LABORATORY REPORT COVER PAGE



FINAL REPORT COVER PAGE

GROUP NUMBER_____T3_______

EXPERIMENT NUMBER__Final_______

TITLE_______Design A Freshman Physiology Lab Experiment on the Cardiovascular System__

DATE SUBMITTED___12-21-2001_______

ROLE ASSIGNMENTS

ROLE GROUP MEMBER

FACILITATOR……………………….._________Alan Doucette________

TIME & TASK KEEPER………………________Erica So_____________

SCRIBE………………………………..________Courtney Morgan______

PRESENTER………………………….________Naila Machado________

SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS

A freshman level physiology lab experiment was designed for the cardiovascular system. It was determined that for jumping jacks of 50 and 100, systolic pressure significantly increases, tCritical = 4.30. However, the amount 50, tStat = 4.58, should be ignored since it is close to being significantly the same and fitness levels differ among individuals. The larger amount, 100, has a tStat of 27.76. Changes were implemented throughout the design process to successfully achieve a working experiment. The challenge, time limit and educational goals were successfully met by a test group of two freshmen BE test subjects.

Objective

To develop a freshman physiology experiment relating to the cardiovascular system.

Specific Aims

1. Develop a two-hour lab procedure and a 30-minute write-up.

2. Relate physiology information to engineering concepts.

3. Introduce basic statistical analysis to analyze data.

Background

The cardiovascular system consists of a system of blood vessels, and the heart, which pumps the blood throughout the system. Blood pressure is a common physiological measurement performed on the cardiovascular system, and gives a measurement of the pressure in the blood vessels during the cardiac cycle. Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure in the arteries, and occurs when the blood is ejected from the ventricles into the arteries. Diastolic pressure is the minimum pressure in the arteries, and occurs when the heart is filling with blood, and results from the recoil of the elasticity of the blood vessels. The normal range for systolic pressure for a resting adult is 100-139mmHg, and the normal range for diastolic pressure for a resting adult is 60-89mmHg.

In this experiment, the freshmen will be measuring blood pressure by the auscultatory method which involves the use of a stethoscope or microphone and a sphygmomanometer. They will observe the sounds detected during blood pressure measurement, referred to as Korotkoff Sounds. The pressure cuff is inflated so that the sound of blood flowing through the arteries is no longer heard, which means that it is at a higher pressure than the pressure in the artery. It is slowly allowed to deflate. The first sound occurs when the systolic pressure is reached, and blood starts to flow through the artery again. When the sounds become muffled, the diastolic pressure has been reached.

Apparatus

BioPac Pro

Stethoscope

Stethosensor

Sphygmomanometer

Materials

4 Freshmen

1 Washable Marker

1 lab Stool Leg

Methods

It was decided that jumping jacks would be easier and more convenient for the freshmen to perform than running on a treadmill. Main reasons for this decision were that more subjects can do jumping jacks at once than run on a treadmill, and freshmen showed more interest in doing jumping jacks than running on a treadmill. The number of jumping jacks needed to obtain a significant difference in blood pressure needed to be determined. Amounts of 10, 20, 50 and 100 were tested. Three trials were performed at each level. Only systolic pressure was used in determination of significant difference.

Once it was determined that 100 jumping jacks were ideal, the freshmen lab procedure was designed. Background that was deemed important and relevant to the lab was included as an introduction, and a procedure was written. A question sheet, and an excel worksheet were prepared for the freshmen to analyze their results. The procedure was tested by lab members to ensure it could be finished within the time limit. Freshmen were contacted from members of the Society of Bioengineering, and the BE 100 class to serve as subjects in the lab for the next week.

The freshmen lab procedure was finalized, and two freshmen came into the lab to test our procedure. Group members acted as mentors to the freshmen and took notes as to what changes needed to be made to the procedure. A discussion with the freshmen regarding what confused them, and what was too easy, and general changes that they thought would help the procedure followed their experiment. Changes were implemented, and shown to the freshmen again to get feedback.

Results

The objective of this project was to develop a freshmen physiology lab experiment relating to the Cardiovascular system that teaches the freshmen knowledge of the cardiovascular system, and most importantly, that can introduce to them valuable engineering concepts. These engineering lab concepts would include the idea of calibration of apparatus, and usage of statistical analysis. In order to achieve this objective, we decided to set up a challenge for the freshmen to prove that their blood pressures would increase significantly after doing jumping jacks. The freshmen lab was designed based on this challenge.

Jumping jacks were chosen over running on treadmill due to several reasons. One reason is that since the area available in the lab is limited, it would be impossible to set up enough treadmills for all the freshmen groups. Another reason is that when the student is doing jumping jacks, he/she can stop immediately whenever he/she feels that his/her body cannot withstand the workload anymore, thus reducing the health hazards. On the other hand, if the student has to run on a treadmill, it may be dangerous for him/her to stop instantaneously while the machine is still running. Also, the freshmen we interviewed during the freshmen test drive showed more interested in doing jumping jacks than running on a treadmill.

The number of jumping jacks required to raise the blood pressure significantly was determined by measuring the systolic pressure before and after doing different amount of jumping jacks. Four levels were tested, which are 10, 20, 50 and 100 jumping jacks. We did not consider the amount over 100 because it would be too time-consuming as they will only have 2 hours to do the experiment. Plus, too many jumping jacks may be too harsh for the physical conditions of some of the students. Three trials were performed at each of these levels, and systolic pressure before and after exercising were recorded for each trial (Table 1).

|  |100 |  |50 |  |20 |  |10 |  |

|Trials |Resting |After jumping|Resting |After jumping|Resting |After jumping|Resting |After jumping|

|1 |110 |150 |112 |130 |112 |117 |107 |112 |

|2 |109 |152 |108 |123 |108 |113 |109 |111 |

|3 |110 |148 |110 |140 |109 |119 |111 |113 |

Table 1. Measurements of systolic pressures before and after performing jumping jacks at the levels of 10, 20, 50, and 100.

|10 Jumping Jacks |  |  |

|t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means | |  |

|  |Variable 1 |Variable 2 |

|Mean |109 |112 |

|Variance |4 |1 |

|Observations |3 |3 |

|Pearson Correlation |0.5 |  |

|Hypothesized Mean Difference |0 |  |

|df |2 |  |

|t Stat |-3 |  |

|P(T ................
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