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Advanced Animal Science

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Fish Unit

Handouts

Biology of Fishes – External

Body Shape – pages 152-153

• The ________________________ of a fish is directly related to its __________________.

• Use Figure 8.9 to complete the chart

|Lifestyle |Body Shape |Picture |Example |

|Fast Swimmers | | | |

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|Bottom Dwellers | | | |

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|Live within vegetation or rocks | | | |

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|Slow moving | | | |

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• How is body shape useful in camouflage?

o _____________________________________________________________________________________

o _____________________________________________________________________________________

o _____________________________________________________________________________________

Coloration – pages 153-154

• What are the color cells that fish use? (List and describe)

o _____________________________________________________________________________________

o _____________________________________________________________________________________

o _____________________________________________________________________________________

• Complete the Color Usage Chart

|Color Usage |Description |Example |

|Warning Coloration | | |

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|Cryptic Coloration | | |

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|Disruptive Coloration | | |

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|Countershading | | |

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|Scales - Fish Scales Tell the Age of a Fish |[pic] |

|Look at the image of the fish scale, like a tree, scales show rings that indicate periods of | |

|growth. Rings that are farther apart occur when the fish grows well and there is lots of food - in | |

|the summer season. Rings that are close together occur when the fish does not get much food and | |

|grows slowly. On the scale you can identify the summer growth and the winter growth. (There will be| |

|several rings in each). | |

|The core represents the fish when it was first born, as a fry. The rings near the edge are the most| |

|recent periods of growth. | |

|Color the summer growth periods green. | |

|Color the winter growth periods blue. | |

|How old is this fish (in years)? _____________________ | |

Locomotion – pages 154-155 and handout

• Fish swim to ________________________, ______________________________________, and __________________________. Many cartilaginous and some bony fishes must also swim to ___________________________________ with water to obtain _________________.

• Fishes usually swim with _____________________________________ of the ___________and _____________.

• Sketch an example of a fish. Label the parts used for locomotion and describe their function during movement.

Feeding – pages 155-156

• Describe how filter feeders eat.

• The shape of the mouth of bony fishes tells much about their diets. Use Figure 8.13 to complete the chart.

|Illustration/Description |Example |Diet |

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Behavior – page 161

• Nearly all aspects of the lives of fishes involve complex behavior to adapt to __________ and _______________, to find __________________ and ________________, and ____________________________.

Behavior – Territoriality – page 161

• Define territories and describe what they are used for.

• Fishes use a variety of aggressive behaviors because actual fighting is rare.

o Bluffing - _____________________________________________________________________________

o Sound production - _____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Behavior – Schooling – pages 161 – 162

• Many fishes form well-defined groups, or _______________________. Some school throughout their lives while others are part-time schoolers usually as ________________ or during ________________.

• Why do fishes school?

o _____________________________________________________________________________________

o _____________________________________________________________________________________

o _____________________________________________________________________________________

o _____________________________________________________________________________________

Behavior – Migration – pages 162 – 164

• Define migration and what is the main reason for it?

• Define the following terms and give an example of each

o Anadromous – _________________________________________________________________________

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o Catadromous –________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

One-sentence Summary – Review charts and your notes from today and answer the questions in 1 sentence.

• How is a fish’s body shape related to its lifestyle?

• How do fish use coloration?

• What can be used to determine the age of a fish?

• What body parts are used for movement in fish?

• How is mouth shape related to the diet of fish?

• How do fish defend their territories?

• Why do fish school?

• What is the reason for migration?

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Fish Anatomy

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Label the parts of the fish and describe their function.

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

H.

Name_____________________________________________ Date ______________ Period_________

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Use the handouts to reference the anatomy of the fish. Find each of the organs below and color code them to the fish according to the key below. Be able to identify and define these parts for the dissection quizzes.

|Caudal Fin (blue)[pic] |Gills (red)[pic] |Muscles (red)[pic] |

|Anal Fin (pink)[pic] |Heart (pink)[pic] |Vertebrae (yellow)[pic] |

|Dorsal Fin (yellow)[pic] |Stomach (green)[pic] |Swim Bladder (blue)[pic] |

|Pelvic Fin (green)[pic] |Esophagus (yellow)[pic] |Kidney (green)[pic] |

|Pectoral Fin (orange)[pic] |Liver (brown)[pic] |Scales (purple)[pic] |

|Operculum (brown)[pic] |Intestine (blue)[pic] |  |

|Lateral Line System (black)[pic] |Reproductive Organs (orange)[pic] |  |

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Use your text to answer the following questions.

Locomotion:

1. Describe the function of each fin.

a. Dorsal –

b. Caudal –

c. Anal –

d. Pelvic –

e. Pectoral –

2. What organ helps buoyancy in bony fish?

Digestive System:

3. List and define the organs that make up the digestive system following the path that food takes.

a. Mouth –

b. Phyarynx –

c. _________________ -

d. _________________ -

e. Pyloric caeca -

f. _________________ -

g. _________________ -

h. Anus or _________________ -

Circulatory System:

4. How many chambers does a fish heart contain? What is the function of each part?

5. What is deoxygenated blood? What transports it?

6. What is oxygenated blood? What transports it?

7. Where does deoxygenated blood turn into oxygenated blood?

Respiratory System:

8. What covers the gills?

9. How is a bony fish able to suck in water (what happens to its organs)?

10. Define the parts of a gill.

a. Gill arch –

b. Gill filament –

c. Lamellae –

11. What process allows for gas exchange in fishes? Describe how this process works.

Regulation of Internal Environment:

12. What does osmosis cause in marine fishes?

13. How do marine bony fish osmoregulate?

14. How do kidneys help fishes?

Nervous System and Sensory Organs:

15. Describe the sense organs of bony fishes.

a. Smell –

b. Sight –

c. Hearing –

16. What is the function of the lateral line and how does it work?

Sight in Fish

While water is a better medium for the transmission of sound than air it is a much worse medium for the transmission of light. Basically water absorbs light. This means that the further a ray of light travels through water the weaker, or more attenuated it becomes.

While we who live in the air can often see for several kilometers, sometimes even more than 20 km, a fish is lucky if it can see for 50 meters and generally it can see for far less than this. In muddy, algified or turbulent water visibility can often be measured in mere centimeters. Furthermore, because water absorbs light, the amount of light available for fish vision steadily decreases the deeper you go. At depths of between 150 and 750 meters even the clearest water becomes a twilight zone, and below 1,000 meters you are in the realm of constant night. Nevertheless many fish some, or all of, their lives at much greater depths than this.

As you know visible light is composed of a range of wavelengths, with violet being the shortest and red being the longest. Water absorbs the red end of the spectrum more easily than the blue end, at a depth of only 1 meter 25% of the red light entering the water has already been absorbed. What this means in practice is that the deeper you go the less color you can see, and below 100 meters there is no real color vision at all.

For sharks and Rays this is not a problem as they do not have color vision anyway. The eyes of shallow water species are adapted to have a maximum sensitivity to light of around 500 nanometers, and the eyes of those species that live in deeper waters are adapted to 475-480 nanometers. Most bony fish however have color vision..

It should be no surprise then that sight is often far less important to many fish, as a means of perceiving the world around them, than sound, touch, taste (chemistry) and the lateral line system.

Despite all this most fish have good eyes, the exception to this rule being the Hagfish in whom the eyes are vestigial. The eyes of fish are in fact very similar to our own and those of other vertebrates. The main differences being: 1) They have no lachrymal glands (tear ducts), living in water which is constantly washing their eyes they have no need of them; 2) They have no eyelids, although some species do have extensions of the skin that cover part of the eye, and some sharks have a nictitating membrane which can be pulled down over the eye. Scientists believe that this is mostly to protect the eye during feeding.

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Researchers solve mystery of deep-sea fish with tubular eyes and transparent head

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|The barreleye (Macropinna microstoma) has extremely light-sensitive eyes that |

|can rotate within a transparent, fluid-filled shield on its head. The fish's |

|tubular eyes are capped by bright green lenses. The eyes point upward (as shown|

|here) when the fish is looking for food overhead. They point forward when the |

|fish is feeding. The two spots above the fish's mouth are are olfactory organs |

|called nares, which are analogous to human nostrils. Image: © 2004 MBARI |

Researchers at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute recently solved the half-century-old mystery of a fish with tubular eyes and a transparent head. Ever since the "barreleye" fish Macropinna microstoma was first described in 1939, marine biologists have known that it's tubular eyes are very good at collecting light. However, the eyes were believed to be fixed in place and seemed to provide only a "tunnel-vision" view of whatever was directly above the fish's head. A new paper by Bruce Robison and Kim Reisenbichler shows that these unusual eyes can rotate within a transparent shield that covers the fish's head. This allows the barreleye to peer up at potential prey or focus forward to see what it is eating.

Deep-sea fish have adapted to their pitch-black environment in a variety of amazing ways. Several species of deep-water fishes in the family Opisthoproctidae are called "barreleyes" because their eyes are tubular in shape. Barreleyes typically live near the depth where sunlight from the surface fades to complete blackness. They use their ultra-sensitive tubular eyes to search for the faint silhouettes of prey overhead.

Although such tubular eyes are very good at collecting light, they have a very narrow field of view. Furthermore, until now, most marine biologists believed that barreleye's eyes were fixed in their heads, which would allow them to only look upward. This would make it impossible for the fishes to see what was directly in front of them, and very difficult for them to capture prey with their small, pointed mouths.

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|In this image, you can see that, although the barreleye is facing downward, its|

|eyes are still looking straight up. This close-up "frame grab" from video shows|

|a barreleye that is about 140 mm (six inches) long. Image: © 2004 MBARI |

Robison and Reisenbichler used video from MBARI's remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) to study barreleyes in the deep waters just offshore of Central California. At depths of 600 to 800 meters (2,000 to 2,600 feet) below the surface, the ROV cameras typically showed these fish hanging motionless in the water, their eyes glowing a vivid green in the ROV's bright lights. The ROV video also revealed a previously undescribed feature of these fish--its eyes are surrounded by a transparent, fluid-filled shield that covers the top of the fish's head.

Most existing descriptions and illustrations of this fish do not show its fluid-filled shield, probably because this fragile structure was destroyed when the fish were brought up from the deep in nets. However, Robison and Reisenbichler were extremely fortunate--they were able to bring a net-caught barreleye to the surface alive, where it survived for several hours in a ship-board aquarium. Within this controlled environment, the researchers were able to confirm what they had seen in the ROV video--the fish rotated its tubular eyes as it turned its body from a horizontal to a vertical position.

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|This face-on view of a barreleye shows it's transparent shield |

|lit up by the lights of MBARI's remotely operated |

|vehicle Tiburon. As in the other photos, the two spots above |

|the fish's mouth are are olfactory organs called nares, which |

|are analogous to human nostrils. |

|Image: © 2006 MBARI |

In addition to their amazing "headgear," barreleyes have a variety of other interesting adaptations to deep-sea life. Their large, flat fins allow them to remain nearly motionless in the water, and to maneuver very precisely (much like MBARI's ROVs). Their small mouths suggest that they can be very precise and selective in capturing small prey. On the other hand, their digestive systems are very large, which suggests that they can eat a variety of small drifting animals as well as jellies. In fact, the stomachs of the two net-caught fish contained fragments of jellies.

After documenting and studying the barreleye's unique adaptations, Robison and Reisenbichler developed a working hypothesis about how this animal makes a living. Most of the time, the fish hangs motionless in the water, with its body in a horizontal position and its eyes looking upward. The green pigments in its eyes may filter out sunlight coming directly from the sea surface, helping the barreleye spot the bioluminescent glow of jellies or other animals directly overhead. When it spots prey (such as a drifting jelly), the fish rotates its eyes forward and swims upward, in feeding mode.

Barreleyes share their deep-sea environment with many different types of jellies. Some of the most common are siphonophores (colonial jellies) in the genus Apolemia. These siphonophores grow to over 10 meters (33 feet) long. Like living drift nets, they trail thousands of stinging tentacles, which capture copepods and other small animals. The researchers speculate that barreleyes may maneuver carefully among the siphonophore's tentacles, picking off the captured organisms. The fish's eyes would rotate to help the fish keep its "eyes on the prize," while its transparent shield would protect the fish's eyes from the siphonophore's stinging cells.

|[pic] |MBARI researchers speculate that Macropinna microstoma may eat animals |

| |that have been captured in the tentacles of jellies, such as this |

| |siphonophore in the genus Apolemia. The "head" of the siphonophore (at |

| |right) pulls the animal through the water, its stinging tentacles |

| |streaming out like a living drift net.  |

| |Image: © 2001 MBARI |

Swordfish heat their eyes for better vision

Warm eyeballs allow them to see prey faster in the murky depths.

Michael Hopkin

Zoologists have answered the intriguing question of why swordfish keep their eyes warm while the rest of the body remains resolutely cold-blooded: it's all the better to see their prey with.

Heat-assisted eyes work more than ten times faster than those cooled to the coldest deep-sea temperatures of around 3 ºC, report Kerstin Fritsches of the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia, and her colleagues. This increased 'temporal resolution' helps swordfish to catch dinner in the inky depths.

Researchers already knew that swordfish (Xiphias gladius) can selectively warm their eyes and brains. The fish have a specially adapted heating organ in the muscle next to their tennis-ball-sized eyes, which can raise temperatures in the surrounding tissue some 10-15 ºC above that of the water in which the fish is swimming.

But heating takes a lot of energy, and until now experts were confused as to why the swordfish goes to the trouble. Heat is lost around 3,000 times more quickly to water than to air, and of the 25,000 or so species of bony fish, only 22 - including swordfish, marlin, tuna and some sharks - have been found to possess any kind of heating mechanism.

Flicker fusion

Evaluating the benefits of swordfishes' warm eyes has been difficult because the fish live in the remote open ocean, says Fritsches. She and her team had to travel into the middle of the Pacific Ocean, some 1,000 kilometres from Hawaii, to catch swordfish and tuna.

They took retinas from the fish and, over a range of temperatures, tested the speed at which the membranes could distinguish movement by measuring the 'flicker fusion frequency'. This is the point at which a flickering light becomes too rapid for the retina to generate separate nerve impulses for each individual flash.

The swordfish retinas' performance improved greatly as the temperature rose, the researchers report in Current Biology1. Retinas from the warm-blooded tuna also improved with temperature but only by about half as much, perhaps reflecting the fact that their whole-body heating has evolved for its general advantages in areas such as locomotion, not just vision.

Quick fire

The heater allows swordfish to capture valuable light more quickly, helping them to catch sight of speedy prey such as squid. "It's similar to a camera," Fritsches explains. "Fast movement will result in a blurred picture." So the fish have developed a way to capture the light more quickly, effectively giving them a faster 'shutter speed'.

The theory is boosted by the fact that swordfish live at temperate latitudes in which sea temperatures drop swiftly with increasing depth. Eye heaters allow them to delve deep in the water in search of a meal, says Fritsches. "It has really helped them to expand their hunting grounds and make them the successful hunters they are."

More measurements are needed, however, to prove that warm eyes are indeed an adaptation for faster vision, comments Ian Johnston, a fish biologist at the University of St Andrews, UK. He points out that the researchers' results stop several degrees short of the 28 ºC to which the fish have been known to heat their eyes in the wild.

He also suggests that swordfish eyes should be compared with those of completely cold-blooded fish of a similar size, and to those of the butterfly mackerel, a fish from the tuna family that specifically warms its eyes, although it uses a different mechanism. "It would be worth doing a more extensive study using a wider range of species and temperatures," he told news@. 

Name: _______________________________________________ Date: ______________ Period: __________

How Does Temperature Affect Respiration Rates of Fish?

Introduction:  In this lab you will slowly change the water temperature of a fish and determine how changing the temperature affects the fish's respiration rate

Prediction:  How do you think the temperature affects breath rate?

  As the temperature increases,the rate will:

increase, decrease, or stay the same.  (circle)

Procedure:

1. The goldfish will start at room temperature (15-20  C). You will check the temperature and record the number of breaths the fish takes at room temperature during a 1 minute period.

2. Use an empty bowl and add cold, icy water.  Place the fish beaker in the ice bath.  (see picture)

3. Place a thermometer in the fish's beaker and watch as the temperature slowly changes. When the temperature is in the 10-14 C  range, record the respiration rate again.

4. Record the respiration rate again, when the fish beaker reaches 5-9 C. 

5. Change the ice water bath to a warm water bath and repeat the above steps, recording data for the various temperature ranges on the table.

6. Consult with other groups to finish the table, including 3 other group's fish data, and determine the average respiration rate for each temperature range

 

Data

Record the number of breaths your fish takes at each of the following temperature ranges.  Also, record data from other groups near you so that you can compare your fish and get an average.  Use your data to create a LINE graph.  Use one line to represent YOUR FISH, and another line to represent the AVERAGE.

|Temperature |Your fish |Fish 2 |Fish 3 |Fish 4 |Average |

|26-30 C |  |  |  |  |  |

|21-25 C |  |  |  |  |  |

|15-20 C (room) |  |  |  |  |  |

|10-14 C |  |  |  |  |  |

|5-10 C |  |  |  |  |  |

Fish Respiration Rates at Various Temperatures

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Discussion Questions

1. Describe how mercury bioaccumulates in the marine food web, and which trophic level would have the highest concentration of mercury.

2. What is the FDA’s recommended maximum level of mercury consumption in ppm (also known as “Action Level”)?

3. List at least five types of seafood that are both relatively low in mercury(average less than 0.1 ppm) and also sustainably harvested(as deemed by the Seafood Watch Guide). Are any of these five harvested locally (in the Caribbean or Florida)?

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Warm eyes work faster.© Punchstock

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