SCIENCE 9 UNIT A BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY



Name: _________________SCIENCE 9UNIT ABIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY09/14Biological Diversity - Key TermsSection 1 – diversitybiological diversityspeciesecosystempopulationcommunitygenusKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyAnimalsPlantsFungiProtistsMoneranssymbiosiscommensalismmutualismparasitismparasitehostinterspecies competitionresource partitioningnichevariabilitynatural selectionSection 2 – heritable characteristicsnon-heritable characteristicsdiscrete variationcontinuous variationasexual reproductionbinary fissionbuddingsporesvegetative reproductionsexual reproductiongametessperm cellegg cellfertilizationzygoteembryopollenstamenovulespistilpollinationantherstigmastyleovarycross-pollinationcross-fertilizationSection 3 – DNAgenetic codechromosomesgeneallelesmitosismeiosistraitspurebredhybriddominant traitsrecessive traitsincomplete dominanceSection 4 - extinctionextirpationoverspecializationnon-native speciesartificial selectionbiotechnologyartificial inseminationclone in vitro fertilizationgenetic engineeringin-situ conservationex-situ conservationSCIENCE 9 UNIT A Biological DiversitySection 1.1 Examining DiversityBIOLOGY means-BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY refers to the variety of organisms on Earth.Conditions for life: all living things:Adaptations - features that increase an organism’s chances of ___________ and ___________ in a particular ____________.1. Diversity between EcosystemsEcosystem – Q: List 6 biotic factors------- List 6 abiotic factors-------Ecosystems around the world show tremendous diversity. Q: Compare and Contrast the biotic and abiotic factors in the two ecosystems at the bottom of page 9 of the text.2. Diversity within ecosystemsAn ecosystem can have a wide variety of _________ within it.Population –Community –3. Diversity Within SpeciesSpecies – organisms with the same basic ___________ that also have the ability to ________________ to produce _________ _______________.Some organisms within a species may look quite different due to:- age - life cycle stage - gender There are subtle variations between individuals of any population. This is called __________ ____________. Each variation is a result of differences within the ______________ _____________ in the cells of organism.Some genetic variations are visible while others are not.Ex. Visible- Not visible- 4. Species DistributionSpecies are distributed unevenly throughout the world.The greatest diversity of species is found in ____________ regions close to the equator. As you move away from the equator species diversity ____________.Graph Biodiversity vs Latitude Q: Why do you think that is?Q: Coral reefs are called the “amazon of the oceans”. Why? See p.15Classifying Biological DiversityCarolus Linnaeus developed “binomial nomenclature” which is a _____ ________ syytem for naming plants and animals.All plants and animals are named using _________ then __________ names.Genus is capitalized, species is not, and both are italicized or anisms are grouped according to the ________ ___________ of the species.Closely related species might have the same ________ name ( eg, Cats = Felis ), but will have different _________ names (domesticus, tigris, leo ). Ex:_________ is the common language of ScienceWHY??The 5 Kingdom System of ClassificationScientists classify all living things into 5 kingdoms:Animalia -Plantae –Fungi -Protista -Monera -The five kingdoms are further divided as follows:Level of ClassificationWolfDogHumanWhite SpruceKingdomPhylumClass Order Family GenusSpeciesQ: Classify the wolf, dog, human and white spruce in the above table (p. 13) Read p 9-15, Do Check and Reflect p.15 #1 – 7 and 9Section 1.2 InterdependenceInterdependence relates to how each species depends upon many other ________ in its _____________.A classic example is the _________________ relationship that exists in the multitude of food chains/webs in the world.Q: How does a predator-prey relationship maintain a healthy ecosystem?Interdependence is also apparent in ___________ required by animals, ___________ sites, and processes like ___________ and ______________.A number of relationships, called symbiotic relationships, or _____________, show the methods by which one organism impacts another.These include:1. Commensalism - Ex. 2. Mutualism – Ex. lichen is a combination of two organisms: -fungus prevents …algae …3. Parasitism – Ex. There is one type of interaction in which neither species benefits:Interspecies competition - when two or more species need the same ___________.This type of relationship limits the size of the populations of the competing species.Niches A niche is the _________ of an organism within a particular ecosytem. An organism’s niche includes: What it What It’s Nesting site, What effect it has on the What effect it has on theA niche, for a particular organism _________________, depending on the environment in which it is located and the organisms with which it inter-relates. In order for organisms to live successfully with each other in an area (co-habitate), they must have slightly __________ _______.This is in part accomplished by a process called____________ _____________.ex. The resources an organism requires are obtained from slightly different ________, slightly different _________ or at different ________.Now read p.16-19 and Do Check and Reflect p.19 #1-4Section 1.3 Variation within SpeciesVariation within a population of a single species is called _______________Variability is important if the ______________ ________.Greater variation increases the likelihood some of the individuals within that species will ______________Changes could include __________, __________, ___________, _____________. _____________. ________ elimination.Examples of variability include: Red fox -Antibiotic resistance -Banded snail -Natural selection: Factors in the environment determine or ____________ which individuals within a species will survive. If they live long enough to ______________, those individuals with adaptations for survival will _______ _____ their characteristics to their _____________. Q: Give an example of how variability can help survival of the fox, p.21Read p. 20-24Do Check and Reflect p. 24 #1-5 And Section Review p.25 #1-3, and 5-7SCI 9 Biological Diversity Topic 2: Reproduction and SurvivalA Closer Look at Variation Variation is one of the most critical aspects of _________ _______ Variation may not always be easy to identify. It may be a _____________ tendency or a _____________ modification. Variations enable some individuals within a species to survive while others of the same species will ___________.Inherited and Non-inherited CharacteristicsInherited (heritable) characteristics are traits which are passed on to offspring directly from their parents. These traits are passed on inside the ____________ ___________.Heritable traits include structural and distinguishing characteristics such as ________________, _________________, _______________, and ______________.Non-inherited characteristics are ____________ and not necessarily passed on from generation to generation. Ex. Athleticism, artistic ability, leadership qualities are all _____________ during the early years of life.Discrete and Continuous VariationsDiscrete variations are differences that have a ____________ ______.Individuals within a species have one of ______ possible expressions of the characteristic.Example:Continuous variations are differences in characteristics that have a ____________ of variations.Example:Variation and the EnvironmentSome variations may be influenced by interactions with _____________. These variations are not inherited. Ex. Now do Check and Reflect p. 29 #1-3, and 6Asexual and Sexual ReproductionA. Asexual Reproduction5181600553085Asexual reproduction involves only________ _______________. All of the offspring are ______________.There are different types of asexual reproduction:Binary Fission - only single-celled organisms reproducein this way. The cell Ex. 48768001587502. Budding - the parent organism produces a _____ (a smaller version of itself) which eventually detaches itself from the parent and becomes a self-sufficient individual - _____________________. Corals reproduces this way, but do not detach themselves.Ex.43434001651003. Spore Production - spores are similar to seeds, but are produced by ___________________ ___________, not by the union of two cells. One parent may produce many spores, each of which will grow into ____________________________. Ex. Q: How do spores survive unsuitable growing conditions? (p.30)32766005168904. Vegetative Reproduction - the reproduction of a plant not involving _________, including: ______________, _____________, ____________ and ____________.Ex. Q: Explain why a cluster of aspen trees turn color at exactly the same time (p.31) Read the infoBIT on p.30 about Parthenogenesis3124200125730Q: define parthenogenesis –B. Sexual ReproductionSexual reproduction usually involves ___________________________ (some plants and animals can self-fertilize). The offspring inherit ____________________________________________________________________________________________Sexual reproduction involves specialized ___________ (reproductive cells that have only one role - to join with _____________ during reproduction).1. Sexual Reproduction in AnimalsMale gametes are called _________________ and the female gametes are called ___________________.During mating, the sperm cell and the egg cell unite to form a _____________.The zygote divides first into two cells and those cells continues to divide over and over(_____________) resulting in the development of an ______________. The embryo develops into a _______________________ inside the female (in most mammals) or, outside (in an egg shell) in other animals.Draw the events from fertilization to development of an embryo (p. 32).2. Sexual Reproduction in PlantsSexual reproduction in plants also involves _______________. Male gametes and female gametes join during ______________.Most plants produce both male and female gametes, while some produce only one or the other.Pollen contains the _________ _____________.Ovules contain the _______ ______________.130873599695 Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the ______________ of the stamen to the _______________of the pistil. Cross-pollination occurs when ________from one plant is carried to the ________ of another plant by _________, ____________, _________ or ___________.Cross-fertilization occurs when a grain of the pollen forms a ______ ______ which grows down the _______ into the ________.The gametes unite to produce a ____________, which then develops into an ______________.This usually happens inside a ______ which protects the embryo. The seed also provides ______ (cotyledon) for the embryo as it begins growing when _____________________________________.Plants produced as a result of cross-fertilization are not identical to either parent plant, but will have a __________________________.3. Organisms that Reproduce both Sexually and AsexuallySponges are organisms that can produce both sexually and asexually. Most plants that produce seeds can also reproduce asexually by _____________ and ______________.Advantages and disadvantages of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction1. Asexual ReproductionADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES2. Sexual ReproductionADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGESDefine hermaphrodite (p.32)Give 2 examples.Do Check and Reflect p.36 #1-6, and 11Do Section Review p.37 # 1,3,5,9,10SCIENCE 9 Section 3.0 Name: _______________ DNA is the inherited material responsible for variationAnticipation QuizTRUE or FALSE1. All genetic information is contained in the DNA of the cell.2. DNA contains chromosomes.3. Chromosomes contain genes.Each body cell contains DNA.All human cells have a full set of chromosomes.All species of organisms have the same number of chromosomes.Mitosis is the cell division that produces gametes (sex cells).Meiosis produces cells with a half number of chromosomes.Alleles are the different possible forms of genes.An offspring made by 2 purebred parents that differ in one trait is called a hybrid offspring.When 2 opposite alleles are inherited; you will observe the dominant trait in the offspring.Offspring with a color in between its parents is known as inheriting the recessive trait.FILL IN THE BLANKHumans have ______ chromosomes.14. Humans have ______ chromosomes in gametes (sex cells).16. Species evolve over _____________ periods of time. 17. All species are continually _______________________________.18. Because of the fact that we have seen many different breeds develop in a short period of time, we will probably see __________________________ in the future. DNA - Transmitter of Genetic Code Characteristics are passed on from one generation to another through the __________________DNA is the _____________________All living organisms contain DNA in the _____________________Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the inherited material responsible for ________________________________________________. DNA and the Genetic Code ______: DNA is first identified ______: Canadian scientist Oswald Avery confirms that DNA is in fact responsible for genetic inheritance and asks the question, “how can the blueprint for so many different organisms be passed on by what seems to be the exact same molecule?” _________________________ unraveled the structure of DNA, revealing how the same chemical building blocks can carry a wide range of instructions. Every DNA molecule contains exactly the same ______________DNA is like a __________________ The ________ of the ladder are the same in all DNA molecules.The _______ are what make the variations. Each rung pairs up two of the following chemicals: The arrangement of these four chemicals creates the code that the cells are able to interpret. This is the ______________________450913593345Q: Which chemicals always pair up together?A:Chromosomes DNA contains all the instructions for an organism's ________________If the DNA from a single human body cell were stretched out it would be about ____ long!To fit all that DNA into a single cell it is arranged in compact packages called ____________________ In plants and animals, chromosomes are stored in the cell ___________.Every human cell contains __________________, containing all the instructions for making a ____________. In each cell, 23 chromosomes came from their __________________, and 23 came from their _________________. Not all organisms have the same number of chromosomes.(A dog cell has 78 chromosomes and cats have 38, so dog cells have __ pairs, and cats have __ pairs). Not all chromosomes from species to species are the same, which accounts for the different characteristics between _____________.Sex Chromosomes4724400304800The 23rd pair of chromosomes are called sex chromosomes because they carry information about __________________If the 23rd pair is ____ you are female and if it is ___ you are male.Genes A single gene is an uninterrupted segment of ____________Genes are located on the ____________ Each chromosome has many _______________Genes come in pairs (one from each __________). Both genes in a pair carry instructions for the same trait Gene pairs occupy matching ____________ on the two chromosomes. DNA code may not be exactly the same in both locations. Ex. Q: How many genes does the DNA found in the 46 chromosomes of each human cell contain? (p. 39)Offspring inherit genes from ___________Different forms of a gene are called ________________ Ex. The ultimate combination of the chromosome pair is what makes ___________ possible.1028700124460Do Check and Reflect p.45 #1-4, and 8Read the info BIT on p.46Q: what did scientists believe about reproduction until the 1600’s?3.2 Cell Division A. Cell Division and Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction involves only __________________All of the offspring are genetically _________________ In single celled organisms, _______________ enables the parent cell to split its contents ____________ between the two new cells. Prior to division the parent cell duplicates its _____. When the split takes place each new cell receives a complete exact _______________ Binary Fission in Single Cellular Organisms108013534290We will look at two types of cell division in multicellular organisms:1. MitosisDuring mitosis a cell divides into ________________Q: parent cell - 46 chromosomes; 2 daughter cells -Before division, DNA is ____________ (doubled) and then the cell divides.Mitosis occurs during ___________ and __________ ____________.2. MeiosisA type of cell division that produces _____ daughter cells, each with only _______ the DNA of the parent cellQ: parent- 46 chromosomes; 4 daughters- ______ chromosomes?This process involves ______ cell divisionsMeiosis occurs to produce ________ (sperm and egg) for sexual parison: Mitosis vs. Meiosis63119045085B. Cell Division and Sexual Reproduction in Plants and AnimalsSexual reproduction involves joining the ________________ to produce a ___________.Offspring produced contain _______ from both parents, and are therefore ________________________________.Half the DNA is from one parent and half from the other parent, resulting in _________________________. During sexual reproduction, specialized sex cells (___________) unite to form a ___________, which develops into the new organism.Gametes contain only ______________________________ that other cells from the organism contain.That way when ______________________________, the offspring has the correct number of chromosomes 4013835245110Q: human gametes have ____chromosomes.Do “Give it a Try” p.48And Check and Reflect p.48 #1-4,6, and 73.3 Patterns of Inheritance Long before the science of genetics, people tried to produce organisms with only the most preferred traits by allowing only the organisms with the ______________________________________.This method was not always successful, but through time (trial and error), this practice of ____________________ provided scientists with the information to detect certain basic _______________________.Gregor MendelGregor Mendel was an Augustinian monk and is known as the _________ __ ___________________.He used artificial selection to _______________ pea plants and was the first person to trace the characteristics of successive generations of a living thing.He established the concept of ______________.Purebred vs. Hybrid To produce purebred organisms, breeders choose purebred parents (parents whose ancestors have produced only the desired characteristic). Ex. This is called ___________________.If a breeder chooses two different 'true-breeds' then a Ex. Dominant Traits Crossbreeding two different true-breeds results in all of the offspring having the same characteristic (____________________). Only the DNA instructions for the _________ trait are ____________.4648200492125Dominant traits are represented by a ____________ letter, and recessive by the ____________ of the same letter.Crossing round (R ) and wrinkled (r) plants produce all round plants because the _________________________________________.Recessive Traits 3200400876300When crossbreeding hybrids, the average results will produce _____ of the offspring with the dominant trait and _____ of the offspring with the recessive trait. A recessive trait only appears in the offspring if two recessive _________ are inherited.The gametes of parents only have _______________ for a trait, so offspring receive _____________ for any trait in four possible combinations.The Punnet Square:Is a diagram that is used to __________________ of a particular cross or breeding experiment. Ex:Other Patterns of InheritanceIncomplete dominance When the alleles are _______________ and both alleles are expressed as an ________________________ of the trait (a combination of the two traits). Ex. red X white = Co-dominanceBoth alleles are equally dominant so ___________________________.Ex. red X white = Offspring unlike Either Parent. More than one gene location or set of alleles may be responsible for some traits.ex. The complex mixing of the possible combinations for that particular trait may account for the _______________________________________.Environmental Factors can also influence how DNA is interpreted and developed. __________________________ is a result of alcohol consumption during the developing stages of the offspring. The alcohol ____________________ and the fetus may not develop normally. Taking drugs can also affect the DNA and ________________. Eg.Thalidomide use resulted inDo Check and Reflect P.54 #1-4, and 6Do Section Review P.55 # 2,4,5,6,8, and 10Human Activity Affects Biological Diversity4.1 Reduction of Biological DiversityReference: read page 57 – 65 Science in Action 9 text.List 4 ways that species and ecosystems are being stressed on Earth.a. b. c. d. What are 3 ways how Biological Diversity is reduced?a. b. c. Define Extinction:How does extinction affect biological diversity?Define Extirpation:Give an example that explains plete the following chart.TermDefinition / ExplanationExtinct or ExtirpatedEndangeredThreatenedSpecial ConcernWhat are 3 examples of natural causes that have occurred that resulted in extinction or extirpation of a species?a. b. c. Define Overspecialization:Example:Human Causes of Extinction and Extirpationa. example:b. example:c. example:In 1-2 sentences explain the effects of extinction and or extirpation on other species.4.2 Selecting Desirable TraitsReference: read page 66 – 71 Science in Action 9 text.Artificial Selection is An example of artificial selection is Explain thoroughly, the difference between artificial selection and natural selection.Biotechnology is An example of biotechnology is An organism that is a genetically identical copy of another organism or of its cell or genes is called a An easy way to create a in your house is to from a plant.Artificial Reproductive Technology refers to Artificial Insemination is What is an advantage to artificial insemination? In vitro fertilization is What is an advantage to in vitro fertilization? Genetic Engineering refersExplain, by using an example, how genetic engineering has improved our ability to control an organisms characteristics.Explain how artificial selection is a risk to animals.Explain how artificial selection is a risk to plants.4.3 Reducing Our Impact on Biological DiversityReference: read page 72 – 78 Science in Action 9 text.In 1992 World leaders signed a treaty called the The agreement had 3 goals:a. b. c. Strategies to Conserve Biological Diversitya. Protected AreasCanada’s first national park, , was established in .This park is an example of In-situ conservation. What does this mean?b. Restoration of Ecosystems and SpeciesExplain why programs to restore endangered species and restoration of their habits is important to the survival of certain species.c. Resource Use PoliciesWhat have governments done to ensure the protection of various species that are either threatened or endanger?Why do you think this is an important step in survival of these species?d. Controlling the Spread of Exotic SpeciesExplain the importance of preventing the spread of exotic species.e. Conservation of Genetic ResourcesWhat is ex-situ conservation?Why is it easier to preserve the genes of plants than that of animals. Explain the roles zoos have in the preservation of endangered plete the following chart.Ways that I contribute to loss of Biological DiversityWays that I can help conserve Biological DiversityA. Matching: Match the activity with the correct response by putting the appropriate letter in the blank. 1. ____ the giant panda eats only bamboo shoots A. biotechnology 2. ____ disappearance of the dinosaur from Earth B. habitat destruction 3. ____ construction of buildings, agricultural C. genetic engineering development, logging & damming of rivers D. overspecialization 4. ____ taking a cutting from a plant and growing an E. artificial selectionidentical plant from the cutting F. clone5. ____ using bacteria to produce life-saving G. in-situ conservationmedicines such as insulin H. extirpation6. ____ the Y2Y initiative to maintain populations I. extinctionof caribou, wolves and bears J. artificial insemination7. ____ Native people gathered seeds from the K. ex-situ conservationbiggest and healthiest corn plants 8. ____ sperm is harvested from a bull and inserted into female cows 9. ____ creating seed banks which store seeds from many varieties of crops 10. ____ the number of grizzly bear is greatly reduced giving them a much smaller range of distribution ................
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