ILSPET Written Test Review Packet - Mr. Paulson



Human Body Systems Packet

Living Environment

Name____________________

Date _________________

Digestive System

[pic]

HW: HBS Questions ________________

Due: _____________________________

Words you should know:

Homeostasis, disease, digest, synthesize, benedicts solution, lugol’s iodine, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, monosaccharide (simple sugar), polysaccharide (complex sugar), amino acid, macromolecules, starch, glucose, organic, digestive system, enzyme, optimum temperature, optimum pH, respiratory system, alveoli, capillaries, 02, CO2, circulatory system, transport, red blood cell, hormone, gland, target cell, feedback mechanism, insulin, nervous system, response, excretory system, locomotive system, immune system, allergies, AIDS, vaccination, white blood cells, pathogen, transplant, cell receptor, antibody,

Human Body Systems Review Sheet

Below is a summary of the human organ systems we have studied. You may also want to review any labs, projects, or class work associated with each of the systems.

|System |Diagram |Function |Organs/Parts |

| |[pic] | | |

| | | |Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small |

| | |To break down the food we eat into small enough |intestine, large intestine, rectum, |

|Digestive | |pieces so that they can fit into our cells |anus, gall bladder, liver, pancreas |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| |[pic] | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

|Respiratory | |To bring in oxygen and release carbon dioxide |Mouth, nose, trachea, lungs |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| |[pic] | | |

| | | | |

| | |To transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and|Heart, veins, arteries, white blood |

|Circulatory | |waste throughout the body to appropriate |cells, red blood cells, platelets |

| | |destinations | |

| | | | |

| |[pic] | | |

| | | | |

| | |Provides support and structure to the body; |Bones |

|Skeletal | |protects organs and stores calcium | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| |[pic] | | |

| | | | |

| | |To control the bodies responses to stimuli and |Brain, spinal cord, nerves, 5 senses|

|Nervous | |coordinate the other systems | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

|System |Diagram |Function |Organs/Parts |

| |[pic] | | |

| | | | |

| | |Regulates body activities by making chemical |Glands (testes, ovaries, |

|Endocrine | |messengers called hormones (long term like growing |parathyroid, etc.) and hormones |

| | |or secondary sex characteristics) | |

| | | | |

| |[pic] | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

|Muscular | |Moves the body or moves material within the body |Muscles |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| |[pic] | | |

| |*also includes liver, skin, and | | |

| |lungs | | |

|Excretory | |Rids the body of waste products from chemical |Liver, kidneys, bladder, skin, lungs|

| | |reactions and excess heat | |

| | | | |

| |[pic] | | |

| | | | |

| | |Protects the body from foreign invaders which could|White blood cells, also (skin, |

|Immune | |cause disease |stomach acid, and mucus membranes) |

| | | | |

| | | | |

Cellular Respiration:

• The way our cells get energy from the food we eat

• The formula for cellular respiration is:

sugar +oxygen (O2) ( carbon dioxide (CO2)+ water (H2O) + energy (ATP)

• A trick to remember the formula is to compare it to burning a candle

Nutrients:

• A balanced diet includes a mixture of nutrients (fat, protein, and carbohydrates)

• Fat: used for energy storage and insulation; found in oil, butter, chocolate, chips; Use the brown bag test

• Protein: used for building blocks of body materials (muscle, skin, hair); found in chicken, milk, eggs, butter; indicator = biuret solution (blue but turns purple in contact with protein)

• Carbohydrates: used as the bodies energy source; found in spaghetti, bread, candy

o Mono (simple sugar): glucose, use benedicts for indicator *(blue turns orange)

o Poly (complex sugar): starch, use lugol’s iodine for indicator *(brown turns black)

Human Body Systems Questions

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The digestive system breaks food down so that it is small enough to enter cells!

29. Which phrase does not describe a way the human body responds to fight disease?

a. Destruction of infectious agents by white blood cells

b. Production of antibodies by white blood cells

c. Increased production of white blood cells

d. Production of pathogens by white blood cells.

60. The diagram below shows the interaction between blood sugar levels and pancreatic activity.

[pic]

This process is an example of

a. A feedback mechanism maintaining homeostasis

b. An immune system responding to prevent disease

c. The digestion of sugar by insulin

d. The hormonal regulation of gamete production

59. The pancreas produces one hormone that lowers blood sugar level and another that increases blood sugar level. The interaction of these two hormones most directly helps humans to

a. Maintain a balanced internal environment

b. Digest needed substances for other boy organs

c. Dispose of wastes formed in other body organs

d. Increase the rate of cellular communication

58. The most immediate response to high level of blood sugar in a human is an increase in the

a. Muscle activity in the arms

b. Blood flow to the digestive tract

c. Activity of all cell organelles

d. Release of insulin

56. During a long-distance run on a hot day, an athlete produces large quantities of sweat. As a result, the kidneys change the rate of urine production. Why is this change important?

a. Decreased urine production increases the amino acids in the blood

b. Increased urine production removes amino acids produced as a result of running

c. Decreased urine production allows the body to conserve water

d. Increased urine production allows more water to remain in the bloodstream

57. Which statement describes a feedback mechanism involving the human pancreas?

a. The production of estrogen stimulates the formation of gametes for sexual reproduction

b. The level of oxygen in the blood is related to heart rate

c. The level of sugar in the blood is affected by the amount of insulin in the blood

d. The production of urine allows for excretion of cell waste

54. Feedback mechanisms are best described as processes that help.

a. Reduce hormone levels to below normal in the blood

b. Destroy hormones in the blood

c. Directly control muscle contraction in the leg

d. Keep body conditions near a normal, steady state

55. The diagram below represents the actions of two hormones in the human body.

[pic]

This diagram best illustrates

a. Recombination

b. Feedback

c. Insertion

d. Deletion

53. Organisms undergo constant chemical changes as they maintain an internal balance known as

a. Interdependence

b. Homeostasis

c. Synthesis

d. Recombination

47. Which situation is not an example of the maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in an organism?

a. Guard cells contribute to the regulation of water content in a geranium plant

b. Water passes into an animal cell causing it to swell

e. The release of insulin lowers the blood sugar level in a human after eating a big meal.

f. A runner perspires while running a race on a hot summer day.

48. The normal sodium level in human blood is 135 mEq/L. If blood test taken immediately after a meal reveals a sodium level of 150 mEq/L, what will most likely result.

a. Antibody production will increase

b. The person will move to an ecosystem with a lower sodium level

c. The nutritional relationships between humans and other organisms will change.

d. An adjustment within the human body will be made to restore homeostasis

52. Which graph of blood sugar level over a 12-hour period best illustrates the concept of dynamic equilibrium in the body?

[pic]

Base your answers to questions 49 through 51 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

Children must be vaccinated against certain diseases before they can enter school. Some parents feel that vaccinations are dangerous.

49. Explain to these parents what a vaccine is and what it does in the body. (1)

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50. State one way a child could develop an immunity to a certain disease without being vaccinated. (1) ______________________________________________________

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51. Identify one part of a research plan that must be followed when developing a new vaccine. (1) ________________________________________________________

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Base your answers to questions 25 and 26 on the diagram below which illustrates a role of hormones.

[pic]

25. Letter B indicates

a. Ribosomes c. tissues

b. Receptor molecules d. inorganic substances

26. Explain why cell A is a non-target cell for the hormone illustrated in the diagram. (1)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

24. A characteristic shared by all enzymes, hormones, and antibodies is that their function is determined by the

a. Shape of their molecules

b. DNA they contain

c. Inorganic molecules they contain

d. Organelles present in their structure

23. Which characteristic allows enzymes to function in a specific way?

a. Enzymes are complex compounds composed of starch

b. Each enzyme has a characteristic shape

c. Enzymes are long, complex fats

d. Each enzyme is made up of four subunits

Base your answers to questions 21 and 22 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

A student completed a series of experiments and found that a protein-digesting enzyme (intestinal protease) functions best when the pH is 8.0 and the temperature is 370C. During an experiment, the student used some of the procedures listed below.

Procedures

A) Adding more protease

B) Adding more protein

C) Decreasing the pH to 6.0

D) Increasing the temperature to 450C

E) Decreasing the amount of light

21. Which procedure would have the least effect on the rate of protein digestion?

a. A c. C

b. E d. D

22. Which two procedures would most likely cause a decrease in the rate of protein digestion?

a. A and D c. C and D

b. B and C d. A and E

20. The diagram below shows a biological process.

[pic]

Explain why the hormones attach to the target cell and not to other cells in the diagram. (1)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

46. When HIV, which causes AIDS, invades the body of a person, that person often develops diseases. These diseases are caused by organisms that usually do not harm people who are not infected with HIV. Explain why the organisms are more harmful to people with HIV than to people without HIV.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

43. Which disease damages the human immune system, leaving the body open to certain infectious agents?

a. Flu c. Chicken Pox

b. AIDS d. Pneumonia

45. People with AIDS are unable to fight multiple infections because the virus that causes AIDS

a. Weakens their immune systems

b. Produces antibodies in their blood

c. Attacks muscle tissue

d. Kills pathogens

42. In some individuals, the immune system attacks substances such as grass pollen that are usually harmless, resulting in

a. An allergic reaction

b. A form of cancer

c. An insulin in-balance

d. A mutation

37. Blood can be tested to determine the presence of the virus associated with the development of AIDS. This blood test is used directly for

a. Cure c. Diagnosis

b. Treatment d. Prevention

44. Allergic reactions are most closely associated with

a. The action of circulating hormones

b. A low blood sugar level

c. Immune responses to usually harmless substances

d. The shape of red blood cells

38. Which activity is not a response of human white blood cells to pathogens?

a. Engulfing and destroying bacteria

b. Producing antibodies

c. Identifying invaders for destruction

d. Removing carbon dioxide

40. What usually results when an organism fails to maintain homeostasis?

a. Growth rates within organs become equal

b. The organism becomes ill or may die

c. A constant sugar supply for the cells is produced.

d. The water balance n the tissues of the organism stablizes

41. The data in the graph below show evidence of disease in the human body.

[pic]

A disruption in dynamic equilibrium is indicated by the temperature change between points.

a. A and B c. C and D

b. B and C d. E and F

39. Which activity would stimulate the human immune system to provide protection against an invasion by a microbe?

a. Receiving antibiotic injections after surgery

b. Choosing a well-balanced diet and following it throughout life

c. Being vaccinated against chicken pox

d. Receiving hormones contained in mother’s milk while nursing.

36. The use of a vaccine to stimulate the immune system to act against a specific pathogen is valuable in maintaining homeostasis because

a. Once the body produces chemicals to combat one type of virus, it can more easily make antibiotics

b. The body can digest the weakened microbes and use them as food

c. The body will be able to fight invasions by the same type of microbe in the future.

d. The more the immune system is challenged the better it performs

34. The presence of parasites in an animal will usually result in

a. An increase in meiotic activity within structures of the host

b. The inability of the host to maintain homeostasis

c. The death of the host organism within twenty-four hours

d. An increase in genetic mutation rate in the host organism

33. Which substances may form in the human body due to invaders entering the blood?

a. Nutrients

b. Vaccines

c. Antibodies

d. Red blood cells

35. Which statement does not identify a characteristics of antibodies?

a. They are produced by the body in response to the presence of foreign substances

b. They may be produced in response to an antigen

c. They are non-specific, acting against any foreign substance in the body

d. They may be produced by white blood cells.

31. Certain microbes, foreign tissues, and some cancerous cells can cause immune responses in the human body because all three contain

a. Antigens

b. Enzymes

c. Fats

d. Cytoplasm

28. Which statement best describes an immune response?

a. It always produces antibiotics

b. It usually involves the recognition and destruction of pathogens

c. It stimulates asexual reproduction and resistance in pathogens

d. It releases red blood cells that destroy parasites

30. Microbes that enter the body, causing disease are known as

a. Pathogens

b. Antibodies

c. Enzymes

d. hosts

32. Systems in the human body interact to maintain homeostasis. Four of these systems are listed below.

Body Systems

Circulatory

Digestive

Respiratory

Excretory

a. Select two of the systems listed. Identify each system selected and state its function in helping to maintain homeostasis in the body. (2)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. Explain how a malfunction of one of the four systems listed disrupts homeostasis and how that malfunction could be prevented or treated. In your answer be sure to:

• Name the system and state one possible malfunction of that system (1)

• Explain how the malfunction disrupts homeostasis (1)

• Describe one way the malfunction could be prevented or treated (1)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

27. If a human system fails to function properly what is the most likely result?

e. A stable rate of metabolism

f. A disturbance in homeostasis

g. A change in the method of cellular respiration

h. A change in the function of DNA

19. The diagram below illustrates a biochemical process that occurs in organisms.

[pic]

The substance labeled “catalyst” is also known as

a. a hormone c. an antibody

b. an enzyme d. an inorganic compound

18. Enzymes have an optimum temperature at which they work best. Temperature above and below this optimum will decrease enzyme activity. Which graph best illustrates the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

[pic]

11. What occurs during the digestion of proteins?

c. Specific enzymes break down proteins into amino acids

d. Specific hormones break down proteins into simple sugars

e. Specific hormones break down proteins into complex starches

f. Specific enzymes break down proteins into simple sugars.

Base your answers to questions 12 and 13 on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology.

[pic]

12. Pepsin works best in which type of environment?

a. Acidic, only

b. Basic, only

c. Neutral

d. Sometimes acidic, sometimes basic

13. Neither enzyme works at a pH of

a. 1

b. 5

c. 3

d. 13

10. Which statement best describes all enzymes?

a. They control the transport of materials

b. They provide energy for chemical reactions

c. They affect the rate of chemical reactions

d. They absorb oxygen from the environment.

17. The diagrams below represent some of the systems that make up the human body.

[pic]

Select one of the pairs of systems and write its number below. For the pair selected, identify each system and state one function of that system. Explain how the two systems work together to help maintain homeostasis in an individual. (3)

Pair ____________

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_______________________________________________________________

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16. Humans require multiple systems for various life functions. Two vital systems are the circulatory system and the respiratory system. Select one of these systems, write its name in the chart below, then identify two structures that are part of that system, and state how each structure you identified functions as part of the system. (2)

|Structure: |

|Structure |Function |

|(1) | |

|(2) | |

6. The diagram below represents one metabolic activity of a human.

[pic]

Letters A and B are best represented by which row in the chart?

|Row |Metabolic Activity A |B |

|(1) |Respiration |Oxygen molecules |

|(2) |Reproduction |Hormone molecules |

|(3) |Excretion |Simple sugar molecules |

|(4) |Digestion |Amino acid molecules |

Base your answers to questions 14 and 15 on the diagram of the human blood below that helps to maintain homeostasis in humans.

[pic]

14. Identify the cell labeled X. (1)

___________________________

15. State one way a cell such as cell X helps to maintain homeostasis. (1)

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Base your answers to questions 8 and 9 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology:

Cell communication involves a cell detecting and responding to signals from other cells. Receptor molecules play an important role in these reactions. Human cells have insulin receptors that are needed for the movement of glucose out of the blood.

8. State one way that the shape of the insulin receptor is related to its role in cell communication. (1)

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9. A typical human liver cell can have over 90,000 insulin receptors. If a genetic error occurred, resulting in each liver cell in a person having only 1,000 insulin receptors, what specific effect would this have on the liver cells? (1)

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7. All living things carry out a variety of life functions such as coordination, excretion, digestion, circulation, and synthesis. Select two of the life functions listed. Define the two life functions you selected and explain how they interact to keep an organism alive. (4)

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5. Two types of human cells are shown in the diagram below.

[pic]

Cell A causes the cells at B to contract. This activity would be most useful for

a. lifting a book from a bookshelf

b. coordinating the functions of organelles

c. digesting food in the small intestine

d. carrying out the process of protein synthesis

3. Which statement describing the cells in a body system is correct?

a. Each cell in the system is identical to the other cells in the system, and each cell works independently of the other cells

b. Some cells in the system may be different from the other cells in the system, but all cells are coordinated and work together

c. Each cell in the system is different from the other cells in the system, and each cell works independently of the other cells.

d. All cells in the system are identical to each other and work together.

2. Which sequence of terms in the correct order from simplest to most complex?

a. Cells(tissues(organs( organ systems

b. issues( organisms(cells( organ system

c. Cells(tissues(organ systems(organs

d. Organs(organisms(organ systems( cells

4. To communicate between cells, many multi-cellular animals use

a. Nerve signals and respiratory gases

b. Respiratory gases and hormones

c. Bones and muscles

d. Nerve signals and hormones

1. Both a deer and a tree react to changes in their external surroundings, helping them to maintain a constant internal environment. This statement describes.

a. Predation

b. Homeostasis

c. Antibiotic resistance

d. Autotrophic nutrition

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