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Name TEACHER COPY Period _______ Date ______________Forensic ScienceChapter 8 – Blood and Blood SpatterDirections: Fill in the information from the Classroom Chart or the Online Chart.Forensic Science Standard and element: SFS3. Students will analyze the use of toxicology, serology, and DNA technology in forensic investigations. Differentiate the forensic techniques used to distinguish human and animal blood.Analyze the physics of blood stain patterns. Put chart in Science Notebook behind the Charts sectionafter it has been checked.____yes____noAll parts were accurate and complete with no abbreviations.____yes____noHandwriting was neat.____yes____noInformation was dark enough to be easily read, and chart was neat.____yes____no(Part of Notebook Grade)INTRODUCTION AND HISTORYBlood typing provides class evidence DNA profiling provides individual evidence A blood splatter pattern provides information the truthfulness of an account by a witness or a suspectthe origin of the bloodthe angle and velocity of impact the type of weapon usedDiscovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian Biologist and physician who identified and characterized different blood typesIdentifies the presence or absence of particular proteins embedded in the cellQuicker and less expensive than DNA profilingProduces class evidence but can still link a suspect to a crime scene or exclude a suspect WHAT MAKES UP OUR BLOOD?RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells and transports carbon dioxide to the lungs for us to exhale.WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens. PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection. PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood and they repair damaged blood vessels.ANTIBODIES, ANTIGENS AND ENZYMESAntibodies are Y-shaped proteins secreted by white blood cells that attach toantigens to destroy them.Antigens are foreign molecules or cells that react to antibodies.Enzymes are complex proteins that catalyze different biochemical reactionsMany enzymes and proteins have been found in the blood that are important for identification purposes COMPOSITION OF THE BLOODBLOOD FACTSThe average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight. (FIVE LITERS IS ABOUT 1.32 GALLONS)Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy. There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell. GENETICS OF BLOOD TYPEYour blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents. You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER.These genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells. BLOOD TYPES AND POPULATIONO positive is the most common blood type. Not all ethnic groups have the same mix of these blood types. Hispanic people, for example, have a relatively high number of O’s, while Asian people have a relatively high number of B’s. The mix of the different blood types in the U.S. population is below on the chart.?CaucasiansAfrican AmericanHispanicAsianO +37%47%53%39%O -8%4%4%1%A +33%24%29%27%A -7%2%2%0.5%B +9%18%9%25%B -2%1%1%0.4%AB +3%4%2%7%AB -1%0.3%0.2%0.1%WHAT ARE BLOOD TYPES and HOW COMMON ARE BLOOD TYPES?There are 3 alleles or genes for blood type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes, there are 6 possible combinations.AA or AO = Type ABB or BO = Type BOO = Type OAB = Type ABBlood Typing—Proteins42%12% 3% 43% of the population in the United States WHY ARE BLOOD TYPES POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE (Rh FACTORS)While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein. The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor. If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). 85% of the population has a protein called RH factor on their blood cells.BLOOD TRANSFUSIONSA blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an illness. Who can give you blood?People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type.People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type.Rh + Can receive + or - Rh - Can only receive -BLOOD EVIDENCEBlood samples – Can be analyzed to determine blood type and DNA, which can be matched to possible suspects.Blood droplets – Can be analyzed to give clues to the location of a crime, movement of a victim, and type of weapon.Blood spatter – Can be analyzed to determine patterns that give investigators clues to how a crime might have happened.Analysis of a splatter pattern can aid in determining the: direction blood traveledangle of impactpoint of origin of the bloodvelocity of the blood manner of deathBlood Spatter Analysis Satellite droplets—When blood falls from a height, or at a high velocity,It overcomes its natural cohesiveness, and Separates from the main dropletSpiking patterns—Form around the droplet edges when blood falls onto a less-than-smooth surfaceDirectionality – The shape of an individual drop of blood provides clues to the direction from where the blood originated.Lines of convergence – Two or more blood spatters can pinpoint the location of the blood sourceBLOOD SPATTER ANALYSIS PATTERNSPassive drops Arterial gushes Splashes Smears Trails Pools Patterns can help investigators determine the type of weapon usedWhat kind of a pattern is produced by a gun shot? What kind of a pattern is produced by a hammer blow? ................
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