PRESENT PERFECT
Present Continuous / READING TEXT
Warm up
1. Do you like New York? Why? Why not?
2. Named two famous buildings you can see there.
[pic] [pic]
1. Read the text.
Sarah Miller is in New York. She is writing a letter to her best friend.
Dear Sophia,
How are you? How is London? I am having a very good time in New York. It’s Sunday and it’s sunny and warm. Now it’s ten in the morning and we are in Central Park. I am sitting under a tree, I am listening to my radio… and I am writing to you, of course.
My Canadian cousin Rosemary is here with us, she is reading a comic. She’s very pretty. She’s tall and slim and she has got long wavy brown hair. Her parents are in Toronto.
My father is reading The New York Times, an American newspaper. My mother is playing with my little brother Jimmy on the grass and they are eating popcorn.
There are many people in the park. Some men are jogging, two girls are walking their dogs, and an old man is skating! And he can do that quiet well.
We often come to this fantastic park, in this wonderful city because we relax here. But sometimes we visit other interesting places: museums, shops…
New York is great! There are many fantastic skyscrapers and there are people everywhere!
Love, Sarah
2. Now answer these questions
1. What is Sarah’s surname?
________________________________________________
2. Where is Sarah?
________________________________________________
3. What is she doing?
________________________________________________
4. What is the weather like, there?
________________________________________________
5. Who is Sarah writing to?
________________________________________________
6. What is Sarah’s father doing?
_________________________________________________
7. Is Sarah’s brother eating a hamburger?
_________________________________________________
8. How many girls are walking their dogs in the park?
________________________________________________
9. Are men playing tennis?
________________________________________________
10. Does Sarah like New York? Why?
________________________________________________
Present Continuous / READING TEXT
[pic]
Read the text and answer the questions:
I´m sitting on the beach, eating an ice-cream, Alice and Paul are swimming in the sea and Tom is in the park.
He´s playing with his friend. Peter is listening to the radio and reading. We´re having a fantastic holiday. Abercwm is a little
fishing village in north Wales with a park, a castle, some Roman remains and some lovely gardens, and there is a little
fishing port with a lighthouse. Everybody here is really friendly. I think we´re lucky. This is our second holiday this year and we´re doing just what we want to do: sleeping, eating, and playing games. The food is lovely too.
Vocabulary
remains=
fishing village=
lighthouse=
lucky=
1. What´s the author of the text doing?
______________________________________________________________
2. What are Alice and Paul doing?
______________________________________________________________
3. What is Peter doing?
______________________________________________________________
4. Where´s Tom?
______________________________________________________________
5. Where´s Abercwm?
______________________________________________________________
Present Continuous / READING TEXT
This is Anna’s first letter in English to David. There are some mistakes. Rewrite wrong verb forms .Underline if the verb form is correct:
Dear David,
I live …. in a large flat in Rome. I’m having….. have ….. two sisters. They are called Rosa and Maria. We are getting up ______________ at seven o’clock every morning, and we have _________________ coffee and a small breakfast. I leave _________________ the flat at eight and walk to the university. I am finishing _________________ classes at five every day, and I arrive _________________ home at six. This month I work _________________ very hard for my exams. At the moment, I eat _________________ breakfast in the kitchen of our flat, my mother drinks _________________ coffee, and my sisters are reading _________________ magazines.
On Saturday afternoons I am playing ____________________ tennis with my friends, or
I go ____________________ to the cinema. Today, I’m going to see a new English film. Sometimes I am watching ____________________ American films on TV, but I’m not understanding ____________________ the words! Are you liking ____________________ films?
Please write to me soon.
With best wishes,
Anna
Reading 1 - comprehension with questions
Read the text and then try to answer the following questions without seeing the text:
Peter is an electrician. He's going out the door. He is getting into his car. Right now he is starting the motor. The car is moving. He is driving past a railway station. He is stopping the car. His friend is getting in the car. They are driving to work. Peter's friend is happy to be in the car. It is quite early in the morning, and today it's very cold. Peter's friend is going to be early for work today.
Select the correct answer in the box on the right:
1. What is Peter? He is a(n) __________ .
A) mechanic B) electrician C) chemist D) plumber
2. What is he doing first? He's __________ .
A) getting into his car B) going out the door C) starting the motor D) is moving
3. What is Peter starting? He's starting __________ .
A) the train B) the door C) the motor D) his car
4. What is his friend doing? He's __________ .
A) stopping the car B) getting in the car C) driving past a railway station D) starting the motor
5. How is Peter's friend feeling? He's feeling __________ .
A) cold B) late C) happy D) warm
6. His friend likes to be in the car because __________ .
A) it's very cold today B) it's quite early in the morning C) he's going to work D) he's driving past a railway station
7. Where are they driving? They're driving __________ .
A) to work B) to the railway station C) to Peter's place D) to a movie
8. Peter's friend is going to be __________ .
A) cold for work day B) late for work C) sick of work D) early for work
NO FRIENDS FOR ME (To be present/ Simple present)
I am lonely. I am always by myself. I meet people every day. I smile at them. I say hello. I am nice to them. I want to have a friend. But I have no friends. What is wrong with me? I am polite. I am friendly. I am nice. I am kind. Why don’t people like me? All I want is one friend. Everyone has one friend. I always see people with their friends. They laugh with each other. They have fun with each other. They do things with each other. What about me? I am by myself. I watch TV by myself. I go to movies by myself. I go to restaurants by myself. I go to the park by myself. I told my mother that I am lonely. She said it is my fault. “Why?” I askefd. She said, “Because you never ask anyone to be with you.” My mom is right. I never ask people to be with me. I am afraid they will say no.
1. Read the text and write the verbs.
________________________ ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________ ________________________
2. Read the passages again and make questions according to.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________
SIMPLE PRESENT- (ELEMENTARY)
BRENDAN
Read the text carefully.
Hi! I’m Brendan. I’m ten years old and I’m a student.
I live in Liverpool with my family: my father, my mother, my brother Tom and my sister Susan. Tom is three years old and Susan is fourteen. My father is an engineer and my mother is a nurse. My mum and my dad are from Wales. They are forty-two years old.
We live in a detached house. It has got two floors and the attic. On the first floor there are five rooms: the hall, the kitchen, the living room, the dining room and the toilet. On the second floor there are three bedrooms and two bathrooms. There is a garage on the right of the house and a small garden in front of the house. We are a very happy family!
A – Mark the sentences TRUE or FALSE according to the text. Correct the false ones.
| |T |F | |
|1. Brendan and his family live in London. | | | |
|2. His sister is three years old. | | | |
|3. Brendan’s father is an engineer. | | | |
|4. There are four bedrooms upstairs. | | | |
|5. There is a garage. | | | |
B – Answer the questions about the text.
1. How old is Brendan? ___________________________________________________________________________
2. Is he a student? _______________________________________________________________________________
3. What’s his mother’s job? ________________________________________________________________________
4. Are his parents from England? ___________________________________________________________________
5. How old are they? _____________________________________________________________________________
6. How many floors are there in his house? ___________________________________________________________
7. Where is the kitchen? __________________________________________________________________________
8. How many toilets are there? _____________________________________________________________________
9. Are there two bathrooms upstairs? _______________________________________________________________
10. Is there a big garden? ___________________________________________________________________________
C- SPEAKING: Now rewrite the story. Use pronoun “He”
He’s Brendan. He’s ten years old._________________________________________________________________
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SIMPLE PRESENT (PRE-INTERMEDIATE)
Read the following text and make questions about.
PETS
Americans love pets. About 60 percent of Americans live with one or more animals. About four in ten households have at least one dog. Three in ten households own at least one cat.
Americans think of their pets as part of the family; 79 percent of pet owners give their pets holiday or birthday presents, 1 and 33 percent of pet owners talk to their pets on the phone or through the answering machine. Many pet owners sleep with their dogs or cats. Many people travel with their pets. (It costs about $50 to fly with a pet.) Some hotels allow guests to bring their pets.
Americans pay a lot of money to keep pets. They spend $12 billion a year in vet bills and pet supplies. There are schools, toys, hotels, restaurants, clothes, and cemeteries for pets. There are magazines for pet owners. There are hundreds of Web sites for pet owners.
Pets are a lot of fun. They are affectionate, too. People who are lonely get a lot of love from their animals. Medical research shows that contact with a dog or a cat can lower a person's blood pressure.
Pets need a lot of attention. Before you buy a pet, it's important to ask yourself these questions:
• Are you patient?
• Are you home a lot?
• If you have children, are they responsible?
• Are pets allowed where you live?
Unfortunately, some people don't realize that pets need a lot of care. Some people see a cute puppy or kitten, buy it, and later abandon it because they don't want to take care of it. It is important to understand that a pet is a long-term responsibility. (Grammar in Context)
affectionate: loving, friendly,
at least: as a minimum
household /ˈhaʊshəʊld/ noun [ C ] hous, family; a family or group of people who live together in a house
Many households own more than one television.
take care of sb/sth: /keə r/ to look after someone or something
My parents are going to take care of the house while we're away.
cute /kjuːt/ adjective attractive; clever in a way that is annoying or rude
a cute baby
He thinks it's cute to tell dirty jokes.
affectionate /əˈfekʃənət/ adj. showing that you like or love someone (sevdiğini belli eden)
an affectionate little girl
He's very affectionate.
medical /ˈmedɪkəl/ adj. relating to medicine and different ways of curing illness - medical treatment/student
realize: understand, recognize
supply: source,
three in ten: 3/10
through: by means of, via, by
1. __________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph Plan SIMPLE PRESENT/TO BE PRESENT (PRE-INTERMEDIATE)
KATE
My name is Catherine, but I'm called 'Kate' by my friends. I live near Leeds, in the north-east of England. I'm a dental nurse. I work for a young Australian dentist. He's very nice and he's a very good dentist, but I don't like my job very much.
My sister is called Mary. She's married with two children, a girl and a boy, and lives in a house near London, in a town called Enfield. She's a teacher. She teaches in a big school in the north of London. She likes her job very much.
My brother's name is George. He is single. He doesn't have a job. He's unemployed. He sits at home watches television all the time. I think he is very lazy.
I love my sister and my brother a lot.
1. What is Catherine called by her friends?__________
2. Where does she live? ________________________
3. Does she live with her sister? _________________
4. What does she do? __________________________
5. Does she like her job?________________________
6. Where is the dentist from?____________________
7. Does Catherine like him?______________________
8. What is her sister's name?____________________
9. Is she married?______________________________
10. What does she do?___________________________
11. Where does she work?________________________
12. Does she like her job?________________________
13. Does she live in London?______________________
14. Does she live in a flat or a house?_______________
15. What does Catherine's brother do?______________
16. What's his name?
Now tell about you and your family.
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Mr X
1. Mr X is a very busy man. He’s a teacher at Gulan Private Primary School and he has a part-time job at Ishik University . Mr X works hard, but he enjoys what he does. He usually arrives at his office at eight o’clock in the morning and works until one. He always eats lunch at his desk at work. Then he leaves for the university.
2.
3. Mr X is busy in the evening, too. He usually studies for several hours every night. On Mondays and Wednesdays, however, he always plays soccer – he really loves sports. When he has time, he sometimes goes out for dinner or shopping.
4.
5. On the weekends, Mr X often invites 15 or 20 friends to join him for a picnic in the park. His favorite activity at a picnic – playing soccer.
Read the article about Tom and answer the questions.
1. Does Mr X work hard?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Does he enjoy it?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Where does he usually eat lunch?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Does Mr X play any sports? What sport(s)?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5. When does he play?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6. What does he do in the evenings?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7. What does he often do on weekends?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
NEW SHOES
Simple Present / Simple Past
1. She is young. Her shoes are old. She wears them to work. She goes to work five days a week. She loves her work. She is a waitress. She works at a restaurant. The restaurant is near her home. She walks to the restaurant. She stands up all day long. She is young and strong. But her shoes are not. They are old. She saw an ad in the paper. All shoes were on sale at the shoe store. She walked into the store. She looked around. She saw some black shoes. They looked good. She tried them on. They were very comfortable. They felt good. They were only $25. She paid cash. She wore them home. She felt good. She was ready for work the next day.
SIMPLE PAST
George Washington
The man many people call the 'Father of the United States of America' was born on 11 February 1732 in Virginia, then a British colony in America. He was a second generation American because his grandfather had been born in England.
George Washington didn't go to school because there were no schools in the area where he lived. He learnt some arithmetic but he didn't learn to spell very well. When he became the first President of the new nation he was often criticised for his bad spelling.
When George was seventeen he got a job as a planner for the new town of Alexandria. He was a very tall (1.9m), well built young man with enormous hands and reddish hair.
In 1752 Washington became a soldier in the British army and two years later he became Lieutenant Colonel. He fought against the French who were the enemies of the British colonists. He left the army in 1758 when the war with the French ended and in the following year married his wife, Martha.
He became a rich man because he owned a lot of land through his family and marriage. At that time Britain had almost complete control of North America. The British Parliament passed many new laws making the colonists pay higher taxes. When they rejected the new laws the British Parliament passed more laws demanding even higher taxes.
The colonists realised that they could only change the situation if they were united and prepared to fight the British. In 1774 the first Continental Congress, a meeting between representatives of all the different states and colonies, took place in Philadelphia, and George Washington was sent as one of the representatives of Virginia. The following year, at the Second Continental Congress, Washington was elected Commander-in-Chief of the American army. On 4 July 1776 Congress passed the Declaration of Independence. This began the War of Independence between England and America.
There were many battles during the American war of Independence; some were won by the Americans and some by the British. At times it seemed that the British had won the war but George Washington kept his army together and when, in 1778, the French sent soldiers to fight against the British, the war started to turn in favour of the Americans.
In 1783 the British had to leave New York, and the war was at an end. George went back to his home at Mount Vernon. His friends eventually persuaded him to return to politics and in 1789 he was elected the first President of the United States of America and went to live in New York, the capital in those days. He was a brilliant President and encouraged the various states to work together and build the country. In 1793 he was elected President for the second time. He finally retired from politics in, 1796.
On 12 December 1799 Washington was riding his horse to inspect his farms. It began to rain and it was very cold. When he returned home he had a terrible cold. He became very ill and he died on 14 December 1799. Two years later his wife, Martha, died. They were buried together at their home at Mount Vernon.
Experts agree that if George Washington had not existed, the world would be a very different place today. Not many people have had such a big influence on the history of the world as George Washington, Father and first President of the United States of America. (One World – WB 3)
1. Read and answer
a. What nationality was George Washington?
b. Which country's army did he first fight in?
c. Which country's army did he fight in after that? What was the first country he fought against?
d. What country did he fight against after that?
2. Read the text again and write what happened on these dates. Some of the dates are mentioned as time references such as: 'two years later'.
a. 1732
b. 1749
c. 1754
d. 1759
e. 1775
f. 1776
g. 1789
h. 1801
3. Read and answer these questions.
a. Why did the colonists want to be independent?
b. What happened in 1778 that changed the war?
c. How did Washington die?
ANSWER KEY:
1.
a. American
b. Britain’s
c. America’s
2.
a. Washington was born.
b. George Washington got a job as a planner for the new town of Alexandria. He was seventeen.
c. He became a Lieutenant Colonel in the British Army.
d. He married Martha.
e. Washington was elected Commander-in-Chief of the American army.
f. Congress passed the Declaration of Independence. The war between England and America began.
g. Washington was elected the first President of the USA.
h. Martha Washington died.
3
a. They didn't want to pay taxes to the British Government.
b. The French sent soldiers against the British.
c. He caught a cold and became very ill.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
HANDICAPPED PEOPLE DO USEFUL WORK
Joseph Emmons can't use his eyes. He's blind. He has a trained dog named Buster that leads him where he wants to go. Buster sees for Mr. Emmons. He's called a seeing-eye dog.
Although Mr. Emmons has a handicap, it isn't a big problem. He has a useful job and he earns his own money. Mr. Emmons sells brooms and mops to people in this part of the city. He has worked every day except Sunday for forty years.
Mr. Emmons gets up at 6:00 every morning and eats breakfast with his wife. Then he leaves the house at 7:00. He holds Buster and walks from house to house. He carries his mops and brooms with him. While he talks to people, the dog sits and waits. The people choose a broom, and then they pay him.
Buster doesn't let Mr. Emmons talk to people very long. He likes to keep moving. It takes four and one-half months to walk to every house in this part of the city. Mr. Emmons visits each house every four months, and by then the people are usually ready to buy new brooms.
Mr. Emmons likes his job. He's very healthy because he works outside every day. But these days he has a problem. His brooms last so long that sometimes they are still good after four months. Then nobody needs to buy a new one.
Mr. Emmons is proud of his brooms because blind people make them. He picks up a new supply of brooms every week. He says, "If you don't sell people something good, they're not going to buy from you the second time you come around."
VOCABULARY:
blind
handicapped
earn
broom
mop
Simple Past Tense
DINOSAURS LIVED MANY YEARS AGO
A. Read the following text and underline the Simple Past Tense.
Dinosaurs lived on the earth for 135 million years. They appeared 200 million years ago, and they disappeared 65 million years ago. They were the largest animals ever to live on earth, and they ruled the earth for a very long period of time.
Dinosaurs lived in North America, in Africa, and in Europe. During this time, the land in North America was under a large, shallow sea. Many dinosaurs lived in the water, which helped to hold up their great weight. The early dinosaurs walked on two feet, and they ate meat. The later dinosaurs were larger and walked on four feet. Some of the later dinosaurs ate plants only.
The Stegosaurus was very large. It was a plant eater, but it was often in danger from the meat-eating dinosaurs. It developed scales along its back to protect itself.
The Stegosaurus was so large that it took a long time for messages to travel from its brain to its legs. To solve this problem, it developed a “second brain” by its back legs to control its leg movements.
Why did dinosaurs die out? Nobody knows for sure. Probably a change in the weather made serious problems for them. About 70 million years ago, the Rocky Mountains formed in North America. The plant life and the weather changed. Perhaps the dinosaurs couldn't change fast enough.
People who like dinosaurs can see fossils in Dinosaur National Park. This park is in Utah and Colorado. Fossils are bones which have become stone. Fossils have taught us a lot about these great animals of the past.
B. Make information questions with the questions words below and answer each question with a short answer.
1. Dinosaurs lived on the earth for 135 million years. (How long?)
Question: How long did dinosaurs live on the earth? Answer: For 135 million years.
2. They appear ed 200 million years ago. (When?)
Q:_________________________________________________________________________________
A: _________________________________________________________________________________
3. They disappeared 65 million years ago. (When?)
Q:_________________________________________________________________________________
A: _________________________________________________________________________________
4. They ruled the earth for a very long period of time. (How long?)
Q:_________________________________________________________________________________
A: _________________________________________________________________________________
5. Dinosaurs lived in North America, in Africa, and in Europe. (Where?)
Q:_________________________________________________________________________________
A: _________________________________________________________________________________
6. Many dinosaurs lived in the water, which helped to hold up their great weight. (Why?)
Q:_________________________________________________________________________________
A: _________________________________________________________________________________
7. The Stegosaurus developed scale s along its back to protect itself. (Why?)
Q:_________________________________________________________________________________
A: _________________________________________________________________________________
8. The Stegosaurus developed a “second brain” by its back legs to control its leg movements. (Why?)
Q:_________________________________________________________________________________
A: _________________________________________________________________________________
Vocabulary:
appear / əˈpɪə r / verb [ I ] come into view, show, look, become visible, seem
He appeared calm and relaxed.
She appeared to be crying
rule v.: rule, direct, control, manage
hold up: keep up, shore up, support
SIMPLE PAST TENSE/ PAST PERFECT
THE PLANE THAT FLEW SOLO
1 Read the unusual story and number the events in the box in the order they happened, 1-6.
a) ......The plane took off without the pilot
b) ......The plane had mechanical trouble
c) ......The pilot got out to restart the plane
d) ......The pilot took off
e) ......The plane started to move along
f) ......The pilot landed
Carol Hall looked out of her office window and wondered what was going on. A yellow, single-engine plane was moving along the runway, apparently ready for take-off, except that it just missed another aircraft that was coming in to land.
'We couldn't understand what the pilot was trying to do,' said Ms Hall.
A moment later, she found the answer, as the pilot rushed into her office and called the emergency services. His plane had left without him. If that was unusual, what followed was almost unbelievable, as the plane got faster, lifted off into the air, and climbed to 2,000 feet.
The pilot, Paul Sirks, had taken off early in the morning to meet friends for breakfast in Illinois.
But his plane began having mechanical trouble and as he landed at Grimes Field, the engine stopped - so he got out to restart it by turning the propeller. As he did so, the engine started. And before he could get back in, the plane began to move across the airfield.
'It just got away from him and took off,' Ms Hall explained.
2. Put these events from the story in the correct points on the timeline below:
a) The pilot called the emergency services.
b) The plane left without its pilot.
…….... ……… time of speaking
Past present
3. Why is the past simple used for one event in the text (the pilot... called the emergency services) and the past perfect used for another (His plane had left without him.)'?
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
(Developing Grammar in Context- p 47)
1. ___________________________________________________________________________________.
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________.
3. ___________________________________________________________________________________.
4. ___________________________________________________________________________________.
5. ___________________________________________________________________________________.
PERSONEL, POSSESSIVE and REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
(PRE-INTERMEDIATE)
1. The text below describes robots designed to think like people. Read the text and answer the question.
How are the robots different from humans?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
March of the machines
We built lots of little robots on wheels. We gave them 'eyes' to see with, a tiny brain to learn with - the same sort that humans have, but much less powerful. And the rest we let them find out for themselves.
We didn't programme them; we didn't give them instructions. And what did they do in the new world they found themselves in? Like children, they learned.
One of them became a 'leader'. When they wanted to, they chose a new leader. And when one of these little robots became weak, with a low battery, the others 'bullied' him. They built up a whole social order of their own. Yet they were machines with less brain power than a bee. A brain's power can be measured by the number of cell-connections in it. Our robots have 50. A human brain has a billion.
We humans, their creators, gave our robots just one basic instinct - survival. The rest they found out for themselves.
2. Are the pronouns underlined in these sentences correct or not? Look back at the text to check.
a) We didn't programme they; we didn't give they, instructions.................................................
b) ... the others 'bullied' he...................................................................................................
c) They built up a whole social order of their own..................................................................
d) The rest they, found out for heirselves ...............................................................................
3. In the text, who or what is:
a) we..........................
b) it …………………
c) they ………………
(Grammar in Context 2, p189)
POSSESSIVE and DEMONSTRATIVES
(PRE-INTERMEDIATE)
1. Read the text about a five-year-old's misunderstanding and answer the question.
What was his mistake? ………………………………………………………..
Twin Troubles
My five-year-old son, David, had just started school. His classroom was up some steps, and each day another mother left her twin babies in their pram at the bottom of the steps, while she took her child into the
classroom. After a week of this David said, 'It's sad those babies have been forgotten. They've been left there since I started school1 He felt much better when I explained they were only there for a few minutes each day and hadn't been there for the whole week.
2. Underline any possessives (my, your, his, her, its, their, our) in the text. Double underline any demonstratives (this, that, these, those).
3. Look at the text again. Who do the words in bold refer to? Fill in the gaps.
His classroom … David’s……….classroom
a) her twin babies ................................. babies
b) their pram ................................. pram
c) her child ................................. child
4. '... a week of this ...'What does this refer to?............................
Why do you think David says 'those babies', not 'these babies'?
………………………………………………………………………………………..
(Grammar in Context 2, p 194)
COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS and EXPRESSIONS of QUANTITY
(PRE-INTERMEDIATE)
1. Read the text about Malaysia's rainforests and answer the questions.
a) Why do people visit the national park in the text?..........................
b) Why do they need a torch? ............................................................
Malaysia has some of the most ancient rainforests in the world, which have remained unchanged for many millions of years. Mammals in these forests include elephants, rhinos (very rare now), tigers, leopards, several kinds of deer, various gibbons and monkeys and porcupines to name a few.
Malaysia's great national park, Taman Negara, covers 4,343 square kilometres of rainforest. Some visitors see lots of wildlife and come away happy, others see very little and find the park disappointing.
There are several hides in the park where you can stay overnight. You need to take your own sleeping bag or some sheets, and a powerful torch to see any animals that come out at night. Even if you're not lucky enough to see any wildlife, the sounds of the jungle are fantastic.
2. Which of these words and phrases from the text are countable (singular or plural), and which are uncountable? Write c or u after each word or phrase.
a) animals ..........................................
b) wildlife ..........................................
c) millions of years ..........................................
d) sheets ..........................................
e) hides ..........................................
3. Find examples of the following in the text: many, a few, lots of, several, some, and any. Use the text and your own knowledge to complete the table.
| |many |
| | |
| |
|Verb + -ing/orm |Verb + object + infinitive |
| | |
GET / HAVE SOME THING DONE
(INTERMEDIATE)
Woman sells 50p brooch for £13,000
1. Read the newspaper article and answer the questions.
a. What was the good news for the woman in the article?
b. Where did the woman find the brooch?
A HOUSEWIFE who feared losing her home sold a brooch bought for 50p for £13,225 at auction yesterday. She had been going through serious financial problems after divorcing her husband.
The buyer bought the diamond butterfly-shaped brooch at auctioneers, Phillips, in west London.
The woman noticed the brooch in the corner of a shelf at her local second-hand shop about a year ago. Her local jewelers told her the diamonds were not real.
When the woman had the brooch valued, Phillips' jeweler specialist, Keith Pearson, told her it would sell for up to £10,000 at auction.
2. Look at this sentence from the text, and answer the questions.
When the woman had the brooch valued, Phillips' jeweler specialist, Keith Pearson, told her it would sell for up to
£ I 0,000 at auction.
a. Who valued the brooch, the woman or Keith Pearson?...........................
b. What is the form of the underlined phrase, i) or ii)? .....
i) have + object + past participle ii) have + past participle + object
(Developing Grammar in Context- p 163)
BE / GET USED TO
(INTERMEDIATE)
i. Do you think there are some jobs that men do better than women and some that women do better than men? Which ones?
ii. In the article about a woman bus driver, find two things she likes about the job and one thing that she found difficult at first.
IT'S A POWER THING. ROSALYN CLARK ENJOYS LIFE AS A BUS DRIVER
I've always loved driving. For some reason I find it relaxing, so driving a bus is ideal. Some of the male bus drivers were a bit funny at first and I think it took them a while to get used to the fact that I was a woman. I could see it in their faces that they were a bit shocked.
I like being in control of a big vehicle. Perhaps it's the power. I don't find London traffic stressful, and I don't let anyone annoy me. I've learnt to manage when people start being rude.
I think I'm quite a good driver, although some days are better than others. Changing back to driving cars when I'm not working was a bit difficult at first. I kept forgetting how wide the car was, but I'm used to it now.
3. Find and underline two examples of be I get used to something in the article.
4. Underline the correct statement.
a) Be I get used to something means that something is:
i) no longer new and strange ii) finished and no longer true
b) Be / get used to is followed by:
i) the infinitive ii) a noun / pronoun or the -ing form
5. What does it refer to in this sentence from the text:
I kept forgetting how wide the car was, but I'm used to it now.
(Developing Grammar in Context- p 168)
SIMPLE PRESENT- frequency adverbs
(PRE-INTERMEDIATE)
LETTER ABOUT AMERICAN CUSTOMS
Dear Sofia,
I want to tell you about life in the U.S. Some American customs are so strange for me.
Americans treat their pets like a member of the family. My friend Marianne lives alone but she has a dog, Sparky. She always carries a picture of Sparky in her wallet. She often buys toys for him, especially on his birthday. Once a month, she takes him to a dog groomer. The groomer gives him a bath and cuts his nails. When Marianne travels, she sometimes takes her dog with her. She often calls her dog on the telephone when she's not home and talks into the answering machine. Sparky even sleeps in bed with her.
Another strange custom is this: Sometimes Marianne invites me to go to a restaurant. When the check arrives, she usually starts to divide the bill in half. Or she says, "Your part is $10.95 and my part is $12.75." In our country, whenever I invite someone to a restaurant, I pay.
There's another strange custom. When Americans don't finish their meal in a restaurant, they often ask for a doggie bag. Even people who don't have a dog ask for a doggie bag. They take the food home and eat it later. But in Marianne's case, she usually likes to share her food with Sparky. She often orders a steak in a restaurant because Sparky likes a good steak.
There is another custom that is strange for me. Americans often ask, "How are you?" but they rarely wait for an answer. Marianne asks me this question whenever she sees me, but she never listens to my answer. If I start to say, "I don't feel well," she doesn't hear me and says, "That's nice." Sometimes I hear her ask other pet owners, "How's your dog?" or, "How's your cat?" She seems more interested in animals' health than in people's health.
I learn a lot about American customs from Marianne. If I don't understand something, she always explains it to me. But life is still strange for me here.
Please write me soon. How are you? I'm not American. I REALLY want to know the answer.
Your good friend,
Elena PAGE 18
COMPARISONS
BELOW FREEZING
1 ..........
The Antarctic is the world's coldest region and the most difficult to reach. The area includes an ice-covered continent, Antarctica. It is surrounded by an ocean, which is mainly covered with ice, and is much colder than the Arctic. In fact, it has the coldest temperature on Earth, -89°C, so it is understandable that its only human inhabitants are visiting scientists.
2..........
For centuries, mankind has wondered what this southern part of the world is like. We know some things, but much has still to be learned about the land under the ice, such as the ways in which animals and plants survive in freezing Antarctic temperatures and the effect the Antarctic weather has on the rest of the world.
3..........
Apart from some small insects, there are no land animals in the Antarctic. There are also very few plants because it is so cold. However, in the surrounding seas there is probably more animal life than anywhere else in the world. Tiny fish swim alongside great whales, and there are also many seals, as well as penguins, seagulls and other birds.
4..........
The area has powerful winds which sometimes blow at 160 km an hour for days. Even in summer, the temperature is usually below freezing. In February, when the Antarctic winter approaches, temperatures are lower than -8Q°C! In fact, it is so cold that if you stepped out of doors, your eyebrows would freeze!
5..........
Explorers and scientists arrive at the end of the summer and leave when a ship can reach them a year later. So, for a whole year, they are unable to go anywhere. They must all try to get along with each other, even if they dislike someone. It is sort of like Big Brother, but much, much worse! One scientist went mad and had to be locked in a room for five months until the next ship arrived. Another one set fire to the camp so that they would be forced to leave.
6.........
The countries of the world have agreed that Antarctica should be used only for peaceful purposes and that no weapons testing should be carried out there.
Comprehension Check
Choose the most suitable heading from A-G for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. (Go Ahead – int. p52)
A. AN INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT
B. THE CREATURES IN THE AREA
C. A DIFFICULT LIFE
D. MAPPING THE AREA
E. THE LOCATION
F. THE WEATHER CONDITIONS
G. THINGS WE DO NOT KNOW
H.
Answer: 1-E, 2-G, 3-B, 4-F, 5-C, 6-A
PASSIVE
Read the following article and underline passive verbs.
Jury Duty
All Americans are protected by the Constitution. No one person can decide if a person is guilty or innocent. Every citizen has the right to a trial by jury. When a person is charged with a crime, he is considered innocent until the jury decides he is guilty.
Most American citizens are chosen for jury duty at some time in their lives. How are jurors chosen? The court gets the names of citizens from lists of taxpayers, licensed drivers, and voters. Many people are called to the courthouse for the selection of a jury. From this large number, twelve people are chosen. The lawyers and the judge ask each person questions to see if the person is going to be fair. If the person has made any judgment about the case before hearing the facts presented in the trial, he is not selected. If the juror doesn't understand enough English, he is not selected. The court needs jurors who can understand the facts and be open-minded. When the final jury selection is made, the jurors must raise their right hand and promise to be fair in deciding the case.
Sometimes a trial goes on for several days or more. Jurors are not permitted to talk with family members and friends about the case. In some cases, jurors are not permitted to go home until the case is over. They stay in a hotel and are not permitted to watch TV or read newspapers that give information about the case.
After the jurors hear the case, they have to make a decision. They go to a separate room and talk about what they heard and saw in the courtroom. When they are finished discussing the case, they take a vote.
Jurors are paid for their work. They receive a small amount of money per day. Employers must give a worker permission to be on a jury. Being on a jury is a very serious job.
charge v. : accuse, blame
courtroom n: a room where a court of law meets
MIX
(PRE-INTERMEDIATE)
Read the text and answer the questions.
JIM SPRINGER AND JIM LEWIS
JIM SPRINGER AND JIM LEWIS were reunited after forty years by Dr Thomas Bouchard, Professor of psychology at the University of Minnesota. He was investigating how much of our personality depends on genes. Dr Bouchard was amazed by how many things the twins had in common. He had expected them to look identical and to have similar medical histories. But he and his team were very surprised to find the enormous similarities in the two Jims' personalities, their lifestyle, their hobbies, their religion, even their political beliefs.
Some of the similarities are incredible: Jim Springer's son is called James Allen, and Jim Lewis's is called James Alan. They both have dogs named Toy. They like and hate the same sports and they voted for the same President. And both Jims have the same romantic habit of leaving little love letters for their wives around the house.
Dr Bouchard is convinced that genes are probably much more important in determining our personality and preferences than people used to think.
(English File- Pre Int. Page 95)
1. Who reunited the two Jims?
2. What did Dr Bouchard want to find out?
3. What was he very surprised by?
4. What are their sons and their dogs called?
5. What do they both do for their wives?
6. What does Dr Bouchard believe, as a result of the case of the two Jims?
SO, BECAUSE, BUT, ALTHOUGH
(PRE-INTERMEDIATE)
Read the story and answer the questions.
ONE OCTOBER EVENING
(A) Next day Jamie phoned Hannah and invited her to dinner. He took her to a very romantic French restaurant and they talked all evening. After that Jamie and Hannah saw each other every day. Every evening when Hannah finished work they met at 5.30 in a coffee bar in the High Street. They were madly in love.
(B) Suddenly, a man ran across the road. He was wearing a dark coat so Hannah didn't see him until it was too late. Although she tried to stop, she hit the man. Hannah panicked. She didn't stop and she drove to the coffee bar as fast as she could. But when she arrived Jamie wasn't there. She phoned him, but his mobile was turned off, so she waited for ten minutes and then went home.
(C) Hannah met Jamie in the summer of 2004. It was Hannah's 21st
birthday and she and her friends went to a club. They wanted to dance, but they didn't like the music so Hannah went to speak to the DJ. This music is awful,' she said. 'Could you play something else?' The DJ looked at her and said, 'Don't worry, I have the perfect song for you.'
(D) I Two hours later a police car arrived at Hannah's house. A policewoman knocked at the door. 'Good evening, Madam,' she said. 'Are you Hannah Davis? I'd like to speak to you. Can I come in?'
(E) One evening in October, Hannah was at work. As usual she was going to meet Jamie at 5.30. It was dark and it was raining. She looked at her watch. It was 5.20! She was going to be late! She ran to her car and got in. At 5.25 she was driving along the High Street. She was going very fast because she was in a hurry.
(F) Two minutes later he said: “'The next song is by Coldplay. It's called Yellow and it's for a beautiful girl who's dancing over there' Hannah knew that the song was for her because she was wearing a yellow dress. When Hannah and her friends left the club, the DJ was waiting at the door. 'Hi, I'm Jamie,' he said to Hannah. 'Can I see you again?' So Hannah gave him her phone number.
1. ..........When did Hannah meet Jamie?
2. ..........Why did Hannah go and speak to Jamie in the club?
3. ..........Why did Jamie play Yellow7.
4. ..........What happened when Hannah left the club?
5. ..........Where did they go on their first date?
6. ..........Where did they go every evening?
7. ..........What was the weather like that evening?
8. ..........Why was Hannah driving fast?
9. ..........Why didn't she see the man?
10. ..........What did she do after the accident?
11. ..........Was Jamie at the coffee bar?
12. ..........What happened two hours later?
MIX
(PRE-INTERMEDIATE)
Read the article and mark the sentences T (true), F (false), or DS (doesn’t say)
Mountain climbers rescued by text message
Two British climbers were rescued yesterday after sending an SOS text message to a friend in London.
Rachel Kelsey, 34, and her partner, Jeremy Colenso, 33, who are both experienced climbers, were on a climbing holiday last week in Switzerland. But on Saturday night, when they were 3,000 metres up in the mountains, there was a terrible storm. The wind was incredibly strong and the snow was two metres deep. They couldn't move and they had to spend the night on the mountain. Rachel had her mobile phone with her, so she sent a text message to five friends in the UK asking for help.
About four hours later, one of her friends, Avery Cunliffe in London, replied with a text message. Avery said, 'I don't usually have my mobile in the bedroom. At about 4 a.m. I woke up and saw Rachel's message. I found the number of the police in Switzerland and phoned them. They contacted the mountain rescue team.'
But the weather was so bad that the helicopter couldn't get to the two climbers. The rescue team sent a text message to Rachel and Jeremy telling them that they had to spend a second night on the mountain. The message said: 'So sorry Rachel. We tried. Wind too strong. Have to wait till morning. | Take care. Be strong.' Rachel said, 'I thought we were going to £ die. It was freezing, -15°C, and really windy on the mountain. We spent the night talking and planning a holiday in the sun!'
Next morning the storm passed and the helicopter arrived to take them off the mountain. Avery said, 'When I heard that Rachel and Jeremy were safe I was dancing around my flat.' Rachel said that she and Jeremy were now looking forward to a hot bath and a good meal. But first they were going to buy the rescue team a bottle of whisky!
(English File- Pre Int. Page 27)
1. Rachel and Jeremy were climbing for the first time.
2. They couldn't go down the mountain because of bad weather.
3. Avery was sleeping when Rachel's message came.
4. He called the mountain rescue team in Switzerland.
5. Rachel's other four friends didn't reply.
6. The helicopter couldn't rescue them immediately.
7. Rachel and Jeremy spent three nights on the mountain.
8. They wanted to buy Avery a bottle of whisky.
SIMPLE PAST – PAST CONTINUOUS (PRE-INTERMEDIATE)
(PRE-INTERMEDIATE)
Read the article once and mark the sentences T (true) or F (false).
1. ........Imagine was a hit three times.
2. ........Yoko Ono helped to write Imagine.
3. ........Ono wrote poems for John Lennon.
4. ........Lennon never said that Yoko helped him with the song.
5. ........Imagine was written in two places.
6. ........John Lennon opened the new Liverpool Airport.
Who wrote Imagine?
Imagine, John Lennon's most famous song, was recently voted 'Britain's favourite song of all time'. It's an idealistic song about peace and the hope for a better world. Imagine all the people living life in peace.' The song was a big hit in 1971, and again in 1980 when Lennon was murdered in New York. It became a hit for a third time after the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001.
But who really wrote the song? Until recently the answer to this question was always John Lennon. But on a TV programme this week Lennon's wife, Yoko Ono, spoke for the first time about how she, in fact, helped to write the song.
Ono said that the idea and inspiration for Imagine came from some of her poems that John Lennon was reading at that time. The poems began with the word 'Imagine': 'Imagine a raindrop, Imagine a goldfish.' Ono said, 'When I was a child in Japan during the Second World War my brother and I were terribly hungry. I imagined delicious menus for him and he began to smile. If you think something is impossible, you can imagine it and make it happen.'
In an interview just before he died, Lennon admitted that Yoko deserved credit for Imagine. He said, 'A lot of it - the lyrics and the concept - came from her, from her book of poems, imagine this, imagine that.' Lennon said that he was 'too macho' to share the credit with her at the time.
Ono said that some of the song was written when they were flying across the Atlantic and the rest was written on the piano in their bedroom at their home in England. Ono said, “The song speaks about John's dream for the world. It was something he really wanted to say.' Imagine became a popular song for peace activists everywhere.
In March 2002 the airport in his home town of Liverpool was re-named John Lennon Airport. A sign above the main entrance has a line from Imagine: 'Above us only sky'.
(English File- Pre Int. Page 21)
SIMPLE PAST – regular/irregular verbs
(PRE-INTERMEDIATE)
Complete the sentences with Tim, Gabriela, or Kelly.
1. .............. wanted to go somewhere hot.
2. .............. wanted to go somewhere cool.
3. .............. had great food.
4. .............. wanted to forget somebody.
5. .............. had problems sleeping.
6. .............. wanted to go on holiday with different people.
In the right place... but at the wrong time!
Tim, 20, student from Manchester
When I was a teenager I went on holiday with my parents to Brittany in France. My parents rented a lovely house on the beach, and the weather was great. But I was 17, and I didn't want to be on holiday with my mum and dad and my little brother. I wanted to be with my friends. We went to the beach every day and sunbathed and we went to a fantastic seafood restaurant for my birthday. But I was miserable and I hated every minute of it. I didn't smile once in two weeks. What really made me furious was that my parents let my older sister, who was 19, go to
Gabriela, 28, marketing manager from Rome
I'm from Rome and the summer here is really hot. So last year my husband and I decided to go to Sweden, to escape from the heat. We booked a 10-day holiday in Stockholm, where the temperature in the summer is normally about 20 degrees. But when we got to Stockholm there was a heatwave and it was 35 degrees every day. It was awful because there was no air-conditioning anywhere. We couldn't sleep at night - it was boiling in the hotel, and in the shops and museums too. We didn't want to go shopping or go sightseeing or do anything - we were too hot. We just sat in cafes and argued all day. We didn't need to go to Sweden to do that!
Kelly, 26, TV journalist from Belfast
Three years ago I broke up with my boyfriend and I decided to go on holiday on my own to the Seychelles. My travel agent told me that it was a wonderful place. But he didn't tell me that it was also a very popular place for people on their honeymoon. Everywhere I looked I saw couples holding hands and looking romantically into each other's eyes! The travel agent also said it was always sunny there - but the weather was terrible - it was cloudy and very windy. To pass the time I decided to do a diving course (one of my lifetime ambitions). But it was a complete disaster because the first time I went under the water I had a panic attack. I couldn't escape from the island so l spent an incredibly boring (and expensive) two weeks in 'paradise'.
(English File- Pre Int. Page 16)
1.______________________________________________________________________________.
2.______________________________________________________________________________.
3.______________________________________________________________________________.
4.______________________________________________________________________________.
QUANTIFIERS – too not enough
(PRE-INTERMEDIATE)
HOW OLD is YOUR BODY
How old are you? How old is your body? The answer to these two questions isn't always the same. Our body age can be much younger or much older than our calendar age (even eighteen years different!). We can now calculate our body age by answering questions about the way we live. If our body age is older than our calendar age, we should change our lifestyle.
EXERCISE
I know I'm too fat because ı don't do enough exercise. I spend too much time sitting in studios. All I do is play squash, but I don't play very often - about once a month. I would go to a gym if I had more time.
I eat quite a lot of fresh food and a lot of fruit, but I probably eat too much meat. My girlfriend says I don't drink enough water. I drink a little alcohol - just a glass of red wine with my dinner. But I don't drink any beer. I drink a lot of coffee. It goes with the job.
LIFESTYLE
Like everybody I'm too busy! There aren't enough hours in the day. I love my job but I work too much (sometimes I spend 14 hours a day in the studio - that's too many), I often feel a bit tense and irritable. I smoke a few cigarettes when I go out, but I'm not a regular smoker. I only wear sunscreen when I go to the beach. My skin is quite dark so I don't think it's a problem.
PERSONALITY
I'm quite pessimistic. I always think that things will go wrong - and they usually do, especially at work.
SOCIAL LIFE
I don't have much free time but I have a few close friends and I try to see them regularly. If I'm too busy then I phone them.
DOCTOR'S VERDICT:
Tariq should do more exercise, for example he could walk to work. This would help him to control his stress. His diet is quite healthy but he should drink more water and less coffee. He must give up smoking. Although his skin is quite dark he should wear sunscreen all year round, even in winter. And he should try to be more positive.
Read the introduction to the article and answer the questions.
1. Is our body age the same as our calendar age?
2. How can we calculate our body age?
3. What should we do if our body age is older than our calendar age?
SUNDAY AFTERNOON IN THE PARK
Dear Fatima,
It's a beautiful Sunday afternoon and I'm sitting in the park now under a big, old tree. I'm taking a break from my studies to write you this letter. I'm watching Americans and their strange behaviors. I want to describe some of these behaviors to you. I want to know what you think of them.
I'm sitting in the shade, but most of the people are sitting in the sun.
A lot of people are wearing short-sleeved shirts and shorts. They're trying to get a suntan. Don't they know that the sun is bad for the skin?
Most of the people are sitting alone. Some of them are reading maga¬zines. One woman is talking on her cell phone. A man is playing Frisbee with his dog. He's throwing it to the dog, and the dog is running to catch it. Why isn't he playing with a friend? Why is he playing with a dog? Another woman is working on a computer. Why isn't she relaxing? Some people are listening to a personal stereo. I don't think they're having fun. Some people have a big boom box. They're playing their music loud and bothering other people.
Most of the people in the park are young, but I see a few elderly people too. Two elderly men are playing tennis. Another elderly man is jogging. They seem to be in very good health. But I also see an elderly woman in a wheelchair. A young woman is pushing the wheelchair, but I don't think it's her daughter. Don't American children spend time with their parents when they are old and sick?
I'm learning a lot about American customs. In fact, I'm keeping a diary and writing my observations.
Please write to me soon and let me know what is happening back home.
Your friend,
Sarah PAGE 38
THE GRAYING OF AMERICA
The overall population of the U.S. is growing slowly. At the end of the twentieth century, the American population was 273 million. By the middle of this century, it is going to be 394 million. Even though this is not a big growth, one group is growing very fast—the elderly (65 years old and over). There are two reasons for this sudden rise in the number of older Americans. First, life expectancy is increasing. In 1900, when the life expectancy was 47, 1 in 25 Americans was elderly. In 1990, with a life expectancy of 79 for women and 73 for men, 1 in 8 was elderly.
The second reason for this growth is the aging of the "Baby Boomers." In the 18 years after World War II, from 1946 to 1964, a large number of babies were born—75 million. The people born during this period, known as the Baby Boomers, are now middle aged and will soon be elderly. The average age of the population is going to increase as the Baby Boomers get older and live longer. The median age of Americans in 1970 was 28; in 1995 it was 35.8. By 2050, it will be 40.3. In the middle of the twenty-first century, 1 in 5 Americans will be elderly.
What does this mean for America? First, more and more middle-aged people are going to have the responsibility of taking care of parents and other older relatives. They will become the "sandwich" generation, taking care of their parents as well as their children. For taxpayers, this means that they are going to pay more as one-fifth of the population uses one half of the resources.
It will be interesting to see how America will handle these changes.PAGE54
MARTIN LUTHER KING, JUNIOR
Today all people in the United States have equal rights under the law. But this was not always the case, especially for African-Americans.2 Even though slavery in the U.S. ended in 1865, blacks continued to suffer inferior treatment. The government did little to improve the lives of African Americans.
Life for black people was especially hard in the South. Many businesses there used to have signs in their windows that said: "Blacks Not Allowed." Public restrooms used to have signs that said: "Whites Only." Black children had to go to separate, and often inferior, schools. Buses used to reserve the front seats for white people. African Americans had to stand or sit in the back of the bus. Martin Luther King, Jr., a black minister living in Montgomery, Alabama, wanted to put an end to discrimination.3
One evening in December of 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old African American woman, got on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, to go home from work. She was tired when she sat down. When some white people got on the crowded bus, the bus driver ordered Ms. Parks to stand up. Ms. Parks refused to leave her seat. The bus driver called the police and they came and arrested Ms. Parks.
When Martin Luther King, Jr., heard about her arrest, he told African Americans in Montgomery to boycott the bus company. People who used to ride the bus to work decided to walk instead. One year later, as a result of the boycott, the Supreme Court outlawed discrimination on public transportation.
During his life, King organized many more peaceful protests. He was in jail many times because of his activities, but this did not stop him. In 1963, he led a peaceful demonstration in Washington, D.C., where he gave his most famous speech. He said, "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character."
In 1964, Congress passed a new law that officially gave equality to all Americans. This law made discrimination in employment and education illegal. King won the Nobel Peace Prize4 for his work in creating a better world.
In 1968, King went to Memphis, Tennessee, to support striking city workers. A great tragedy occurred there. King was shot and killed. He was only 39 years old.
In 1983, Martin Luther King's birthday (January 15) became a national holiday. PAGE 77
DISCRIMINATION AND SEGREGATION
Segregation, or separation of the races, used to be part of American life. Many hotels, schools, and restaurants used to be for whites only. And many professions used to be limited to whites. One example of this was in major league baseball. African-Americans, unable to join the major leagues, used to have a separate league. That finally changed in 1947, when the manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers saw African-American Jackie Robinson play baseball and invited him to join his team. Even though Robinson was a great player, he suffered insults and even death threats.
Another profession where African-Americans suffered discrimination was in acting. They appeared in movies and on TV, but they used to play servants and slaves. Their characters were often lazy, stupid, or superstitious. In 1984, The Cosby Show, starring Bill Cosby, changed the image of African-Americans on TV. This popular show was about an upper-middle-class African-American family.
Another area where African-Ameri¬cans suffered discrimination was in music. Marian Anderson, a talented opera star, performed all over the U.S. and Europe. But in 1939, when a concert hall in Washington, D.C., found out that their performer was going to be a black woman, the performance was canceled.
Even though laws today prohibit dis¬crimination, many African-Americans still feel it in their everyday life. Marian Anderson [1902-1993) PAGE 90
AN AMERICAN WEDDING
bride
bouquet
groom
Many American young couples con¬sider their wedding to be one of the most important days of their life. They save for it and often spend a year plan¬ning for it: finding a place, selecting a menu, buying a wedding dress, ordering invitations and sending them to friends and relatives, choosing bridesmaids and ushers, selecting musicians, and much more.
When the day arrives, the groom doesn't usually see the bride before the wedding. It is considered bad luck for him to see her ahead of time. The guests wait with excitement to see her too. When the wedding begins, the groom enters first. Then the brides¬maids and ushers enter. When the bride finally enters, everyone turns around to look at her. Often the bride's father or both her parents walk her down the aisle to the groom's side.
During the ceremony, the bride and groom promise to love and respect each other for the rest of their lives. They answer questions about love and respect by saying "I do." The groom's "best man" holds the rings for them until they are ready to place them on each other's fingers. At the end of the ceremony, the groom lifts the bride's veil and kisses her.
There is a party after the ceremony. People make toasts, eat dinner, and dance. The bride and groom usually dance the first dance alone. Then guests join them.
Before the bride and groom leave the party, the bride throws her bouquet over her head, and the single women try to catch it. It is believed that the woman who catches it will be the next one to get married.
The newlyweds1 usually take a trip, called a honeymoon, immediately after the wedding. PAGE: 102
HIS STORY/HER STORY
Frank and Sylvia are like many American couples. They have problems balancing their relationship, their children, their careers, their families, and other responsibilities. Read each one's story.
Sylvia's story:
Now that I'm married, I don't have time for myself anymore. We used to spend time with each other. Now that we have kids, we never have time
for ourselves. We both work, but Frank doesn't help me with housework or with the kids. I have to do everything all by myself. My husband only thinks of himself. When he wants something, like a new CD player or new software, he buys it. He never buys me flowers or other presents anymore. I tell myself that he still loves me, but sometimes I'm not so sure. Sometimes I think the problem is his fault, but sometimes I blame myself.
Frank's story:
Sylvia never has time for me anymore. We used to do things together. Now I have to do everything myself. If I want to go to a movie, she says that she's too busy or too tired or that the kids are sick. I rarely go to the movies, and if I do, I go by myself. It seems that all I do is work and pay bills. Other married people seem to enjoy themselves more than we do. She says she wants me to help her with the housework, but she really prefers to do everything herself because she doesn't like the way I do things. She wants us to see a marriage counselor, but I don't like to tell other people about my problems. I like to solve my problems myself. (PAGE 118)
PILGRIMS, AMERICAN INDIANS,1 AND THANKSGIVING
Americans celebrate Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday in November. At this time, they get together with family and friends, eat a traditional big meal, and give thanks for all the good things in their lives. What is the origin of this special day?
In 1620, a group of 120 men, women, and children left England for America on a ship called the Mayflower. They came to America in search of religious freedom. They started their new life in a deserted2 Indian village in what is now the state of Massachusetts. But half of the Pilgrims did not survive their first cold, hard winter. In the spring, two American Indians found the people from England in very bad condition. They didn't have enough food, and they were in bad health. Squanto, an English speaking American Indian, stayed with them for several months and taught them how to survive in this new place. He brought them deer meat and animal skins; he showed them how to grow corn and other vegetables; he showed them how to use plants as medicine; he explained how to use fish for fertilizer3—he taught them many skills for survival in their new land.
By the time their second fall arrived, the Pilgrims had enough food to get through their second winter. They were in better health. They decided to have a thanksgiving feast4 to celebrate their good fortune. They invited Squanto and neighboring Indian families of the Wampanoag tribe to come to their dinner. The Pilgrims were surprised when 90 Indians showed up. The Pilgrims did not have enough food for so many people. Fortunately, the Indian chief sent some of his people to bring food to the celebration. They brought five deer, fish, heans, squash, corn hread, berries, and many wild turkeys. The feast lasted for three days. There was a short time of peace and friendship between the Indians and the Pilgrims.
Now on Thanksgiving Day in the U.S., we eat some of the traditional foods, such as turkey, sweet potatoes, and cranberries, that the Indians shared with the Pilgrims.
The natives of America are called American Indians, Indians, or Native Americans. ; Deserted means empty of people.
! We put fertilizer in the earth to help plants grow. Fertilizer is made of natural things. 1 A. feast is a large dinner.
TAKING THE LAND FROM THE NATIVE AMERICANS
Before the arrival of Europeans, there were between 10 and 16 million Native Americans in America. Today there are fewer than 2 million. What happened to these natives of America?
The friendship between the Indians and Europeans did not last for long. As more English people came to America, they did not need the help of the Indians, as the first group of Pilgrims did. The white people started to take the land away from the Indians. As Indians fought to keep their land, many of them were killed. Also, there were many deaths from diseases that Europeans brought to America. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson took the Indians' lands and sent them to live on reservations. Indian children had to learn English. Often they were punished for speaking their own language. As a result, there are very few Indians today who speak the language of their ancestors.6
Today there are about 500 tribes in the U.S., each with its own traditions. There are about 300 reservations, but only 22 percent of American Indians live on this land. There is a lot of unemployment and poverty on many reservations. As a result, many Indians move to big cities to find work. Many return to their reservations only for special celebrations such as Pow-Wows, when Indians wear their traditional clothing and dance to traditional music.
•'Ancestors are grandparents, great-grandparents, etc.
EXERCISE, DIET, AND WEIGHT
Americans are concerned about their weight. Everyone knows that it's important to eat well and exercise regu¬larly. We see beautiful, thin fashion models and want to look like them. We see commercials for exercise machines showing fit, thin people exercising. Health clubs are full of people trying to get in shape. Sales of diet colas and low-calorie foods indicate that Ameri¬cans want to be thin. However, 50 per¬cent of Americans are overweight. Why is this so?
First, today's lifestyle does not include enough physical activity. When the U.S. was an agricultural society, farmers ate a big, heavy meal, but they burned off the calories by doing hard physical labor. Today, most people don't get enough exercise. Instead of walking, Americans drive almost every¬where, even when the trip is close to home. When people get home from work, they're usually too tired to exercise regularly. After dinner, they just watch TV. They have no chance to burn off calories.
Another reason why Americans don't lose weight is that they eat poorly. They are influenced by commercials and ads for fatty foods, soft drinks, candy, and sugary cereals that look good. Even though most people know that these foods aren't healthy, many don't have enough time to eat a well-balanced diet. It's easy to stop at a fast-food restaurant to pick up a greasy burger and fries. These foods are high in fat, carbohydrates, sodium, and calories. People eat them quickly and in large quantities—triple burgers, extra-large colas, large orders of fries.
Eating a high-fat diet and not getting enough exercise will result in heart disease for many people.
OVERWEIGHT CHILDREN
In the United States, at least one in five children is overweight. Over the past 20 years, this number has increased by more than 50 percent. Why are so many children overweight?
First, many children don't get enough physical exercise. Only one-third of children who live within a mile of their school walk to school. When children get home from school, they spend too much time watching TV and playing video games. The average American child spends 24 hours a week watching TV. In addition, many children have unhealthy eating habits. Chil¬dren eat too much food that is high in calories and fat. Eight percent of the calories children take in are from sodas.
Genetics is also a factor. Children with overweight parents may be at risk for becoming overweight. However, if families develop good eating and exercise habits early, they can prevent their children from becoming over¬weight.
ELLIS ISLAND
For many years, Ellis Island, an island in New York harbor, was the main door through which millions of immigrants entered the United States. From the time it opened in 1892 until the time it closed in 1924, the U.S. Bureau of Immigration used Ellis Island to receive and process new arrivals. During this time, 12 million foreigners passed through this door with the hope of becoming Americans. They came from Italy, Poland, Russia, Germany, China, and many other countries. Sometimes more than 10,000 people passed through the registry room in one 24-hour period. New arrivals often waited for many hours while inspectors checked to see if they met legal and medical standards. Most did not speak English, and they were tired, hungry, and confused. Two percent (250,000 people) did not meet the requirements to enter the U.S. and had to return to their countries.
After Congress passed an immigration law that limited the number and nationality of new immigrants, immigration slowed down and Ellis Island was closed as an immigration processing center. It remained abandoned until 1965, when President Lyndon Johnson decided to restore it as a monument. Restoration of Ellis Island was finished by 1990. Now visitors to this monument can see the building as it looked from 1918 to 1920. In addition, they can see a wall with the names of many of those who passed through on their way to becoming American citizens.
Albert Einstein
Of the many immigrants who came to the U.S., one will always be remembered throughout the world: Albert Einstein. Einstein changed our understanding of the universe. When people think of the word "genius," Einstein's name often comes to mind. However, in Einstein's early years, he was not successful in school or at finding a job.
Einstein was born in Germany in 1879 of Jewish parents. He loved math and physics, but he disliked the discipline of formal German schooling. Because of his poor memory for words, his teachers believed that he was a slow learner. Einstein left school before receiving his diploma and tried to pass the exam to enter the Swiss Polytechnic Institute, but he failed on his first attempt. On his second attempt, he passed. He graduated in 1900. He was planning to become a teacher of physics and math, but he could not find a job in this field. Instead, he went to work in a patent office as a third class technical expert from 1902 to 1909. While he was working at this job,he wrote in his spare time. In 1905, when he was only 26 years old, he published three papers that explained the basic structure of the universe. His theory of relativity explained the relationship of space and time. Einstein was finally respected for his brilliant discovery. He returned to Germany to accept a research position at the University of Berlin. However, in 1920, while he was lecturing at the university, anti-Jewish groups often interrupted his lectures, saying they were "un-German."
In 1920, Einstein visited the United States for the first time. During his visits, he talked not only about his scientific theories, but also about world peace. While he was visiting the U.S. again in 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany. They took his property, burned his books, and removed him from his university job. The U.S. offered Einstein a home. In 1935, he became a permanent resident of the U.S., and in 1940, he became a citizen. He received many offers of jobs from all over the world, but he decided to accept a position at Princeton University in New Jersey. He lived and worked there until he died in 1955.
Overview of Modals and Related Expressions
List of Modals
Facts About Modals
can
could
should
will
would
may
might
must
1. The base form follows a modal. Never use an infinitive after a modal.
You must pay your rent. (NOT: You must to pay your rent.)
2. Modals never have an -s, -ed, or -ing ending.
He can go. (Not: He cans go.)
3. To form the negative, put not after the modal.
You should not leave now.
4. You can make a negative contraction with some modals.
can't couldn't shouldn't won't wouldn't mustn't
Don't make a contraction for may not or might not.
5. Some verbs are like modals in meaning: have to, be able to, be supposed to, be permitted to, be allowed to, had better.
He must sign the lease. = He has to sign the lease.
I must pay my rent by the first of the month. — I'm supposed to pay my rent by the first of the month.
He can pay the rent. = He is able to pay the rent.
Before You Read 1. Do you live in an apartment? Do you have a lease? Did you understand
the lease when you signed it? 2. Do renters in your hometown usually have to sign a lease?
Read the following article. Pay special attention to modals and related expressions.
An Apartment Lease
When people rent an apartment, they often have to sign a lease. A lease is an agreement between the owner (landlord1) and the renter (tenant). A lease states the period of time of the rental, the amount of the rent, and Did you know...? rules the renter must follow. Some leases contain the following rules:
In the U.S.; rent¬ers pay about 26 percent of their income on rent.
• Renters must not have a waterbed.
• Renters must not have a pet.
• Renters must not change the locks without the owner's permission.
• Renters must pay a security deposit.
1 A landlord is a man. A landlady is a woman.
210 Lesson Eight
The renter does not have to agree to all the terms of the lease. He can ask for changes before he signs. A pet owner, for example, can ask for permission to have a pet by offering to pay a higher security deposit.
Owners also have to follow rules. They must provide heat during the winter months. In most cities, they must put a smoke detector in each apartment and in the halls.
Many owners ask the renter to pay a security deposit, in case there are damages. When the renter moves out, the owner is supposed to return the deposit plus interest if the apartment is in good condition. If there is damage, the owner can use part or all of the money to repair the damage. However, he may not keep the renter's money for normal wear and tear (the normal use of the apartment).
When the lease is up, the owner can offer the renter a new lease or he can ask the renter to leave. The owner is supposed to give the renter notice (usually at least 30 days) if he wants the renter to leave.
An owner can't refuse to rent to a person because of sex, race, religion, nationality, or disability.
FINDING A JOB
Finding a job in the United States takes specific skills. The following advice will help you find a job.
• Write a good resume. Describe your accomplishments.2 Avoid including unnecessary information. Your resume should be one page, if possible.
• Find out about available jobs. One way is by looking in the newspaper or on the Internet. Another way is by networking. Networking means exchanging information with anyone you know—family, friends, neigh¬bors, classmates, former coworkers, professional groups—who might know of a job. These people might also be able to give you insider information about a company, such as who is in charge and what it is like to work at their company. According to an article in the Wall Street Journal, 94 percent of people who succeed in finding a job say that networking was a big help.
• Practice the interview. The more prepared you are, the more relaxed you will feel. If you are worried about saying or doing the wrong thing, practice will help.
• Learn something about the company. You can find information by going to the library and looking in directories or finding the company's Web site. Finding information takes time, but it pays off.
3 Accomplishments are the unusual good things you have done, such as awards you have won or projects you have successfully managed.
211
You can get help in these skills—writing a resume, networking, prepar¬ing for an interview, researching a company—by seeing a career counselor. Most high schools and colleges have one who can help you get started.
Finding a job is one of the most difficult jobs. Some people send out hundreds of resumes and go on dozens of interviews before finding a job. And it isn't something you do just once or twice in your lifetime. For most Americans, changing jobs many times in a lifetime is not uncommon.
Alexander's Story
I've been in the U.S. for two years. I used to study British English, so I had a hard time understanding Americans at first, Without good English skills, I couldn't find a job in my field. Now my English is much better. I'm used to speaking English every day in my job, with my neighbors, and even with my children. My children used to speak Ukrainian with me all the time when we first arrived, but now that they're in school, they're used to hearing and speaking English all the time. They also learned English from watching American TV. They're beginning to forget Ukrainian. When I ask them a question in Ukrainian, they answer me in English. It's no problem for me, but my parents don't speak English, and they can't get used to having so little communication with their grandchildren.
I used to be an engineer in Ukraine. But for the past two years in the U.S., I've been working as a taxi driver. Now that I know enough English, I'm ready to find a job in my field. However, it's been difficult for two reasons. First, I'm not using to selling myself at a job interview. In fact, it's uncomfortable for me to say how wonderful I am to a stranger. But my job counselor told me that I have to get used to it because that's what Americans do. Second, in my country, I used to draw by hand. In the U.S., everything is done by computer. I'm not used to using a computer. To improve my skills, I've been taking courses in Computer Aided Design (CAD). My children, however, have grown up with computers, so they're used to them and love them.
It has been hard to get used to so many new things, but little by little we're doing it.
Senior Singles
Florence Lustig
When most of us think of single people, we think of young adults. However, many people who are looking for romance and marriage are seniors. Many people over 65 are single—either because of divorce or death of a spouse.
Florence Lustig, a 72-year-old resident of Florida whose husband died six years ago, wanted to meet other singles her age. She looked at singles ads in newspapers, but was discouraged; most of the ads were written by young people. Sometimes she saw an ad for someone her age and answered the ad, but she found she didn't have much in common with the men whose ads she answered. She wanted to meet people whose age and interests were similar to her own. She looked for groups to join, but couldn't find any that were right for her. So she started her own club. She placed an ad in the local newspapers to look for other senior singles who shared some of her interests, and soon seniors were contacting her. Her group, which she named "Senior Singles, Mix and Mingle," plans all kinds of activities: the members go to concerts, take walks, go to museums, invite speakers.
But it will be hard for Florence to find a husband. Because the life expectancy for women is much higher than it is for men (79 for women, 73 for men), most of the people in her group are widows, women whose husbands have died. While Florence would like to get married again, she's happy to make new friends so that she doesn't have to go places alone.
5 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the word—adjective or adverb.
Last week I had my first job interview in the U.S. I wanted to do
________;________A_______________friend of mine told me about a
(good) (1 good)
resume service. He told me that this service helps you prepare your resume
________________I wanted my resume to look________________I never
(2 careful) (3 professional)
wrote a resume before, so I used this service. I wanted to have a _______________resume.
(4 perfect)
A few days before the interview, I worked very_______________to
(5 hard)
prepare answers to possible questions. The night before the interview, I chose my clothes____________________and ironed them. I wanted to appear
(6 careful)
.. My friend told me that it's best to look
(7 neat) (8 conservative)
so I chose my dark-blue suit. I went to bed_______________________, as
(9 early)
_, but I didn't sleep_________________because I was
(10 usual) (11 good)
(12 extreme/nervous)
The interview was _ because I had trouble answering
(13 difficult)
many of the questions. The interviewer was _ , but she didn't
riendly)
speak __ I couldn't understand her pronunciation. I could
(15 clear)
_ understand some of the questions.
(16 hard)
I probably won't get this job. But it was_______________practice to
(17 good)
have this interview. It prepared me_______________for the next interview.
exercise 6 A woman wrote a story about the major events in her life. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses
My name is Irina Katz. I w&e ^orn in 1938 in the former Soviet
(born)
Union in a small Ukrainian town. I - there until 1941. In
(1 live)
1939 World War II .. In 1941 the German army
(2 start)
my country, and my father into the
(3 invade) (4 go)
army. My family to leave our city. We
(5 have) (6 go)
to Uzbekistan. After the war , my family
(7 end) (8 return)
to Ukraine, to the city of Lvov. My father back from the
(9 come)
army as a disabled soldier. In 1989 we permission to leave
(10 get)
our country.
There a few circumstances that
(11 be) (12 lead)
to our decision to leave our country. First, we that we
(13 think)
would have more opportunities in the U.S. My family is Jewish and we
discrimination. Second, we to get
(74 suffer) (15 want)
away from a bad political situation. It not easy to make
(16 be)
this decision. My father to leave because he
(17 not/want)
sick. However, my married daughter
(18 be) (19 move)
to the U.S. with her family in 1987. I her very much. In
(20 miss)
1988 my father , and then we that
(21 die) (22 realize)
we no reason to stay. However, it very PAGE 85
exercise 15 Use a lot of, too much, or too many to fill in the blanks in the story below. In some cases, more than one answer is possible.
My name is Coleen Finn. I'm a Ho-chunk Indian. My tribal land is in Wisconsin. But I live in Chicago because there is_______________unemployment on my tribal land, and I can't find a good job there. There
Coleen Finn
are
(1)
opportunities in Chicago, and I found a job as a
secretary in the English Department at Truman College. I like my job very much. I have_______________responsibilities and I love the challenge.
(2)
I like Chicago, but I miss my land, where I still have .___-
(3) relatives and friends. I often go back to visit them whenever I get tired of
life in Chicago. My friends and I have_______________fun together, talking,
W
cooking our native food, walking in nature, and attending Indian ceremonies, such as Pow-Wows. I need to get away from Chicago once in a while to feel
closer to nature. Even though there are_______________nice things about
(5)
cars and trucks in the big city and
Chicago, there are there is________
(6)
(7)
pollution. A weekend with my tribe gives me time to relax and smell fresh air. (141
)
Read this composition by an American Indian. Choose the correct words to complete the composition.
My name is Joseph Falling Snow. I'm (an, @, any) Native American from a Sioux9 reservation in South Dakota. I don't live in South Dakota anymore because I couldn't find (a, any, no) job. There's (a little, a few, very little, very few) work on my reservation. There's (much, a lot of, many} poverty. My uncle gave me (a, an, some, any} good advice. He told me to go to Minneapolis to find (a, an, some} job. Minneapolis is a big city, so there are (much, many, any} job opportunities here. It was easy for me to find a job as a carpenter. I had (no, not, any} trouble finding a job because I have (a lot of, many, much} experience.
My native language is Lakota, but I know (any, a few, very few} words in my language. Most of the people on my reservation speak English. (A few, Any, A little} older people still speak Lakota, but the language is dying out as the older people die.
(A few, A little, Few, Little) times a year, I go back to the reservation for a Pow-Wow. We wear our native costumes and dance our native dances. It gets very crowded at these times because (much, any, a lot of) people from our reservation and nearby reservations attend this celebration. We have (much, many, a lot of) fun.
Fill in the blanks with the simple present, the simple past, the present perfect, or the present perfect continuous form of the verb in parentheses ().
Paragraph 1
I__________the Internet every day. I______________it for three years.
(1 use) (2 use)
to use it when I______________interested in genealogy.
(3 start) (4 become)
I___________on my family tree for three years. Last month, I___________
(5 work) (6 find)
information about my father's ancestors. My grandfather__________with us
(7 live)
now and likes to tell us about his past. He______________born in Italy, but
(8 be)
he__________here when he was very young, so he____________________
(9 come) (10 live)
here most of his life. He doesn't remember much about Italy. I
___any information about my mother's ancestors yet.
(11 not/find)
Present Perfect; Present Perfect Continuous 275
_________ to the U.S. when a war______________out in my country.
(1 come) (2 break)
I____________in the U.S. for five years. At first, everything___________very
(3 live) (4 be)
hard for me. I_____________________any English when I
(5 not/know) (6 arrive)
But I_________________English for the past five years, and now I
(7 sludy) (8 speak)
it pretty well. I_________________________my college education yet, but I
(9 not/start)
plan to next semester.
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|I |am |eating. |
| |’m | |
|You, we, they |are | |
| |’re | |
|He, she, it |is | |
| |'s | |
name – place – job – opinion about job
The first person in family
The second person in the family.
Opinion
name – place – job – opinion about job
The first person in family
The second person in the family.
Opinion
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