Activity—World Map of Plate Boundaries

Activity--World Map of Plate Boundaries

"Where's Waldo"-style geography.

Mapping World Plates helps students connect topography, earthquakes, volcanoes, and plates.

Includes many maps for printing, and student worksheets. Color copies are in the folder:

4. ACTIVITIES_Earth & Tectonics > World Plate Boundaries

PLATE BOUNDARIES Divergent margin

Convergent margin

Transform fault (arrows show relative motion)

Most of the world's earthquakes and volcanoes are found at or near the boundary between two tectonic plates. Friction between the plates keeps them from sliding. When the frictional strain is overcome, the ground suddenly snaps along faults and fractures releasing energy as earthquakes. Volcanoes occur at divergent margins (where magma rises and erupts); at convergent margins (where an oceanic plate dives beneath another plate; magma forms in the continental plate above the diving oceanic plate), and less commonly as hot spots (where magma melts through a plate, such as Hawai`i).

SYMBOLS White arrows show plate motion direction Volcanoes (generalized) Hot spot (arrow = direction of plate motion) Great earthquakes since 1900;

before 1900

Science Standards

(NGSS; pg. 287)

? Earth's Place in the Universe: HS-ESS1-5

? Earth's Systems: HS-ESS2-1, MS-ESS2-2, HS-ESS2-2, MS-ESS2-3, HS-ESS2-3

Resources on this DVD & Internet for World Map of Plate Boundaries

VIDEOS: In the folder

3. VIDEOS_Earth & Tectonics > LECTURE_Egg Vs Earth_Butler.mov,

LECTURE_TectonicPlates_Butler.mov,

LECTURE_Asthenosphere_Butler.mov, and

LECTURE_BoundaryTypes_Butler.mov

Or online:

ANIMATIONS: Select animations are in the RESOURCES folder for this activity. 3. Animations_Earth & Tectonics > Plate Interaction_Converge Diverge Transform Or online:

INTERNET: This Dynamic Planet, interactive tectonic map

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World Map of Plate Boundaries

Introduction

The Plate Tectonics Mapping Activity allows students to easily begin to identify basic tectonic processes on a global scale. As students become aware of plate movements, they begin to identify patterns that set the stage for deeper understanding of a very complex topic. The activity uses a simple "Where's Waldo" approach to identify tectonic symbols on a laminated World Plate Tectonic map.

Objectives

Learn where volcanoes and earthquakes occur Understand geography Use critical thinking to find plate boundaries Answer relevant discussion questions on worksheet

Procedure

Print the appropriate maps (see Materials) for use. Note that the maps in this document need to printed on legal-size paper!!

Students work in pairs or small groups of 3 or 4 students using washable markers to circle tectonic features. This hands-on activity captures the interest of all ability levels. The process of exploring the map and drawing with colored markers captures student interest and creates curiosity to discover why particular features are located where they are. As students work through simple questions on the activity sheet, they are then able to start the more challenging process of understanding the patterns and process that make up the fundamental principles of Plate Tectonics. The Discussion Questions in the activity are provided as a resource for teachers to engage student's growing understanding. The questions have been used in small groups, whole class discussion, research, as a writing assignment, and for evaluation.

Materials

Discussion Questions --Follow student worksheets. Student work sheets--Begin on 5th page of this

activity; answers follow. Word files of the worksheets are in the folder

RESOURCES For World Plate Boundaries

> Word Docs for World Plate Boundaries

Maps--The map on the next page is offered in several formats for classroom use. Since not everyone has access to a large-format printer we offer the poster as a 3-page, tabloid-size pdf file that can be printed and taped together. The maps are also offered WITHOUT tectonic boundaries to be used to see if students recognize features in the landscape.

1) Page size (next page) and on DVD in the folder:

RESOURCES For World Plate Boundaries

Maps for printing

>

WorldTectonicMap_PageSize.pdf.

2) Poster (14x24) requires a plotter to print WorldTectonicMap_POSTER 14x24.pdf

3) Poster (tabloid-size pages to be taped together) WorldTectonicMap-Poster_3page11x17.pdf

4) WITHOUT tectonic features to be used to see if tectonic features show up in the landscape: WorldTectonicMap_NoBoundaries8.5x14.pdf. WorldTectonicMap_NoBoundaries11x17.pdf.

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Map of Major Tectonic Plates and Select Great Earthquakes and Volcanoes.

Map of Major Tectonic Plates and Select Great Earthquakes and Volcanoes.

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PLATE BOUNDARIES

Most of the world's earthquakes and volcanoes are found at or near the boundary between two

Divergent margin Convergent margin

A N T A R C T I C P L A T E Divergent Boundaries & Spreading Zones

Spreading center--Fast

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Great earthquakes since 1900;

SYMBOLS

before 1900

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Transform fault (arrows show relative motion)

(Ex. East Pacific Rise, Mid Atlantic

commonly as hot spots (where magma melts through a plate, such as Hawai`i).

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magma rises forming new crust.

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two plates moving horizontally

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can arc

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(Ex. BEaasctkgPraocuinfidc mRiaspe,cMouidrteAsttylaonftSiccott Walker (Digital Cartography Specialist, Harvard College Library); graphics and tectonic & volccanic features by Jenda Johnson (Volcano Video & Graphics)

Ridge.)

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and valleys as the crust pulls apart

Asthenosphere

(ex: Basin & Range, U.S. and the Great Rift Valley, Africa. )

Partial melt

Ocean-Ocean--Ocean plate dives beneath another ocean plate; volcanic island chain forms above

Ocean-Continent: Ocean plate dives beneath a continental plate. Volcanic mountain chain forms inland.

Continent-Continent: Two thick continental plates collide and buckle into high mountains.

the zone (ex:. The Marianas)

(ex:. Cascade Range, Sumatra, Japan)

(ex: Himalaya Mountain Range.)

Crust Lithosphere

Asthenosphere

Strike slip faults result from two plates moving horizontally in opposite directions (ex: San Andreas Fault, California).

together, the in-between areas are pushed around on the surface.This forces them to slide past each other horizontally.

Transform fault (arrows at convergent margins (where an oceanic plate Background map courtesty of Scott Walker (Digital Cartography Specialist, Harvard College Library); graphics and tectonic & volccanic features by Jenda Johnson (Volcano Video & Graphics)

show relative motion)

dives beneath another plate; magma forms in the

Great earthquakes since 1900;

Spreading ridge

Transform fault

Lithosphere Asthenosphere

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Partial melt

Transform faults are where t

platesSaprreeadmingoving a spreadriindgge ridge

away from and frTarcatnusfro

zones develop (ex: ocean floo

Lithosphere Asthenosphere

Transform faults a plates are moving a a spreading ridge a zones develop (ex:

continental plate above the diving oceanic plate),

before 1900

and less commonly as hot spots (where magma

melts through a plate, such as Hawai`i).

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Divergent Boundaries & Spreading Zones

Spreading center--Fast

Divergent boundaries occur mostly along spreading centers where the magma rises forming new crust. (Ex. East Pacific Rise, Mid Atlantic Ridge.)

Lithosphere Asthenosphere

Oceanic crust Mantle

Partial melt

Spreading zones (no graphic) on continents create parallel mountains and valleys as the crust pulls apart (ex: Basin & Range, U.S. and the Great Rift Valley, Africa. )

Spreading center--Slow

Mountains & valleys

Lithosphere

Asthenosphere

Crust Mantle

Partial melt

Convergent Boundaries

When two plates move toward each other, crust is destroyed as one plate dives (is subducted) beneath the other. The location where sinking of a plate occurs is called a subduction zone.

High Plateau

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Trench Island

arc

Lithosphere

Oceanic

Asthenosphere

crust

Continental crust

Lithosphere

Oceanic

Asthenosphere

crust

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Oceanic crust Lithosphere

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Lithosphere

Asthenosphere

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Ocean-Continent: Ocean plate dives beneath a continental plate. Volcanic mountain chain forms inland. (ex:. Cascade Range, Sumatra, Japan)

Continental crust Lithosphere

Continental crust Lithosphere

Asthenosphere

Old oceanic crust

Continent-Continent: Two thick continental plates collide and buckle into high mountains. (ex: Himalaya Mountain Range.)

Transform Boundaries

Crust Lithosphere Asthenosphere

As surrounding plates are driven by deep forces to move apart or crunch together, the in-between areas are pushed around on the surface.This forces them to slide past each other horizontally.

Strike slip faults result from two plates moving horizontally in opposite directions (ex: San Andreas Fault, California).

Spreading ridge

Transform fault

Lithosphere Asthenosphere

Spreading ridge Crust

Partial melt

Transform faults are where two plates are moving away from a spreading ridge and fracture zones develop (ex: ocean floor)

72

Name__________________________ Period__________ Date___________

PLATE TECTONICS MAPPING ACTIVITY

1. Draw the symbol for each tectonic feature in the chart below

Divergent margins and spreading centers (draw in black)

Convergent margins - subduction zone (draw in blue)

Transform faults ? strike-slip faults

(draw in green)

Hot Spot

(draw in red)

2. Use the correct color of washable marker to locate each tectonic feature on the map.

a. Circle the name of the Divergent boundary systems

in black. (Ridges and Rises)

Number found _______

b. Circle the Convergent margins in blue. (students may circle individual trenches)

Number found _______

c. Circle the Transform fault symbols (and their faults) in green.

Number found _______

d. Circle the Hot Spots in red.

Number found _______

3. What is the name of the small crustal plate off the Oregon coast that is subducting under the North American plate? _______________________

4. Where are most of the earthquakes and volcanoes located? Check one: a. crustal plate margins _____ b. interior of a crustal plate _____

Answer the following questions about Plate Tectonic Processes using the diagrams with the map.

5. Divergent margins and continental spreading centers:

a. New crust forms at plate margins as ___________ rises creating ridges under

oceans such as the _____________________ and the ____________________.

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b. Continental spreading centers include the __________________ in the US and the _______________________ in Africa.

6. Convergent margins ? subduction zones: Identify the land form (geomorphology) created at each type of Convergent Boundary and provide an example. a. Ocean-Ocean _____________________________________________________ b. Ocean-Continent __________________________________________________ c. Continent-Continent ________________________________________________

7. Transform faults ? strike slip faults a. Sometimes tectonic plates shift past each other horizontally ________________ directions at their boundary. b. One example of a strike slip fault near San Francisco is the _________________.

8. Earthquakes: a. Most earthquakes occur near plate _____________. b. _____________ keeps the plate edges from sliding smoothly past each other. c. The longer the plates remain stuck, the more strain builds and the more violent the snap and resulting _____________.

9. Volcanoes: a. Magma rises to the surface from inside the earth mainly at __________________ and _______________________. b. Around the rim of the Pacific Ocean, the 40,000 km long ________ of ________ is especially active.

10. Hot Spots: a. In a few places _________ melts through a tectonic plate. b. Each hot spot likely marks the top of a plume of _____________ rock that rises from deep in the earth.

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Discussion Questions: (italics are guiding ideas on a few random questions.)

Discussion questions can be used in a whole group setting, or selected questions may be assigned to table groups to answer and then shared with the class.

1. Does the location of earthquakes and volcanoes show a pattern? If so, what tectonic process may be responsible? (compression, extension, shearing)

2. Generally speaking, where are the oceanic ridges located with respect to the landmasses? (in the middle of the ocean: heavy thin crust sinks and water fills low areas.)

3. Where do you find the mountain ranges with respect to the oceanic ridges? Use examples. (the ocean-floor ranges are on the crest of the spreading ridges where heat provides the buoyant lift; they sink as they cool.)

4. Are there any places on Earth where the mid-oceanic ridges meet the continent?

5. What are seamounts?

6. Most of the Pacific Ocean is on what plate?

7. What is the compass orientation of the Hawaiian Islands and many of the other smaller ridges within the Pacific Ocean? Is this significant? (the islands are moving away from the hotspot in the direction the plate is traveling. Thus the line of the youngest islands is oriented west-northwest as they move towards Japan)

8. In what compass direction is the Pacific Plate moving? (see previous question)

9. Name the biggest and longest mountain range in the world. What is it? (Trick question. It is a mid-ocean ridge.)

10. Name an island chain that has been formed by a "hot spot". (see question 7 above.The Hawaiian Islands.)

11.What island in the North Atlantic Ocean is splitting apart? What is causing the split? (Iceland is a hotspot that is straddling the Mid-Atlantic spreading ridge. The spreading ridge is causing the split. If it were just a hotspot it would just build a big edifice.)

12. Where is magma rising to the surface and forming ocean crust? (At spreading ridges) Where is the oceanic crust sinking back into the mantle? (At subduction zones)

13. Some people have referred to the process in the above question as a cycle. Why would it be considered a cycle? (Rock is formed at the spreading ridge; gets destroyed at subduction zones. The subducted rock eventually gets absorbed into the mantle and gets caught in the very slow circulation of rock in the mantle which can melt as it rises to the top again.)

14. What are the attributes of a cycle? Can you describe another cycle that could compare with the example described above.

15. Why is it that the Pacific Ocean floor is no older than about 200 million years and yet the continents are much older? (The ocean floor is being created constantly. It is made of heavy rock that tends to subduct when it meets continental rock. The continents are made of older rock that is more buoyant .

16. The continental margins of the East and West Coast of the United States are very different. Describe the differences. Are there tectonic differences?

17. Where would you expect to find igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks?

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Teacher Answer Key

PLATE TECTONICS MAPPING ACTIVITY

1. Draw the symbol for each tectonic feature in the chart below

Divergent margins and spreading centers (draw in black)

Convergent margins - subduction zone (draw in blue)

Transform faults ? strike-slip faults

(draw in green)

Hot Spot

(draw in red)

2. Use the correct color of washable marker to locate each tectonic feature on the map.

a. Circle the name of the Divergent boundary systems

in black. (Ridges and Rises)

Number found __7_____

b. Circle the Convergent margins in blue. (students may circle individual trenches)

Number found __16 +__

c. Circle the Transform fault symbols (and their faults) in green.

Number found __10____

d. Circle the Hot Spots in red.

Number found __5____

3. What is the name of the small crustal plate off the Oregon coast that is subducting under the North American plate? __Juan de Fuca_________

4. Where are most of the earthquakes and volcanoes located? Check one: a. crustal plate margins __X__ b. interior of a crustal plate _____

Answer the following questions about Plate Tectonic Processes using the diagrams with the map.

5. Divergent margins and continental spreading centers:

a. New crust forms at plate margins as _magma___ rises creating ridges under oceans such as the _Mid-Atlantic Ridge__ and the __East Pacific Rise__.

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