LECTURE ON DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
LECTURE ON DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
THERE IS NO LONGER AN OFFICIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER
KNOWN AS "MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER"
DSM-III: MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER (MPD)
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DSM-IV: DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER (DID)
OLD NAME: MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER
NEW NAME: DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER (DID)
TYPES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS:
DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA
(USED TO BE "PSYCHOGENIC AMNESIA")
DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE
(USED TO BE "PSYCHOGENIC FUGUE")
DEPERSONALIZATION DISORDER
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
(USED TO BE MPD)
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
1. TWO OR MORE PERSONALITIES
(EACH HAS OWN WAY OF SEEING THE WORLD AND RELATING TO IT)
2. AT LEAST TWO OF THE PERSONALITIES TAKE CONTROL
OF THE PERSON'S BEHAVIOR FROM TIME TO TIME
3. INABILITY TO RECALL IMPORTANT PERSONAL INFORMATION
4. NOT DUE TO SUBSTANCES (ALCOHOL, DRUGS, MEDICATIONS).
NOT DUE TO A GENERAL MEDICAL CONDITION (EPILEPSY)
IS DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER THE BEST EXPLANATION
WHEN THERE ARE DRAMATIC SHIFTS IN A PERSON'S BEHAVIOR?
1. NATURAL HUMAN VARIATION AT DIFFERENT TIMES
AND IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
2. OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS THAT INVOLVE DRAMATIC SHIFTS
-- BIPOLAR DISORDER
-- BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
-- ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
3. ADOPTING A SECOND PERSONALITY
WHEN THE INCENTIVES ARE HIGH
-- KENNETH BIANCHI (HILLSIDE STRANGLER)
4. ADOPTING A SECOND PERSONALITY IN RESPONSE
TO SOCIAL PRESSURE OR SOCIAL INCENTIVES
5. ADOPTING A SECOND PERSONALITY IN RESPONSE
TO EXPECTATIONS OF AUTHORITY FIGURES
NICHOLAS SPANOS:
REJECTS VIEW THAT DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER IS
CAUSED BY TRAUMA OR ABUSE
ARGUES THAT DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER IS EITHER
1) A RESPONSE OF HIGHLY HYPNOTIZABLE INDIVIDUALS
TO SUGGESTIONS FROM THERAPISTS OR
2) A "STRATEGIC MOVE" IN THE FACE OF SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS AND PRESSURES
SPANOS, N. (1994). MULTIPLE IDENTITY ENACTMENTS AND MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER: A SOCIOCOGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE. PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN, 116, 143-165.
EVIDENCE SUPPORTING SPANOS' VIEW:
-- MEMORIES OF PAST LIVES AND ALIEN ABDUCTION UNDER HYPNOSIS
(SUGGESTIBILITY UNDER HYPNOSIS
NOT RELATED TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY)
-- NORMAL INDIVIDUALS CAN "STRATEGICALLY" ADOPT SECOND
PERSONALITIES WHEN THE IDEA IS SUBTLY SUGGESTED
-- EVIDENCE THAT AMERICAN THERAPISTS ARE USING SUGGESTIVE TECHNIQUES AND HYPNOSIS TO DIAGNOSE MULTIPLE PERSONALITIES
-- CROSS-CULTURAL EVIDENCE:
-- "MULTIPLICITY" VARIES AMONG CULTURES
-- PREVALENCE OF "MULTIPLICITY" RELATED TO
CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS
-- "MULTIPLICITY" MUCH LESS COMMON IN OTHER
DEVELOPED NATIONS THAN U.S.
-- TIME-PATTERNS OF "MULTIPLICITY" IN U.S.
-- LARGE NUMBER OF CASES SINCE "SYBIL"
(EARLY 1970'S)
-- INCREASES IN NO. OF PERSONALITIES PER CASE
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