Grammar - Amazon Web Services



Grammar.

General. The beginning of Grammar is a ‘letter’ and its end is a ‘sentence’ having all the logic of grammar in it and conveying a full message. In short we can say that Grammar is an art cum science of language that enables us to express our thoughts logically forcefully and accurately. In English we have 26 letters with 44 phonemes (the basic sound of letters) including 05 vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and 21 consonants. Letters are joined together to make words. A word is a basic unit of a sentence having a sense and meaning in it. The words are joined together placing them on their right places to make it meaningful. This placing of words is known as ‘syntax’.

A simple sentence can have only a Subject and predicate (the verb and object). E.g. I eat an apple. It is a simple sentence having no describing words with reference to noun or verb. Any sentence with a lot of parts of speech in it comes complex.

In parts of speech we have:

Noun. The name of a person, place, thing or idea.

Pronoun. The word that we use instead of a noun.

Adjective. These are describing words for nouns and pronouns.

Adverb. The adverbs are used to explain the action.

Verb. It expresses the existence, occurrence or action that has been done by the

Subject, the doer.

Preposition. These small words make the location or relation of a noun clear.

Conjunction. These words are used to join words or phrases.

Interjection. These are the words that we use to express sudden feelings and wonder.

Homonyms. These are the words having equal sound and same spellings but with different meaning.

Well/well—saw/saw—tear/tear—will/will--bear/bear—row/row–show/show—ruler/ruler—roll/roll—hail/hail.

Homophone. Homophones are words with same sound but different spellings and meanings. Eg. Fair/fare, board/bored, heard/herd, grown/groan, their/there, hole/whole, throw/through, peace/piece,

Anagrams. These are words that contain all the letters needed for another correct word with some sense and meaning but are given in wrong order without any meanings.

1.

SETNDSUT—GUPYADONLR—CTNOIEDUA—OFRSMUIN—XOBTOTSKE—CNPIIARPL—WKROEMHO—XSTNIMEAIOAN.

All these above words seem difficult to be converted into meaningful words. But just one clue is sufficient to fill them with meanings; (school) within the bracket is a word, just change its colour to make it visible and solve it.

2.

OITLP—RFRTIAAC—GYNFIL—ASBACITROE—HILGTF—RWA—YFL—KICRT—IWGN.

All the above meaningless words belong to (Air Force) just change the colour of the clue in brackets and make it easy for you to convert them in words with sense and meaning.

3. EORWFL—OMARA—ERTE—STPNAL—SGARS—IRFTU—LBFTETURY—HEEOEBYN—RGEADNR—REATW.

All the above words belong to a special class that means smell taste. To see its clue just change the colour in the brackets. (Garden)

The importance of vowel.

It’s not a myth but a reality that no word can be formed without using a vowel in the words. These are (A, E, I, O, U) along with a week vowel (Y). The vowels make your tongue, the word-forming device in your mouth, flexible enabling to utter sounds with meaning and sense in the shape of words. Words are graphic expression in writing and vocal expression in speaking.

Now try your best to find even a single word with sense in it without a vowel.

Antonyms.

These are the words with opposite meanings. Good—bad, black—white.

Synonyms.

These are the words with similar meanings. Pupil—student, scent—aroma.

The students need to have a thesaurus (pl. Thesauri) in the library to have a storehouse of antonyms and synonyms.

Noun is the name of a person place, thing or idea and it has many kinds to further distinguish the state of existence. For example some things just form an image having no physical body and some can only be felt. Some have a proper shape to be asked.

Its kinds are.

Common. The common name of things, flower, man, boy, girl.

Proper. The proper/unique thing, like Rose, Ahmad, Ali, Fiza. (the first letter of all the proper nouns must be capitalized.

Concrete. Things with material body that can be touched or seen.

Abstract. An immaterial object without a physical shape. Like knowledge, faith, fear, happiness, decision, beauty, etc.

Collective. It refers to the collection regarded as a single unit. Flock, fleet etc

Compound. It refers to the combination of two things in to one to form new word. Bedroom, classroom, headmaster. Etc.

A noun can also be further divided on the basis of its quantity and sex. These are called numbers and genders.

Number. The number shows the quantitative existence of a noun. A noun can be countable or uncountable. Countable nouns can be counted, two, ten etc and are indicated in the form of singular or plural.

Most of the times s or es is added to the singular form to make it plural, (e.g. horse—horses, book—books, street—streets etc.) but many singulars have irregular plurals like (man—men, woman—women and syllabus—syllabi,) a few nouns have the same singular or plural forms like fish, cattle, sheep etc.

The gender means the sexual state of the noun. It can be feminine (female), masculine (male) and neuter having no sexual distinction like chair, table, wall, door etc.

NOUN

QUANTITATIVE DIVISION. (COUNTABLE& UNCOUNTABLE.)

SINGULAR (Only countable) PLURAL

BOY BOYS

CHAIR CHAIRS

SEXUAL DIVISION

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER

BOY GIRL BABY

********* ************ CHAIR

|GENDERS |NOUN IN ITS ALL FORMS. |

| |NUMBERS. |

| |SINGULAR |PLURAL |CON/ABS/COLL |P.N |

|MASCULINE |Man. boy |Men. Boys |Concrete. |He |

|FEMININE. |Woman. girl |Women. girls |Concrete. |She |

|NEUTER. |Table, joy, flock |Tables, joys, flocks |Concrete, Abst, coll |It |

Pro-noun.

Pronouns are words that we use instead of nouns. Pronouns help us to avoid the repetition of noun again and again either as subject or object.

Learning pronoun is an important lesson. Pronouns can be divided into many kinds. The two major forms are ‘personal pronoun and Indefinite pronouns, along with reciprocal and relative pronouns.

Personal Pronouns. These are used instead of persons (for details see the table below.) to avoid the repetition of a noun again and again that will mar the beauty of your writing. For easy understanding we can say that the person talking is 1st. Person, whom he is talking to (the listener), is 2nd, and the person he is talking about is 3rd person.’ With regard to the cases when a pronoun is doing some action, its subjective, when receiving some action its objective, to show possession its possessive, having the belonging after pronoun its adjective case and having the belonging before its simply possessive pronoun. And the last case refers to the self (singular)/selves (plural) of a person doing some action.

Memorize this table for easy handling of pronoun in active/passive & direct/indirect

|Persons. |First Person |Second Person |Third Person |

|Cases. |Sing |Pl. |Sing. |Pl. |Singulars. |Plural |

| | | | | |Masculine. |Feminine |Neuter | |

|Subjective. |I |We |You. |You. |He. |She. |It. |They |

|Objective. |Me. |Us. |You. |You. |Him. |Her. |It. |Them |

|Possessive |Adj. |My. |Our. |Your. |Your. |His |Her. |Its. |

Indefinite or Impersonal Pronouns. These pronouns generally refer to persons or things e.g. somebody, someone, something, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, no one, nothing, everybody, everything, and everyone.

Use of impersonal pronouns.

Somebody, something, someone, anybody, anything, anyone, everybody, everything and everyone.

As it is already made clear that Noun and Pronoun work as subjects and objects. Keeping in view the matching of subject with verb keep in mind that the above impersonal pronouns work as singular subjects and need a singular verb.

Everybody is doing the work very well. Everything is in correct order. Everyone is ready to go there.

Somebody has stolen my toys; something very interesting is waiting for you. Someone is knocking at the door, anybody who could come to help me, anyone has to go.

Reciprocal Pronouns. We use reciprocal pronouns to show the effects of an action that links two or more persons mutually affected. There are two reciprocal pronouns, one another and each other. One-another for more than two and each other for two only.

The two brothers love each other a lot. The two friends help the poor and needy.

All people living here help one another. All teachers cooperate with one another.

Relative Pronoun. We use relative pronouns mainly to join two independent clauses making the second as subordinate with the help of relative pronoun. E.g.

Everyone cheered the player. He scored three goals.

Everyone cheered the player who scored three goals.

Common relative pronouns are, who, whom, whose, which and that.

(who, whom, whose refer to persons. Which is used for things. That is used for both things and persons.)

Verbs.

The functionary words in a sentence are known as verbs. Make it also sure that no sentence can be framed without using a verb.

Verbs can be regular or irregular. The regular verbs have the same Past and Past Participle forms whereas the irregular verbs have different spellings and sounds. E.g. played (past) played (Pat Participle) the forms of verb Play (base form) and ate (Past) eaten (Past Participle) the forms of eat (base). Regular and Irregular verbs have no other function to perform except the sound and spellings of the past and past participle forms.

Kind of verbs. It has two kinds. The Transitive and Intransitive verbs. Learning about transitive & intransitive is very necessary for learning about active and passive voice. A transitive verb passes on its action directly to its object whereas the Intransitive verb does not pass on the action to the object. But some verbs can be Transitive and Intransitive at the same time. E.g.

He eats an apple. An apple is eaten by him. (Transitive)

He goes to school. The ship sailed smoothly. The dogs bark at night. (Intransitive)

He hangs the picture on the wall. The picture is hung on the wall by him. (Transitive)

The picture hangs on the wall. (Intransitive)

The forms of verb.

All main/active/principal verbs start from “Base” form along with different other forms to make the mode of action and its period more clear. The Mode tells us about the state of action whether indefinite, continuous or perfect and period of action means either it takes place in past, present or future.

Forms. Present. Go (base) goes (s or es added.) Eat eats.

Present participle. Going. Eating.

Past. Went. Ate

Past participle. Gone. Eaten.

The auxiliary or helping verbs.

Certain verbs are multi-purpose verbs. They work as auxiliaries/helping verbs and also as linking/neuter verbs. Be, have, do, etc. The following chart can help us to understand their different uses.

The verb and subject agreement.

A verb must agree with its subjects in number and person. This verb agreement must be noticed in the following tenses.

The Present Indefinite takes simple root form with plural nouns and I, we you, they. And s/es added form with singular nouns and he, she, it. In the same way the “be” forms of verb are also subject conscious. Subject ‘I’ takes ‘am’, he, she, it and singular nouns take “is” and we, you, they and plural nouns take “are”. Same is the case with have and has. So we must learn all the uses of correct verb forms to make them in agreement with the subjects.

The following table will help the students to see the different uses of verbs.

Table to indicate the different uses of verbs in active and passive forms.

|Base Form. |Present Tense. |Past Tense. |Present/Past. |

| |(Active) |(Active) |(Passive) |

|Do-does |M/v |He does his work. |He did his work. |His work is done by him |

|Doing | |She does exercise. |She did exercise. |Exercise was done. |

|Did | |I do a lot of work. |I did a lot of work. |A lot of work was done. |

|Done. | | | | |

| |H/v |I don’t like this book. |I didn’t like this book. |This book is not liked. |

| | |He doesn’t work hard. |Did he work hard? |This book was not liked by me. |

| | |It does not roar. |Did it not roar? | |

|Be,is,am,are |M/v |He is a student. |He was a student. |Is, am, are, was, were, are verbs |

|Being | |These are mangoes. |Were these mangoes? |intransitive and cannot be changed.|

|Was, were | |I am your teacher. |I was your teacher. | |

|Been. | | | | |

| |H/v |He is eating mango. |He was eating a mango |A mango is being eaten. |

| | |I am reading a book. |I was reading a book. |A book was being read by me. |

| | |They are playing. |They were playing. | |

|Have-has |M/v |I have a book. |I had a book. |Have, has, had as main verbs are |

|Having | |He has no book. |He had no book. |verbs intransitive. |

|Had | |He has not any book. |He had not any book. | |

|Had. | | | | |

| |H/v |He has eaten mango. |He had eaten a mango. |Mango has been eaten. |

| | |They have learnt it. |They had learnt it. |It had been learnt by them. |

| | |I have read this story. |I had read this story. | |

|Will-would |Moda|He will eat apple. |He would eat apple. |Apple will be eaten. |

|Shall-=== |ls | | | |

|===should | | | | |

|can-could | | | | |

|may-might | | | | |

|must-xxxx | | | | |

|ought-xxxx | | | | |

| | |I shall read a book. |I would read a book. |A book will be read. |

| | |I shall go there. |I should go there. |xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx |

| | |She can write this. |She could write this. |This could be written. |

| | |You may eat it. |You might eat it. |It might be eaten by you. |

| | |You must do it. |It has no past form. |It must be done by you. |

| | |We ought to work hard |It has no past form. |xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx |

| |

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NOTE. Uncountable nouns have no singular or plural forms. Hair, water, milk, food etc.

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