BrainBee Studyguide “Brain Facts” provided by the Society ...

[Pages:40]BrainBee Studyguide

"Brain Facts" provided by the Society for Neuroscience Memorize ALL Glossary Words (pp. 64-68). Most were covered in Anatomy!! Introduction:

1. The brain weighs ___ lbs and is composed of as many as ____________________ nerve cells. 2. There are more than __________ disorders of the brain and nervous system. 3. Name 4 neurodegenerative diseases that genes have been identified for: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Most major diseases that have a genetic basis are strongly influenced by the environment. Name 4 key

environmental influences: _________________________________________________________________ 5. What is meant by the term, "brain plasticity"? _________________________________________________ 6. Name two revolutionary imaging techniques being used for diagnosing brain disorders. ________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What has dramatically improved the outlook for reversing the effects of injury in both the brain and spinal

cord? _________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Label the following diagrams of the brain:

8.

15.

9. Name the parts of the forebrain: ____________________________________________________________ Name the parts of the midbrain: ____________________________________________________________ Name the parts of the hindbrain: ____________________________________________________________

The Neuron:

1. Label the following diagram:

1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

6.

8. 7.

9. 11.

10.

2. What is a synapse? _______________________________________________________________________ 3. A neurons signals by transmitting electrical impulses along its ___________________. Impulses involve

the opening and closing of _________________________________________________. 4. What is myelin? _________________________________________________________________________

Which cells produced myelin in the CNS? ____________________________________________________ Which cells produced myelin in the PNS? ____________________________________________________ 5. The dramatic reversal of electrical potential along a neuron's cell membrane is called an _______________. In order to reach threshold, a neuron must go from resting membrane potential, ______ mV, to ______ mV.

6. ______________________________ are the brain's chemical messengers. These chemicals are released from ______________________________ into the ______________________________________ and bind to ______________________ on the surface of another neuron or on an effector, either a ____________ or a _____________________.

7. ___________________________________ was the 1st neurotransmitter identified about 75 years ago. This neurotransmitter targets: ________________________________, _____________________________, and _____________________________.

8. Discuss the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis. ____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________

9. Discuss the physiology of an action potential's arrival at a nerve terminal. Use the following picture to trigger your memory! Be sure to include the role of acetylcholinesterase (We discussed this w/in the context of the neuromuscular junction!).

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. ________________________________________ are the main treatment today for Alzheimer's disease

because _______________________________________________________.

11. _______________________, the building blocks of proteins, can also serve as neurotransmitters. 12. The neurotransmitters, _______________and _________________________________ inhibit the firing of

neurons.

13. How do valium (a benzodiazepine) and anticonvulsants work? ___________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

14. Discuss the pathophysiology of Huntington's disease. __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

15. What is the role of NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) neuron receptors? ____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Which amino acids excite NMDA receptors? _________________________________________________ ________________ of NMDA receptors may improve brain function; whereas ______________________ can cause nerve cell damage or cell death in trauma or ____________________.

16. Discuss the three critical brain circuits in which dopamine, a catecholamine, plays a role? ? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

17. Discuss the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease? __________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

18. Abnormalities in the dopamine circuit involving cognition and emotion have been implicated in the mental illness, _______________________________.

19. Researchers believe that norepinephrine may play a role in ______________________________________. Deficiencies in norepinephrine occur in patients with _____________________, ____________________, and ______________________________________________, a cognitive disorder associated with chronic alcoholism.

20. Acute stress increases the release of _______________________________ from _____________________ nerves and the __________________________________________.

21. ____________________________ is the neurotransmitter present in the brain, where it is involved in sleep, mood, depression, and anxiety. It is also found in blood platelets and the lining of the digestive tract.

22. Fluoxetine, a serotonin analog (chemical with similar chemical structure), relieves symptoms of ________ __________________________________________________ by altering serotonin's action.

23. How do peptides differ from proteins? ______________________________________________________ 24. What are endorphins? ___________________________________________________________________

How are they thought to work? ____________________________________________________________ 25. What is substance P? What does it have to do with chili peppers J? ______________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________ 26. What are trophic factors? ________________________________________________________________ 27. Which organ system works together with the nervous system to control your body? What is the chemical

of this system? _________________________________________________________________________ 28. The brain contains receptors for ___________________ hormones and the 6 classes of steroid hormones:

? _______________________________________ ? _______________________________________ ? _______________________________________ ? _______________________________________ ? _______________________________________ ? _______________________________________ 29. How do thyroid and steroid hormones work?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

30. Name three hormones that affect neuronal activity and structure?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

31. _______________________ is a stress hormone that can alter brain function.

31. What is the endocrine gland/target/function of each of the following hormones? ? Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)_____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ? Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) _________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ? Luteinizing hormone (LH) _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ? Testosterone_____________________________________________________________________ ? Estrogen ________________________________________________________________________ ? Progesterone_____________________________________________________________________

32. Sexual differentiation of the brain is caused by ________________________________________________ and __________________________________________________________________________________.

33. Name 2 gaseous classes of neurotransmitters: _________________________________________________ How do they act differently than other neurotransmitters? _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

34. What 3 roles does nitric oxide (NO) play? ? ________________________________________________________________________________ ? ________________________________________________________________________________ ? ________________________________________________________________________________

35. What are second messengers? What is the most common second messenger? ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

Do you remember the picture below from Anatomy/AP?

Brain Development:

1. The human brain and nervous system begin to develop at about _____ weeks' gestation. 2. Skin and neural tissue arise from the _______________________ during embryonic development. 3. Cells which support neurons are called _____________ cells. 4. A key factor in spinal cord development is a secreted protein called ________________________________. 5. Where are neurons initially developed during embryonic development? _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 6. What are two key mechanisms to proper neuron migration during brain development?

? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

7. It has been suggested that __________________________________________________________________ and ____________________________________________________________________________________ may contribute to forms of retardation and epilepsy in humans.

8. What is a growth cone? ___________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________

9. What are netrin, semaphorin, and ephrin? What is their job during brain development? _______________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

10. During brain development, the process of wrapping axons in _________________ occurs last and can take years to complete in some areas of the brain.

11. The CNS consists of __________________ and ______________________________.

11. The PNS consists of ________________________________ and ________________________________.

12. The 4 major regions of peripheral nerves are: ? _______________________________________ ? _______________________________________ ? _______________________________________ ? _______________________________________

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