nymph.

157. List the characteristics and give examples of organisms in each vertebrate class: Osteichthyes, Amphibian, Reptilian, Aves and Mammalian.

158. An example of an egg laying mammal is ___________________.

159. Why are mammals able to maintain a constant internal temperature?

160. What is the function of a notochord?

161. What is the function of the placenta?

162. How do castings provide nourishment for earthworms?

163. How are fish able to sense pressure changes and detect movement?

164. Frogs, salamanders and toads are_______________.

165. Which group of mammals are the most highly developed and why?

GOOD LUCK AND STUDY HARD!

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