The Blood - Noel Ways

The Blood

A generalized collection of handouts and illustrations

to accompany lecture

HYPOXIA

( - )

HOMEOSTASIS

By Noel Ways

Contents:

Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 -

Tital Contents Erythrocyte Metabolism Hematopoiesis Eythropoiesis Erythropoiesis Regulation CO2 Transport Heme Metabolism Iron Transport Lymphocyte Introduction Hemostasis

Page 2

Erythrocyte Metabolism: Glycolysis

ATP

During the ejection stage of erythropoiesis, the mito-

chondria are eliminated, and with them, the ability to do

ADP

cellular respiration (transition stage, kreb's cycle, and

electron transport chain).

Therefore, the only metabolic pathway remaining for ATP production is that which occurs in the cytoplasm: glycolysis. Although ATP production through glycolysis is modest, the net gain of two ATP per one glucose is adequate for the required metabolic activity of the erythrocyte.

Due to the absence of mitochondria, oxygen is not required nor can it be used. This is bene cial as the erythrocyte does not use its cargo: oxygen and can deliver the goods to the cells that do require oxygen.

In this case, in order for glycolysis to proceed anaerobically, NAD+ must continue to be available to pick up electrons and deposit them somewhere in order to keep this anaerobic pathway going. Therefore, NADH will be oxidized to NAD+ by reducing pyruvate to lactate.

ATP

ADP

P

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate

P

NAD+

NADH ADP

ATP

Erythrocyte metabolism is anaerobic. They do not use

the oxygen that they carry.

ADP

ATP Lactate

Page 3

Glucose

P

Glucose-6-Phosphate

P

Fructose-6-Phosphate

P

Fructose-1,6-Phosphate

P

3-Phosphoglyceraldehyde

P

2P 2P

P

1,3 Diphosphoglycerate

3-Phosphoglycerate

P

2

2-Phosphoglycerate

2

P

Phosphoenol pyruvate

2

Pyruvate

Hematopoiesis Flow Chart

Hemopoietic Stem Cells

Myloid Stem Cells

Lymphoid Stem Cells

Erythrocytes Thrombocytes

Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Monocytes

Gas Transport & Hemostasis

Nonspecific Host Immunity

Antibodies Plasma B Cells

Macrophages

Memory B Cells Helper T Cells Cytotoxic T Cells Regulator T Cells Memory T Cells

Specifc Host

Immunity

B Lymphocytes (Humeral Immunity)

T Lymphocytes (Cellular Immunity)

Conferance of Immunocompotence

in Bone Marrow

Conferance of Immunocompotence

in Thymus Gland

Page 4

Hemopoietic Stem Cells

Erythropoiesis

Multipotent

Myloid Stem Cells

Oligopotent

Lymphoid Stem Cells

Myloid Cell Lines (Basophils, eosinophils, etc.)

Lymphoid Cell Lines (B and T cells)

Hemopoietic (or Hematopoietic) Stem cells are Multipotent

Multipotent Stem Cells give rise to Many cell lines

Oligopotent Stem Cells give rise to a Few Cell lines

Unipotent Stem Cells give rise to only One Cell line.

Committed Cell - Cell is committed be di erentiating into an erythrocyte

Erythrocyte Development

Stage #1 - Ribosome Production (for protein synthesis, ie hemoglobin, enzyme systems, etc.)

Page 5

Stage #2 - Hemoglobin Synthesis (as well as other proteins) Hemoglobin accumulates in the cell.

Stage #3 - Ejection Stage (Nucleus, mitochondria are ejected)

Mature Erythrocyte - Ejection stage results to collapse of cell, taking on a Biconcave shape. This increases the surface area for gas di usion. Loss of Mitochondria results is loss of ability to do cellular respiration. Respiration is therefore anaerobic. RBC will not use it's cargo (oxygen)

Reference:

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