Purity and Truth



“Church History Part 3: 1800 to the Present”With Jesse JostKey Events in Canadian History Timeline (p.2)Timeline: Key Events of World History 1800’s (p.6)Friday 7:30 PM - Session 1 “Freedom’s Turmoil” (p. 8)Historical background to 1800s: Decline of religion, common sense, French Revolution, the Great Awakenings, War of 1812, the birth of Canada, rise of nationalism and political freedom, technological revolutions, the train, the telegraph, industrialization, the telephone.Saturday 9:30 AM - Session 2 “Imperialism and the explosion of missions.” (p. 10)Colonialism, William Carey, Adoniram Judson, Hudson Taylor.Timeline of key events in US history pre-Civil War: (p.15)Saturday 10:45 AM - Session 3 “Revival and Strife” (p. 16)Revival to revivalism, Charles Finney, abolitionism and the Civil War,Barton-Stone Campbell movement, communes, Millerites, Mormons, Seventh Day Adventism.Saturday 2:00 PM - Session 4 “Holiness and Reform” (p.24)DL Moody, Billy Sunday. The Holiness movement and the birth of Penecostalism: Phoebe Palmer, Asuza, Aimee Semple McPherson. Darwinism, higher criticism, and the rise of fundamentalism (the Scopes trial, J Gresham Machen, changing eschatologies).The dark side of industrialization and the Christian response: progressives, the social gospel, Tommy Douglas. Capitalism, Socialism, communism, prohibition. Timeline: Key events in the 20th century (p.34)Saturday 3:15 PM - Session 5: “The World at War” (p.38)World War 1, the Great Depression, the rise of fascism and World War 2.Saturday 4:30 PM - Session 6: “Social Upheaval and the Cold War” (p. 48)The demise of the family. The pill, the sexual revolution, global tensions. Social change, the influence of movies, radio, the car, and television. The baby boom, the counter-culture revolution, the civil rights movement, the collapse of the Soviet Union.Sunday 10:30 AM - Session 7: “New Awakenings” (p. 53)The explosion of the church in Asia and Africa. The church in China. Persecution. The Evangelical Awakening. Truth and transformation. The power of the gospel to overcome the darkest times.Maps: Asia (p.59) Europe (p.60) Africa and Middle East (p.61) Canada and 1860 US (p.62)Please visit for the audio recordings of parts 1 and 2 of this series.Key Events in Canadian History:All time-lines written and compiled by Jesse Jost1497: John Cabot claims Newfoundland for England.1608: Quebec City founded on St. Lawrence.1663: New France becomes a colony of the French Empire.1670: Hudson Bay Company founded. It is given a huge new territory known as Rupert’s Land1713: Treaty of Utrecht ends Queen Anne’s war. France gives Acadia (Nova Scotia and PEI) and Newfoundland to England.1755: Britain forces all Acadians who refuse to take up arms to defend England to leave their homes. 8000 of the 10,000 settlers migrate to Louisiana or back to France. 1759: Wolfe defeats Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham, both die in battle. The victory gives Quebec to England.1763: The Seven Years War ends in the Treaty of Paris, France loses New France to England, and Louisiana to Spain.1774: The Quebec Act allows the French Canadians to preserve their language, Catholic religion, and civil law, but establishes British criminal law.1776-1783: Nearly 100,000 British Loyalists flee to Quebec and the Maritimes after the US wins independence.1791: Constitution Act divides Quebec into Upper Canada (English, today Ontario) and Lower Canada (French, today Quebec). Each is given a bicameral local government consisting of an elected lower assembly and an appointed upper house.1793: Upper Canada passes Act against Slavery. This stops slaves from being brought in, and frees all slaves 25 and older.1793: Explorer Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Pacific Ocean by overland route.1812-15: War of 1812 is fought between Britain and US. Canada successfully repels a couple of invasion attempts by the US. 1812: Lord Selkirk plans a settlement of Highland Scots near present-day Winnipeg, also known as the Red River area.1818: Britain-US border is defined as 49th Parallel from Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains.1832: Cholera is brought by immigrants to Quebec area. Between June and September the disease kills almost 8,000 in Quebec and Montreal.1834: York renamed Toronto.1837: Frustration with the current government, and feeling like the voice of the elected assembly was being ignored, William Lyon Mackenzie leads a rebellion in Upper Canada. He attacks Toronto but is turned back by a handful of men. Louis-Joseph Papineau also leads a violent attack in Lower Canada. Few men die and both leaders escape to the US. A commission recommends the two Canadas be united with a more representative government.1841: The two Canadas are united and renamed Canada East and Canada West. They share equal representation in the new government and the capital is Kingston.1849: The Oregon treaty extends the border along the 49th all the way to the Pacific.1857: Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa as new capital of United Canada.1858: Gold discovered in Fraser River. 20,000 miners pour in and the area is placed under British rule as the colony of British Columbia.1864: Confederation conference in Charlottetown, PEI. It is continued in a conference later in Quebec. Constitutional scholar John A. MacDonald contributes many of the ideas for the new proposed constitution.1866: Fenians (Irish nationalists) raid Canadian territory leading to more urgency in the confederation movement.1867: In March, British parliament passes the British North America Act which grants Canada independence and forms our constitution. On July 1, the Dominion of Canada comes into being. The former province of Canada is divided into Quebec and Ontario, and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick join in confederation. John A. MacDonald is the first prime minister.1869-70. Canada’s new parliament agrees to buy Rupert’s Land from the Hudson Bay company. The Metis of the Red River area (present Manitoba) are not impressed and invite Louis Riel to lead a rebellion. Riel forms a provisional government and has dissident Thomas Scott executed. Canada sends troops to quell uprising. Louis Riel escapes to the US.1870: Metis rights are recognized and Manitoba joins confederation.1871: British Columbia agrees to join confederation on the conditions that Canada will assume the province’s debt and will build a transcontinental railroad that is to be started in two years and finished in ten.1871: Population: 3.7 million.1873: July 1, PEI joins confederation on the promise of new steamer line and a subsidy of $50 a person.1873: John A. MacDonald is forced to resign as the Pacific Railroad scandal comes to light. Liberal Alexander MacKenzie comes to power and tries to find another railway company that will build the promised railroad.1874: Mounties are sent west to police the whisky trade.1875: The Supreme Court of Canada is established.1876: The world’s first long distance phone call is placed from the home of Alexander Graham Bell in Brantford, ON to Paris, ON.1878: John A. MacDonald and Conservatives regain power.1879: Canadian Sandford Fleming proposes the idea of 24 time zones and standard time. It is adopted in 1884.1880: Britain transfers the Arctic to Canada.1885: Disgruntled Metis in Saskatchewan area invite Louis Riel (who is teaching school in Montana) to lead another rebellion. They attack some police at Duck Lake and besiege North Battleford. Troops arrive within in a week on the nearly completed railroad. Louis Riel, who thinks he is a religious prophet and wants to be the new pope, refuses to plead insanity and is hanged in Regina, angering French Canadians.1891: Population: 4.8 million.1891: John A. MacDonald dies in office. The Conservatives are led by four prime ministers in five years: Joseph Abbot (resigned due to poor health),?John David Thompson (died while visiting Queen Victoria),?Sir McKenzie Bowell (forced to hand control of the government over after a lengthy filibuster concerning the Manitoba schools question),?and Sir Charles Tupper.1896: The Liberal Party returns to power with Wilfred Laurier as PM.1896: Gold discovered in the Klondike.1898: The Yukon Territory is divided from the Northwest Territory.1899: Canadian troops sent to South Africa to fight in the Boer Wars.1904: Charles Saunders develops Marquis wheat which replaces Red Fife. It has earlier maturation and is more resistant to wind and cold.1905: Alberta and Saskatchewan are carved out of the Northwest Territory and become provinces. They are filled with waves of immigrants who have responded to the advertising campaigns of Minister of the Interior, Clifford Sifton.1908: The Royal Mint is established in Ottawa.1910: Under pressure from Britain, Laurier creates Canada’s first navy. Critics call it the “tin pot” navy.1911: Population: 7.2 million.1911: Laurier tries to implement a form of free trade with the United States. It leads to his defeat in the next election. Robert Borden, of the Conservative Party becomes the next Prime Minister.1914: Britain declares war on Germany, drawing Canada in World War 1. Canada promises 33,000 troops. Parliament passes the War Measures Act, which suspends some civil rights.1917: Canadian troops, despite being outnumbered and outgunned, take Vimy Ridge.1917: A French Munitions ship, the Mont Blanc, collides with another ship and explodes in the Halifax harbour, killing almost 2,000 and injuring 9,000. As the largest manmade explosion up to that time, it destroyed over 6,000 homes.1917: Because of heavy Canadian losses, PM Robert Borden is forced to sign a conscription bill, in an effort to fulfill his recent promise of 500,000 soldiers. The French are outraged. Canada, at this time, only has 1.5 million men between the ages of 17 and 40.1918: Women win the right to vote.1918: World War 1 ends on November 11. Out of a total population of roughly 9 million, Canada sent 600,000 soldiers, lost 64,000, and had 173,000 wounded.1918-1920: The Spanish Flu kills more than 50,000 Canadians, and between 20-100 million worldwide.1919: The Winnipeg Strike unites several unions, affects several departments as 30,000 workers walk off their jobs. It gets violent before it is resolved 6 weeks later.1919: Canada joins the newly created League of Nations.1920: Arthur Meighen (Conservative) is PM for less than a year.1921: William Lyon Mackenzie King and the Liberals are elected.1921: Mormon Agnes MacPhail becomes the first woman elected to the House of Commons.1928: The Supreme Court rules that according the British North America Act, women are not “persons” and are not eligible to be senators. (An 1876 British Court had declared that “Women are persons in pain and punishment, but not in rights and privileges.”)1929: Women are declared “persons” by Parliament. The stock market crashes.1930: R.B. Bennett and the conservatives defeat William Mackenzie King in the elections. The country is plunged into the great depression. The prairie provinces suffer most, as it coincides with years of drought.1931: Population: 10.4 million.1931: British Parliament passes the Statute of Westminster which gives Canada complete independence, including the right to have an independent foreign policy.1930-35: Bennett tries to copy FDR’s New Deal with several sweeping changes to legislation that give the federal government more power to interfere in economic matters. Most of the laws are declared unconstitutional and William Lyon Mackenzie King returns to power.1935: William “Bible Bill” Aberhart, and the Social Credit party are elected in Alberta on the promise of a monthly payout of $25 a person. This vastly exceeded Alberta’s budget so Aberhart issued his own “prosperity certificates” which were to accumulate value with each stamp, and could be used as currency. The Supreme Court disallowed the practice.1936: CBC is established.1939: Canada declares war on Germany after Germany invades Poland in September. World War 2 has begun.1941: Population: 11.5 million. 1942: After Pearl Harbor, Canada declares war on Japan. The RCMP evict over 20,000 Japanese from their homes in the West Coast. They are taken to internment and work camps. Their homes and belongings are sold.1942: Canadians vote in a plebiscite and support conscription, but 70% of Quebecois vote against it.1942: German U Boats torpedo two freighters in the St. Lawrence River.1944: Tommy Douglas and the CCF (Co-operative Commonwealth Federation) come to power in Saskatchewan.1945: World War 2 ends. One million Canadians fought, 48,000 were killed. A Soviet spy ring is discovered in Canada.1947: After drilling a dozen dry holes, oil is discovered in Leduc, Alberta.1948: Louis St. Laurent (Liberal) becomes Prime Minister.1949: Newfoundland votes to join confederation and becomes Canada’s 10th province.1951: Population: 14 million.1950-1953: Canada sends troops to fight in the Korean War. 314 are killed and 1,211 are injured.1952: Canada’s first television station begins broadcasting.1954: Hurricane Hazel kills 83 people in Toronto, destroys entire streets, and washes out bridges.1957: John G. Diefenbaker (Progressive Conservative) becomes prime minister.1960: Canada’s Bill of Rights becomes law.1962: Saskatchewan becomes Canada’s first province with a public health care system. Doctors go on strike at first, but soon all the provinces follow suit in adopting similar health care systems.1963: With help from the US, who are angry with Diefenbaker for reaching out to communist countries, Lester B Pearson (Liberal) becomes prime minister.1965: Originally proposed as a joke by the Conservatives who wanted to keep our old flag, the red Maple Leaf becomes our national flag.1966: The Canada Pension Plan is established.1966: CBC begins broadcasting in color.1968: Trudeau-mania sweeps Canada giving Pierre Elliott Trudeau and the Liberals a majority Government.1968: Trudeau’s Official Languages Act makes Canada officially bilingual.1970: Voting age lowered from 21 to 18.1970: The FLQ (The Front de Liberation du Quebec) kidnaps British diplomat James Cross, and Labour Minister Pierre Laporte. Trudeau invokes the War Measure Act which suspends civil liberties. Cross is released 60 days later, but Laporte is found dead in a trunk of a car.1971: Population: 21.6 million.1975: Canada begins switching to the metric system.1976: Canada’s House of Commons abolishes the death penalty.1976: Montreal hosts the Summer Olympics.1976: Quebec elects a separatist provincial government.1979: Albertan Joe Clark is the prime minster of a minority Progressive Conservative government for 9 months before losing power to Trudeau and the Liberals in 1980.1980: 60% of Quebecois vote against sovereignty.1982: Queen Elizabeth II, signs the Canadian Constitution Act, which transfers control of the British North America Act to Canada. A charter of Human Rights and Freedoms is added. 1984: John Turner (Liberal) is Prime Minister for less than 3 months, before being defeated by Brian Mulroney (Progressive Conservative).1987: The “loonie” is introduced.1988: The Supreme Court overturns the law requiring a medical panel to first determine if a woman’s life or health was endangered before allowing her to have an abortion.1991: GST (7%) comes into effect.1993: Kim Campbell (PC), is Canada’s first female Prime Minster. Less than 5 months later she loses power to Jean Chretien and the Liberals.1995: Quebec again votes on separation. This time 90% of them vote and only 50.6% vote against it.1999: Nunavut becomes Canada’s third territory.2001: Population: 30 million.2001: Canada becomes first country in the world to legalize medical marijuana.2003: Paul Martin (Liberal) is elected prime minister.2005: Same-sex marriage becomes legal.2006: Stephen Harper (Conservative Party) is elected prime minister.Timeline: Key Events of World History 1800’s1800: World population is 1 Billion.1800: Napoleon conquers Italy and becomes First Consul in France.1803: Napoleon, who had recently acquired the Louisiana Territory from Spain, and realizes he is in no position to defend it, sells it to the US for $15 Million or about 3 cents an acre. This doubles the size of the US.1804: Napoleon proclaims himself Emperor of France.1804: Lewis and Clark begin their expedition to explore the newly acquired territory. 1805: Lord Nelson and the British defeat the French and Spanish fleets in the Battle of Trafalgar, preventing Napoleon from invading Britain. Napoleon wins one of his greatest victories in the Battle of Austerlitz against Austrian and Russian soldiers. 1807: Robert Fulton makes first successful steamboat trip.1808: Napoleon conquers Rome and Spain.1812: Napoleon’s Grand Army of 600,000 invades deep into Russia before winter forces him to retreat. Russians slaughter the retreating French; only 100,000 survive the return home.1812-15: The War of 1812. British are capturing US ships and impressing US seamen into the British Navy. The Americans also suspect that Britain is arming Indians and provoking them to attack US settlements. The US declares war on Britain and attempts two invasions of Canada. Both fail. British troops invade US and burn the White House. Andrew Jackson wins acclaim by a stunning victory in the Battle of New Orleans. However, the battle takes place three weeks after the treaty of Ghent, which ended the war was signed (The news had yet to reach North America).1814: First practical steam locomotive is built.1814: European allies defeat Napoleon in the War of Liberation. Napoleon is exiled to Elba. The Allies begin discussing how to redistribute Napoleon’s Empire.1815: Napoleon escapes and raises another army. He is defeated for good in the Battle of Waterloo. He is sent to spend the rest of his life in St. Helena (a small island near South America). He dies in 1821.1815: Britain, France, Austria, and Russia send delegates to the “Congress of Vienna.” They redraw the boundaries of the countries and appoint new leaders. They strive to achieve peace through balance and conservative (strong central power) governments.1825: The first passenger railroad is built in England.1826: Niepce takes the world’s first photograph.1831: Belgium achieves independence on the condition that they must remain neutral.1833: Slavery is abolished in the British Empire.1837: Victoria becomes Queen of England.1839: First Opium War. British merchants have been importing the narcotic in trade for Chinese goods.1844: 5 Chinese ports are opened to US ships. 1844: Samuel F.B. Morse patents the telegraph.1846: Ether is first used as an anaesthetic.1846: Elias Howe patents the sewing machine.1846: US declares war on Mexico. It leads to the US acquiring New Mexico, California, Utah, Arizona, and part of Texas.1846: Potato famine in Ireland results in mass starvation and mass immigration to the US.1848: Revolt in Paris. Louis Napoleon, is elected. He later declares himself Empire Napoleon III.1853: American Commodore Matthew Perry opens trade with Japan. This leads to rapid industrialization of Japan and an increase of Japanese power.1853-1855: The Crimean War. Turkey declares war on Russia (who is trying to gain a Mediterranean sea port). Turkey is joined by Britain and France, who are concerned that Russia will tip the balance of power. The war is notable as the first that is regularly photographed and the first where reports are telegraphed home. 1857: Sepoy Rebellion quelled by the British. Britain gains control of India.1861: Civil War begins in US. 1861: Pasteur develops the theory of germs.1861: Sardinia becomes the United Kingdom of Italy.1866: Alfred Nobel invents dynamite.1867: US buys Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million.1867: Diamonds are discovered in South Africa. Thousands of miners pour in from Britain.1869: First transcontinental railroad is completed in the US.1870-1871: Franco-Prussian War, ends the reign of Napoleon III and begins the Third French Republic. France surrenders the resource rich areas of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany. The German Empire (or Reich) is declared when the Prussian King becomes Kaiser Wilhelm 1. Otto Von Bismarck plays a huge role in the creation of the German Empire and Helmuth Von Moltke does much to modernize the German military.1876: The Sioux kill General Custer and 264 of his troops in the Battle of Little Big Horn.1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone.1885: First skyscraper is built in Chicago.1896: French brothers Lumiere premiere motion pictures in Paris.1896: First modern Olympic Games are held in Greece. 1897: Theodor Herzi launches Zionist movement. Jews begin moving to Palestine.1899: Conflict between the more recently arrived British and the Dutch who had originally settled South Africa results in the Boer War.Session 1: “Freedom’s Turmoil”Key Ideas:Two strands or forces began to shape Europe:Nationalism: the ambition of groups to seek their independence from monarchs or distant rulers in favor of their own ethnic interests. Accompanied by a strong sense of national pride.Liberalism: stresses individual rights such as life, liberty, property, and personal freedoms such as religion, speech, and the press. Liberals advocated democratic reforms such as written constitutions that guaranteed rights and freedoms and limited the power of autocratic rulers. They promoted parliamentary government and increased public participation in government.Most revolts in Europe failed. Brief rights were won, only to be retaken when revolutionary groups weakened, fractured from within. Romanticism: The mid-1800s birthed romanticism, a reaction against the restraint of the age of reason, the violence of the French Revolution, the repression following the Napoleonic wars, and the harsh working conditions caused by the industrial revolution. The romantic age turned from rationalism to idealism, from the intellectual to the emotional. Romantics emphasized originality about imitation, nationalism above internationalism, and self-fulfillment above the common good. They became rebels against all forms of rules and laws. The enlightenment was a mind-centered humanism; romanticism was a heart-centered humanism.Romanticism in literature exhibited variety of themes:-Longing for a distant lands or the distant past (Sir Walter Scott, Victor Hugo).-Fascination with the supernatural and the mysterious (Jacob and William Grimm, Johann Wolfgang Goethe).-Glorification of the noble savage.-Emphasis on nature. -Love of freedom. -Pride in one's nation.The industrial revolution was made possible by 3 factors: 1: An adequate food supply. 2: a large and mobile labor force. 3. Expansion of trade. There was an agricultural revolution as farmers figured out ways to put nutrients back in the soil and to breed healthier animals. The textile industry made a breakthrough in the cotton industry. Inventions in spinning and weaving cotton enabled cotton overtake the wool market. The demand for cotton greatly empowered the South in the early 1800s. Most work before the 1800s was done in the domestic system. The factory system brought the workers raw materials and machinery under one roof. This created four significant changes for the worker: The worker often moved to a city to be near the factory. He no longer owned his own tools.He no longer controlled the number of hours he worked, nor the pace.He was separated from his family.In the mid-1800s new processes were developed that turned wrought iron into steel.At first waterpower ran the machinery. But then the steam engine and electricity enabled factories to be closer to the market source.Mass production techniques were also developed such as automation, interchangeable parts, division of labor, and assembly line.Changes in transportation: gravel roads, canals, and rail lines. At first rail lines were pulled by horses. In 1814 a steam powered locomotive pulled a train of cars for the first time. Steamships were used to make the trip across the Atlantic shorter – from several weeks down to 10 days.Consequences of industrialism: 1. The cities were ill equipped to meet the needs of the great number of rural unemployed that flocked to the industrial cities. Poor housing and lack of sewage led to disease and filth. 2. The working day in most factories was also exhausting and often dangerous. People often worked 14 to 16 hours a day. One owner told an investigator that during busy times of the year he expected the children to work from 3 AM to 10 PM.3. Increased population and greater productivity as well as materialism and greed.Quotes: “The United States have frightful numbers of soldiers and guns. They wanted Florida and seized it. They wanted Louisiana and purchased it. They wanted Texas and stole it. They picked a quarrel with Mexico and got California. If we had not the strong arm of England over us, we too would be part of the states.” ~ Confederation supporter D’arcy McGee of Lower Canada"Died. Last night at 12 o'clock, the free and enlightened province of Nova Scotia." ~ The Halifax chronicle on July 1, 1867“Despite a national history without the ideology of special divine blessing, Canada has an even better objective argument for being considered "Christian nation" then does the United States. The list of comparisons with the United States is striking: Canada did not tolerate slavery, it has not thrown its weight around in foreign adventures, it has not done quite so poorly with its native Americans, it is not puffed itself up with messianic pride, it has tolerated much less social violence, until very recently it's rates of church attendance were considerably higher, it's believers have promoted missionary outreach at home and abroad at least as big are asleep, it's churches have had much more or considerably more impact on public life, it has cared humanely for the poor and weak members of society, and it's educational structures make some provision for teaching religion in other words if believers want to find a more convincing history of Christian America they should look to Canada.”~ American Historian Mark KnollSession 2: “Imperialism and the explosion of missions.”Reasons for Imperialism:1: expansion of imperialism (foreign land claimed for your empire) increased the flow of raw materials needed and created new markets. Colonialism avoided the restrictive tariffs of dealing with other nations. 2: Imperialism was motivated by the intense nationalism and rivalries between countries, which were quick to seize control of strategic locations in order to establish military bases. 3: Humanitarianism: Many Europeans viewed their society as superior to backward civilizations. They felt that it was their responsibility to share the fruit of Western culture – education, medical care, industry, and technology. Natives resented the condescension that Westerners brought. 4: missionary work.Evaluating ImperialismThe bad: Natives were exploited. Corrupt officials became wealthy at their expense. Ignoring tribal boundaries often caused more tribal wars.The good: imperialism opened up lands for missionaries. Missionaries helped establish a written language so the Bible could be translated for use. Westerners also built schools, hospitals, public buildings, and introduced railroads, industry, and modern technology.William Carey:Formally educated to the age of 12, he tried farming but his sensitive skin could not handle that much time in the sun, so he became a shoemaker. William loved to learn, read all he could, and dreamed about sea voyages. He also took great delight in flower gardens and studying botany. This continued his whole life as his recreation.He had to deal with people who believed that the great commission no longer applied. He was told that "God will convert the heathens in his own time and he doesn't need you or I to accomplish it.”Dorothy was 25 when she married 20-year-old William Carey. 12 years and six children later, William wanted to leave for India. Dorothy who was six months pregnant, and worried about tough living conditions and tropical disease, refused. Just before their ship was about to leave, William and a friend of his pleaded with Dorothy to come, saying if she didn't, she might never see William again.She came, but missionary life was incredibly difficult: the heat, malaria, snakes, and tigers left her constantly worried about her children, not to mention the challenges of primitive housekeeping. Her sister was a support at first, until she got married. Dorothy felt very alone. When her five-year-old son Peter died, she snapped mentally. She became delirious, coming to William’s work place and screaming accusations of infidelity at him. Once she even tried to kill him with a kitchen knife. She had to be locked in her bedroom where she would often be heard wailing and screaming. She died 12 years later.Six months after Dorothy died, William married a Danish countess, named Charlotte, who had been disabled in childhood by a fire. Charlotte could not walk and had trouble speaking, but she believed in William, and showed a real interest in his work. They had a very happy marriage.In 1812, a fire destroyed William’s printing press, and also consumed manuscripts along with 10 Bible translations, his translation of an Indian epic, and his Sanskrit dictionary. He lost vast quantities of English paper, 14 fonts of oriental types, new supplies of Hebrew, Greek, and English type, priceless dictionaries, grammars, steel punches, deeds and account books.Within months of the fire, funds were raised to cover the losses and new missionaries joined the work.While William Carey was grieving the death of his second wife, healing from a broken leg, and dealing with trouble his prodigal son was stirring up, William also faced a conflict with his mission board. They wanted him to give up all the properties they had acquired to the control of trustees, and for William to abandon his longtime colleague Marshman. He faced accusations of being rigid and autocratic. His patience led to reconciliation.Three years later, in 1823, devastating floods destroyed William Carey's building, school buildings, and his beautiful gardens. This time there was no help from England. Slander had stifled the generosity of the Baptists at home. This created huge financial tensions, which resulted in William Carey relinquishing the buildings to the care of trustees in England. He died on June 9, 1834.The Moral Condition of Indiainfanticide: A sick baby was?believed to be under the influence of an evil spirit, so was put into a basket and hung up for three days. If he survived, then people tried to save his life. Children were offered up to the mother Ganges by putting them in the mud to be drowned or eaten by crocodiles.?Widow Burning: The plight of a widow was so horrible that being burned with her husband was considered an attractive alternative, not to mention a holy redemptive act.William Carey worked hard to get legislation in place which outlawed both widow-burning and infanticide.Child marriage: A late 1800s census in Bengal revealed that in Calcutta alone there were 10,000 widows under the age of four, and 50,000 between the ages of five and nine. Carey understood that no social problem that is rooted in the moral/religious soil of a culture can be easily eradicated legally. So instead, he?sought to undercut its moral roots through the teaching of the Bible, and its social roots through female education.Carey: the Mind of a ReformerMany people did not want reform for India, only wanting it for economic gain. Others thought that Hindus were so morally corrupt they could not to be reformed.William Carey looked to the example of history and the power of God for his help in reform. He taught rationality to free Indians from their superstitions of animism and astrology, showing them that man was master of nature - not its slave, and this cultural change led to India’s industrialization. He also taught that man's problems were the result of his rebellion against the authority of God and he preached the need for conversion and repentance.He saw the importance of pluralism and religious freedom. We all have our blind spots and rationalizations and it is in the free-market of ideas, as we freely discuss them that we come to the truth. If we are not free to change our minds or convert, we are hindered from discovering the truth.William Carey brought with him worldview assumptions and convictions that enabled him to be a reformer: That God is Creator, and that matter is a machine that God wants us to take dominion over, but also to be good stewards of. That human life is precious because it is made in the image of God. There are moral laws built into this world that are unchanging.?That we have some control over our destiny; we are not slaves to the stars. It is possible to advance God's kingdom in this life. It is the power of the gospel to transform a nation, not financial aid or our organizational abilities.Adoniram JudsonJudson was born in Massachusetts on August 9, 1788. He learned to read at the age of three and did very well at school. His father was a conservative Congregationalist minister who moved from church to church. ?He had Judson sent to a more conservative college to protect his faith, but Judson still became a deist. Judson went to New York City where he joined a troupe of actors. "I was a wretched infidel," he later recalled.One night at an inn, Judson heard a man dying in the next room. The next morning Judson found out that the man who had died was his college friend who had led him to reject the faith. This so shook him that he returned to his parents’ home in Plymouth, and decided, at age 20, to enroll in a divinity school. Later that year he wrote in his journal: "this day I made a solemn dedication of my life to God."?During this time, he came across a sermon entitled “the star in the east” about Christians in India, and later a book about Burma. The following February he firmly resolved to go as a missionary.He met and fell in love with a 20-year-old schoolteacher Ann Hasseltine.?Ann and Adoniram were married on February 5, 1812 and set out on the four-month journey to Calcutta two weeks later.Changed views, converts, and chainsWomen missionaries are important in cross-cultural mission work. On the ship to Burma, Ann wrote that her one desire in life was to spread the gospel to heathen women, and have a regular prayer meeting with women who had come out of darkness. She said this was a constant subject of her prayer, and she was resolved to keep this as the one principal object of her life.Meanwhile, Judson knew he was going to meet Baptist William Carey. He studied the difference between the Congregationalist view and the Baptist view, planning to refute the Baptist view. But he became convinced that believer’s baptism was the correct view. He became a Baptist even though this left him without support from his home mission board. He and Anna were baptized by Carey’s assistant when they arrived in India.On the ship to Burma, Ann went into labor and lost her first child. Once in Rangoon, a hot, steamy, dirty city entrenched in Buddhism with no European society and untouched by western influence, Judson went to work translating the Bible.He constructed a zayat, a hutlike building located on the main road where interested passersby could sit on a mat and listen to the teacher. Every day Judson sat on the porch calling out, "Ho, everyone that thirsts for knowledge." Five years later Judson baptized his first convert. Three years after that, there were 18 converts. During this time they lost their seven month-old son, Roger.At the end of 1823 Judson went to Ava, the capital of the Burmese empire. He hoped to meet with the powerful Golden Emperor to try to convince the emperor to grant religious toleration.However, war with the British had just broken out and Judson was viewed as a spy. He was thrown into a death prison and kept in captivity for 17 months, which seemed later like "a horrible dream." Ann kept Judson?alive by bribing the guards.When the political situation cooled down, Judson was released and used as an interpreter. After the peace treaty had been signed, the Judsons were allowed to return to Rangoon. Ann gave birth to a third child but died on October 24, 1826. Six months later little Maria followed her mother to the grave.“Cast down, but not destroyed”The barbaric treatment he had received in jail, the "bitter, heart rending anguish" of losing his beloved wife, and the destruction of his little church at Rangoon left Judson overcome with grief. For over a year he lived in a retreat in the woods, grieving and struggling with his own past pride and ambition. He even dug his own grave and imagined himself lying in it. Three years after his wife's death, Judson wrote, "God is to me the great unknown. I believe in him, but I find him not."Despite grief, Judson threw himself into obeying the task God gave him. He completed the translation of the whole Bible in 1834. Missionary reinforcements arrived in the form of George and Sarah Boardman.Boardman and Judson established the first permanent church in Burma in an area under British control, which enjoyed full religious toleration and became the center of Baptist missionary activities. Boardman died of tuberculosis in February 1831, and three years later Judson married his widow Sarah. They had 11 happy years together, and Sarah gave birth to eight children, five of whom survived to adulthood.Death and new lifeA young man named Ko Tha Byu?had murdered 30 people, and was ransomed from slavery by a Burmese Christian, who soon found Ko’s rage unmanageable. Judson accepted responsibility for Ko and began to teach him. It was slow work, as his mind was "extremely dark." He ended up being a very effective missionary to the Karen people who lived in the mountainous jungles.In 1844 Sarah's health began to fail, and the doctor said her only hope was to return to America. She died at St. Helena on the voyage home. Judson continued on to Boston where he was hailed as a missionary hero.In December in Philadelphia, Judson met Emily Chubbuck, who wrote popular fiction under the pen name Fanny Forrester. Judson asked her to consider writing a biography of his first wife, Ann. He later asked her to marry him. Emily turned out to be a delightful companion and a good stepmother, even though she was 20 years younger.Judson spent the last years of his life composing an English/Burmese dictionary. He developed a serious lung infection and the doctor prescribed a voyage at sea. He died aboard a ship on April 12, 1850. His Bible to the Burmese was his greatest accomplishment. He believed in the power of Scripture to transform people’s lives, "All missionary operations, to be permanently successful, must be based on the written word."Judson’s work lives on, with over 4 million Christians in Burma, 2 million of whom are Baptists. His Bible was so well translated that it is still used today.Hudson Taylor: The British had been smuggling opium into China in return for tea and silks. When Chinese officials finally sought to put a stop to this drug trade, British merchant merchants objected. Tension over opium trade and foreign trade sparked the Opium Wars. In 1842 Britain forced China to sign the treaty of Nanking, which opened up more trade ports and gave Britain the island of Hong Kong. Further wars forced China to open more ports to trade. The demands found in these treaties angered Chinese: 1) The right of western nations to station their warships in China's waters, and 2) Westerners who broke Chinese law had the right to be tried in their own national courts. The Sino-Japanese war of 1895 further weakened China. Resenting western influence, Chinese began destroying railroads and bridges and tortured and murdered western diplomats, missionaries (Chinese viewed Christianity as a western religion and therefore a threat), and merchants. This was the 1900 Boxer Rebellion.?James Taylor was fascinated by China. He prayed “Dear God, if you should give us a son grant that he may work for you in China.” His son Hudson was born May 21, 1832. At 17, he was a rebel. His mother locked herself in a room and purposed to stay there till Hudson was a Christian. That same afternoon Hudson picked up a tract and accepted salvation.At age 23, he arrived in China at a port that had been opened by the treaty of Nanking, which ended the first Opium War. Taylor felt such a burden for China that it often left him overwhelmed and depressed sometimes to the point of suicide.Taylor founded China Inland Mission (CIM) and insisted he and the locals have control over it. Some of the requirements from his board were that the missionaries would dress like locals and that they would never ask for funds but rather trust God. Taylor also allowed and encouraged single young women to join.Taylor faced criticism for being harsh and domineering and also for being too intimate with young ladies, including two, Emily and Jennie, who lived with his family. Emily had a crush on Taylor. She offered to take the Taylor children to England, and while she was gone Hudson’s wife, Maria Taylor died. Emily hoped that she would marry Taylor but was crushed to find that Taylor had already proposed to Jennie.Hudson stayed faithful in ministry till he died in 1905, and CIM is still active today.Timeline of key events in US history pre-Civil War:1801: Cane Ridge Revival in Kentucky under Barton Stone.1802: Revival in Yale under Timothy Dwight.1810: Founding of America’s first foreign mission board.1811: William Henry Harrison defeats Tecumseh.1815: Battle of New Orleans won by “Old Hickory” Andrew Jackson, ending the war of 1812.1816: American Bible Society formed.1817-18: Seminole wars.1819: First steamship crossing of Atlantic.1820: The Missouri Compromise allows Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state but prohibits slavery in all new states north of the 36th parallel.1821: Charles Finney converted.1825: Erie Canal opens.1828: Baltimore and Ohio railroad begins.1830: Joseph Smith founds Mormonism.1831: William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing his abolitionist newspaper “The Liberator.” 1831: Nat Turner leads a slave revolt in Virginia. 57 whites are killed.1833: Founding of Oberlin College, an abolitionist stronghold.1834: McCormick Reaper invented.1835: Colt Revolver invented.1836: The invention of the telegraph.1836: Battle of the Alamo. Texas declares independence from Mexico shortly after.1837: Financial Panic. Banks fail. Economy is hit hard.1838: Underground Railroad begins.1846-48 Mexican-American War, fills out the boundaries of the continental US.1846: Irish Potato Famine.1848: Gold discovered in California. 80,000 men pour in 1849, and over 400,000 in the next ten years.1850: Passage of the Fugitive Slave Law, making it illegal not to turn over a runaway slave or to refuse to help with tracking runaways. Free blacks are kidnapped and made slaves.1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes “Uncle Tom’s Cabin.”1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act gives residents of new states the right to decide if they should be slave states. Proslavery forces violently stream into Kansas.1857: In the Dred Scott case, the US Supreme Court rules that no black person slave or free could be a citizen of United States and that Congress could not limit slavery to certain states.1859: John Brown leads an unsuccessful raid on Harper’s Ferry in an attempt to arm slaves for an uprising. He is hanged, but hailed as a hero.1860: After the election of Abraham Lincoln, the Southern states secede.1861: The Civil War begins.1863: Emancipation Proclamation, which frees all the slaves in the rebel states.1865: 13th Amendment finally abolishes slavery.Session 3: “Revival and Strife”Prevailing Ideas after the American Revolution:Republican ideas were welded with Christianity during the revolution. Republicans believed that power corrupts. The ideal was to make sure that power was not concentrated too much but to keep a balance. There was also a similarity between Puritan ideas and Republican ideas: to fight against tyranny was to fight against sin. The fight for independence was fueled by a belief that God had called Americans to something special and that Britain was interfering with their liberty and therefore was of the devil. About one fourth of Christians remained Loyalists and interpreted the Bible to be calling them to submission to government. They also feared that disdain for government and authority would lead to anarchy and chaos. Many of these Loyalists fled north to Canada and there shaped Canadian history.The sharp separation of church and state was an American, but never a Canadian, principle. This turned out to be one of the main differences dividing those who helped in the American Revolution from those who had not. Many of the founding fathers were Deists who had a great respect for Jesus and Christian morality, but a distrust of clergy or organized religion or supernatural miracles. (Eg. Thomas Jefferson cut out parts of the New Testament that invoked the miraculous.)Some Christians noted the hypocrisy of Americans who fought vehemently against the potential threat of slavery while at the same time keeping millions of blacks in actual slavery. The 1st Amendment was to ensure that the powers of government should not be used to coerce people's religious beliefs. The ideas of the American Revolution, primarily the rights of the individual and the resentment of any type of restraint, greatly influenced Christianity.The “individual is king” idea made people resent Calvinism and traditional church hierarchy. Christians had a new slogan, “no creed but the Bible.” Many new and sometimes crazy denominations sprang up as people interpreted their Bibles unfettered by the authority of denominations. Christianity was becoming more democratic. How do you support traditional morality after you have just assaulted and rebelled against tradition? Early Americans solved the dilemma by turning to common sense principles from the Scottish enlightenment. This was the view that truth could be proven from the universal experiences of mankind. Rather than appeal to tradition to prove morality and the existence of God they turned to logical arguments. There grew a prevailing optimism in humans’ ability to change themselves for the better. Some of the harder edges of certain doctrines, such as human depravity and original sin, were softened with the use of logic.The Second Great Awakening:Christianity was in rough shape after the revolution. There were so many social concerns that distracted people from the church. Chief Justice John Marshall wrote to a bishop, “the church was too far gone ever to be redeemed.” Thomas Paine wrote, “Christianity will be forgotten in 30 years.”In the first Great Awakening, under men like Edwards and Whitefield, revivals were seen as a supernatural act of God. Conversion was seen as a rebirth God gave to the elect. There was a waiting time to discern if a conversion was genuine; if the convert bore the fruit of the Spirit he was accepted for membership. Man was completely helpless unless God sovereignly moved in the individual.Lyman Beecher taught that Man was still dependant on God, but that God responded to preaching of the word. Lyman made some Presbyterians uncomfortable.Francis Asbury came to America in the mid-1770s. He traveled over 300,000 miles mostly on horseback, crossing the Appalachians more than 60 times to reach unreached Americans. He knew more of the American countryside than any other person of his generation. At first Methodists were associated with the Church of England and where distrusted. But the Methodist Church spread like wildfire or in the early 1800s and was very compatible with the ideals of the individual. Methodists taught the free grace of Christ that was available to everyone, and the need to defeat sin, known as perfectionism. Methodism combined strong emotional inner fervor with a deep care for outward behavior.In 1800, there were revivals in Kentucky along the Cane Ridge. People came from all around to socialize and see neighbors, and responded to the earnest preaching in a mighty way. All the pent-up emotion and stress released in response to the gospel message caused them to faint or laugh hysterically or even bark like animals. Calvinist ministers did not like to stir up the emotions for fear that people would only be experiencing an emotional change rather than spiritual change.Four general observations about the second Great Awakening:1. Men continued faithfully preaching just as they had in the latter part of the 1700s. They used no different methods no different message but suddenly there was a dramatic change on their congregation. There was also a spirit of prayer.2. There was a huge long-term impact on people as they started mission societies and Bible societies and tract societies.3.The revivals were not all filled with emotion. Often there was just a real solemn awareness of their sins. 4. The revival also affected the well-educated and the colleges, including the Yale campus, which was influenced by the teachings of Jonathan Edward’s grandson Timothy Dwight.Charles FinneyIn the mid-1820s Charles Finney, a popular lawyer, was converted and soon was applying his keen logical mind to the gospel message. Using the example of crops, he argued that revivals were a science and that if the right techniques were applied, the results were predictable. A man with blazing eyes and unmatched intensity, Finney once started a sermon by telling the audience they needed to stand right now and profess the lordship of Christ and if they didn't they would be forever lost. The audience was stunned and did not respond. Finney then said that they had made their choice and he stormed out of the room. The next day the church was packed and responsive. Finney could be harsh and he loved humbling the proud. A young woman came to a meeting wearing a gaudy hat and Finney hissed at her, “did you come here so people could worship you?” Finney’s passionate words reduced the woman to sobs.Old school Calvinists had real issue with Charles Finney's use of what they called means, which included the anxious bench (this led to the modern altar call), prolonged meetings, and intense interviews with people who were wavering. Finney reprimanded pastors who were not producing revivals. He said, “if you do not have revivals it is your own fault.”Charles Finney had a greater impact on pre-Civil War Christianity than any other man. He argued for the co-education of women. He joined revival and religious fervor into social action. He was an Arminian who focused more on man's ability. His revival techniques were criticized as focusing too much on forcing man's response than trusting God to do the converting.Conversions became something that man could manipulate with the right techniques. However conversions were still something that were deeply emotional and involved the fear of God and the deep message of repentance.The Stone-Campbell MovementBarton Stone was a Presbyterian minister who was bothered by complaints from the Methodists and the Presbyterians about the union meetings that followed the Cane Ridge revival. He started a Presbyterian church, but promptly ended it saying that denominations and credo statements were divisive. His group took the generic name “Christians.”The Campbells, from Scotland, were also disheartened by the divisiveness and they advocated a restoration of the ancient order of things: baptism by immersion, weekly Lord's supper, congregational self-rule, simple worship with no instruments, and no formal liturgy. They also wanted mission work to be independent of mission boards and focused on planting a local church run by natives. Campbells group called themselves the “Disciples.”In 1830, the Christians and the Disciples were united with a common vision of unity based on the salvation of Christ, not identical doctrines. In the 20th century, the group splintered as part of the group decided to become mainstream. Today the Stone-Campbell movement has over 7 million followers, who are found in Churches of Christ or Disciples of Christ. Millerites and Seventh Day Adventism:William Miller fought in the war of 1812 and became a Christian. As an adult, his careful study of the Scriptures led him to believe that Jesus would return in 1843. His publicist Joseph Hines was a communication genius and spread Miller's ideas through more than 5 million copies of literature. Thousands waited on a hilltop on March 21, 1843 and then later again on October 22, 1844; many were disappointed and left, but some carried on Miller’s views. One follower, Ellen G. White concluded that Christ had returned but only in a spiritual way; she became the founder of the Seventh-day Adventists.Mormonism:Joseph Smith was from upstate New York. He saw the angel Moroni one night in the early 1820s, and published the book of Mormon in 1830, reportedly copied from sacred plates no one else has ever seen. He migrated to Ohio with his followers where they believed the true Garden of Eden was. He was assassinated before Brigham Young brought the Mormons to Salt Lake.Utopian Communes:John Humphrey Noyes, a?graduate of Dartmouth and Yale, advocated sinless perfection and the idea that Jesus had returned to earth spiritually: Sinlessness now, later union with Christ. He felt that socialism was the means for perfected Christians to bring the kingdom of heaven to earth. In 1848 he organized the group of Bible Communists who held all things in common, including wives. Noyes fled to Canada in 1879 to escape legal action. There were other groups like the Harmony Society German pietists. These earnest German immigrants fervently anticipated the millennium, believed in universal salvation and tried to perfect their lives through daily discipline; they had a practice of regular confession to their leaders and New Testament communalism. They adopted celibacy to further purify the movement, but this led to the demise of the community by 1916.Abolition:Christianity emboldened the slaves to disobey masters in order to meet together for worship in song, but also to labor diligently with an eye towards freedom and even escape.The Mild Mannered LiberatorWilliam Lloyd Garrison was a devout Christian and became inspired to abolish slavery. He began his own newspaper called the Liberator. In 1831, a black man named Nat Turner led a slave revolt and killed several white families before being captured and killed 67 days later. Garrison was blamed and burned in effigy.William Lloyd Garrison was ruthlessly attacked by a northern mob and jailed for his own protection. He was so shaken and disgusted that he turned on government politics and institutional churches. He realized that the Union as it was presently conceived would have to be remade because it had a fatal flaw that saw men as property.The Belle on the War PathAngelina Grimke was a southern belle who felt so guilty about slave labor that she ran away north. She wrote a bestseller “Slavery As It Really Is” which described practices such as owners borrowing other slaves because their own were unpresentable due to beatings. Miss Grimke fell in love with Theodore Weld (who was saved at a Finney meeting) Theodore rebuked her for blending talk of women’s rights with abolition. But he later asked her to marry him.The abolitionists flooded the postal system with anti-slavery material. This enraged the south and led to censoring the postal system.The RunawayFrederick Douglass was six when he was dumped in a new home. His first memory was seeing a woman tied up and mercilessly beaten. In his late teens he was beaten by a professional “slave breaker” named Bussey. Douglass fought back and almost killed Bussey. Because Bussey ‘s reputation was at stake, he never told anyone about the attack, otherwise Douglass would have been killed for attacking a white man.Douglass escaped to the north with the help of a free black woman named Anna who sold her bed to buy him a disguise. She joined him in New York and married him. William Lloyd Garrison discovered Douglass and urged him to join him on the tour circuit, sharing his experience of slavery. Douglass became very popular and wrote a book about his experiences as a slave: how he was taken from his mother as a toddler, raised by his grandmother until the age of six, and then abandoned in a new home. Douglass was very descriptive about his sufferings and named his owners. When his friends read the manuscript, they urged him to burn it for his own safety but Douglass published it anyway and it became a bestseller. When his former owner, Thomas Auld, read the book, he vowed to hunt Douglass down. Douglass fled to Britain where he became a celebrity, and discovered a climate that was relatively free of racism. Some friends in Britain negotiated with Thomas Auld to buy Douglass’ freedom. Douglass loved England so much he almost stayed there, but he decided to return to help his fellow black men. His British friends also gave him money to start his own newspaper. Douglass rejoined Garrison, but when he became very ill, Douglass left him to continue the speaking tour. He started his own newspaper and completely left Garrison without informing him or asking him for advice. Garrison felt betrayed and grew to resent Douglass. The Religious Psycho Douglass met John Brown, who felt that God had called him to end slavery by whatever means necessary. Brown revealed to Douglass his plan to set up a guerilla warfare operation in the mountains that would raid the plantations and give opportunity for the blacks to join the rebellion. Douglass protested that violence would make them as guilty as the slave owners, yet was also impressed by John Brown's genuine love and concern for blacks. New States, Old concernsIn 1846, the Mexican War began when the United States invaded Mexican territory, endeavoring to add all of it (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California, and parts of Oregon) to the United States. Northerners protested, fearing that the South would make the new territory into slave states, which would give slaveholders more representation in Congress and give slavery new life and room to grow. However, when the territory of California wanted to join the union as a free state, it was the southern states who became anxious and worried that the Californians would tip the balance in Congress against their cherished way of life. Southern states started threatening secession. Congress responded to this threat in 1850 with a compromise that allowed California to enter the union as a free state but also gave the possibility that Arizona and Nevada could enter as slave states. After all we’ve been through!The real crushing blow was the Fugitive Slave Law which allowed any person to be deputized in the pursuit of a fugitive and had sharp penalties for anyone who harbored a runaway in their home or refused information about the whereabouts of a runaway. This enabled the kidnapping of free black men in the north because blacks did not have a defense. The abolitionists were discouraged that after 20 years of rallies and pamphlets, enduring mobs and beatings, they had not accomplished anything of value.Uncle Tom’s CabinHarriet Beecher Stowe was the mother of six young children living in Cincinnati. In the late 1840s, a cholera?epidemic swept through the city and infected Harriet's youngest son Charlie. Charlie, the delight of Harriet, had been so easy to raise, and the first child she was able to nurse herself. Harriet watched in agony as her little toddler suffered the extreme pain of fever, vomiting, and dehydration. She felt helpless and begged God to take Charlie’s life. Charlie died, leaving Harriet wracked with grief. She desperately wanted to make this experience of grief meaningful and redemptive. The pain she felt gave her a greater insight and understanding into the pain slave mothers felt when their children were taken from them. The Stowes moved to Brunswick, Maine. Shortly after they had moved in, she received a knock on her door. It was a runaway black family with a little baby named Charlie. Harriet knew that giving them safe haven was illegal and that she was putting herself in jeopardy, but she took them in, angry at the unjust law. Shortly after, Harriet had a vision of a dying slave and wanted to tell his story, so she began writing Uncle Tom's Cabin in serial form. From its first publication in book form in March 1852, it was a runaway bestseller and probably the most influential book in American history. It roused the sympathy of millions and appealed in a way that outrage couldn't. The book was also turned into a stage play that often reduced audiences to tears.Bleeding KansasIn 1855 Kansas was given the opportunity to choose whether they wanted to be a free state or a slave state. The south sent in bullies and voters to push for slavery, as well as a small army that attacked Lawrence, Kansas,?and burned the printing press and some hotels. Senator Charles Sumner objected to what he called the “rape of Kansas,” verbally attacking South Carolina senator, Andrew Butler, in the process. The next day a young relative of Butler, Preston Brooks, attacked Charles Sumner who was sitting at his desk in the almost empty Senate chamber. Brooks was denounced in the north but praised as a hero in the south, even receiving new canes to replace the one he broke on Sumner's head.On May 24, 1856 John Brown and several of his men dragged five proslavery men from their homes along Potawatomie Creek in Kansas, and hacked them to pieces with broadswords. Brown and men escaped and began plotting a full-scale insurrection. A Most Dreadful RulingIn 1857, a case was brought before the US Supreme Court concerning a man named Dred Scott. Dred Scott argued that because his owner had taken him to a free state, Scott should be considered a free man. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that no black person, slave or free, could be a citizen of United States and that Congress could not limit slavery to certain states.Freedom’s Martyr?In 1859, John Brown met with Frederick Douglass and revealed his plan to attack Harpers Ferry with 22 men, raid the armory, and spark a slave uprising. Douglass refused. In October 1859, Brown and 18 men attacked Harpers Ferry Armory with "Beechers Bibles," otherwise known as .52 caliber rifles. The raid started well but Brown’s men were quickly overcome by Virginians. Brown was injured and laid on a cot in prison, becoming a media sensation who self-styled as a martyr being sacrificed by evil forces. Frederick Douglass fled to Canada after he was implicated, as his name was found in John Brown's things.Secession In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president without carrying a single slave state. One by one, the slave states seceded from the union. The slave states attacked Fort Sumter and the Civil War was begun. The Emancipation Proclamation Initially, Lincoln was more interested in preserving the union than in freeing the slaves. This discouraged the abolitionists. Gradually, however, Lincoln began to see the strategic importance of freeing the slaves: 1) it would give a higher meaning to the senseless loss of life in the war, 2) deliver fresh motivation to fight, 3) prevent Britain from joining the south, and 4) devastate the south financially by turning tons of assets into free men.Lincoln read his proposed Emancipation Proclamation to the abolitionists and they were excited, but were confused later when Lincoln offered a truce to the south in which the south would get to keep their slaves. When Lincoln kept his word and freed the slaves, the abolitionists began to see Lincoln as a hero. His proclamation allowed black men to fight for the union and abolitionists gave fresh support to the war.Civil War Notes:Causes: preserving the union, states rights, slavery, parisons: resources favored the north. Military qualification and motivation favored the South.In the north, the war ended up helping the economy. Conscription in New York resulted in ugly draft riots. West Virginia became a state after Virginia seceded.The war in the EastThe first real clash of the war was the first battle of Manassas and was attended by picnickers and celebration. The South unleashed the first ironclad warship called the Merrimack. It destroyed a few wooden ships before the North's smaller ironclad ship, the Monitor, stopped it.The South won the majority of the first battles. The North went through several incompetent generals, including George McClellan, Ambrose Burnside, and Joe Hooker.?At this point the South was optimistic they would be able to hold on until they gained foreign assistance, and the North was growing weary. In July 1863, Gen. Lee decided to go on the offensive in the North, which led to the battle of Gettysburg and its 50,000 casualties. Lee lost.Faith in Uniform Southern General Stonewall Jackson had a profound faith in God. He said he was as safe in battle as he was in bed, for God had fixed the time of his death. After his death in May 10, 1863, his wife said, "The fear of the Lord was the only fear he knew.”There were a series of revivals among the Confederate soldiers; one historian estimates that over 100,000 Confederate soldiers were converted over the course of the war.Devotion to Christ was also found in Union general Oliver Howard. Howard lost his right arm after a battle. General Phil Kearny who had lost his left arm in the Mexican War tried to comfort Howard. Howard replied, "There is one thing that we can do, General. We can buy our gloves together."The WestThe war in the West was different; the Union won the majority of the victories and had better commanders (U.S. Grant and William Sherman). ?Control of the Mississippi was vital to both sides as it was a main supply artery. The North finally controlled the Mississippi after the 2 month siege of Vicksburg ended July 4, 1863.In the South, the currency printed soon became nearly worthless by the end of the war. In 1864, one dollar was worth 2 1/2 cents; It took $40 to buy what one dollar used to. The North’s blockades of the South led to shortages. Blockade runners made a killing.Sherman’s MarchGen. Sherman led his horrendous march?to the sea in November and December 1864, causing over $100 million of damage and creating bitterness and anger that lasted long after the war. However, Sherman's march probably saved Abraham Lincoln’s administration. In the 1864 election, he defeated Democratic candidate George McClellan, with soldiers voting 78% for Lincoln.The beginning of the endThe Union attempted to capture Petersburg, which was the main railroad line left to the south. Seeing the end, General Lee refused to waste more southern lives. He surrendered on April 9, 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia. The victorious U.S. Grant said he felt sad and depressed and he ordered the celebration and gun salute to cease. "The war is over, the rebels are our countrymen again."StatsThe war killed over 650,000 men, and tens of thousands were maimed for life. About twice as many men were killed by disease as were killed in action. The misuse of the scripture by both sides led to American culture paying less and less attention to the Bible in the decades after the war.The fruit of your laborAfter the war, Lincoln invited William Lloyd Garrison to Charleston. He was mobbed by freed blacks who carried him triumphantly on their shoulders through the city to a church. There a black man showed Garrison the fruit of his labors, as the man had just been reunited with his children. Garrison, who had worked tirelessly for almost 40 years and painstakingly published 1800+ editions of the Liberator, published one final edition.?The faith of Abraham LincolnIn his second inaugural address, Lincoln said, “Both north and south read the same Bible and pray to the same God; each invokes his aid against the other. It may seem strange that any man should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces; let us judge not that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered and that of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has his own purposes.” When one minister from the north told the president, "I hope the Lord is on our side," Lincoln responded, "I am not at all concerned about that, but it is my constant anxiety in prayer that I and this nation should be on the Lord’s side."Reconstruction: After the war, Lincoln called for malice towards none, but he was assassinated and Andrew Johnson took over. He was from the South and more moderate, which led to his impeachment. Radicals took over Congress. Three new amendments to the constitution were added. The 13th amendment eliminated slavery. The 14th amendment made blacks citizens but also increased the power of the government over the states. The 15th amendment enabled them to vote. In the South, military governments were set up until each state ratified all three amendments. Once a state accepted all the amendments, it was considered “reconstructed.” Frustrated Southerners who had lost their political vote turned to extreme measures like the Ku Klux Klan. And many farmers and former slaves turned to sharecropping because there was so little money available for wages.In 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes won election by a hair over Samuel Tilden with a compromise: If Hayes were to get into the White House, he would remove the last federal troops from the South.The era of reconstruction lead to three major changes:It freed the slaves. It made the south solidly Democratic due to resentment towards the Republican handling of the situation. It greatly expanded the central government's power.Session 4: “Holiness and Reform.”Changes in Post Civil War North America:Urbanization:Floods of people streamed into the cities looking for jobs in newly created factories. This created moral challenges for the single young people who faced a host of new temptations, coupled with a new anonymity that did not provide accountability.Immigration:Millions came to North America fleeing famine, persecution, and the near constant war that dominated Europe in the 1800s. They brought with them new religious ideas andsocial customs that shook the world of white Protestant America.Overcrowding:The cities were not prepared for rapid growth. The lack of proper housing and sewage systems caused much hunger and disease. The cities were also a hotbed for crime and corruption.Entrepreneurial Spirit:New discoveries, inventions, and technologies combined with a growing population, created an opportunity for wealth like no other time before. The free-market principles of the government allowed the growth of gigantic industries as robber barons ruthlessly eliminated the small business competition in an effort to maximize profit.Free Market Religion:This same spirit was employed with religion, as businessmen invested in revivals and volunteer society: converts were counted and the cost per convert was calculated. In some ways this spirit was healthy for Christianity, but in some cases it put more of an emphasis on results rather than being faithful to truth.Innovations: In diet, refrigerated cars allowed people to eat more variety year-round. Clothing and dress also became standardized. In 1890, a woman’s dress required 10 yards, by the 1920s, it only required three.Alexander Graham Bell transmitted the first voice message over wire on March 10, 1876. And on September 4, 1882, Edison first flipped on the light bulb. New technologies in generators led to widespread use of electricity.Political Corruption:The vast amounts of wealth that were being amassed enabled a new form of power as votes and politicians were bought. Political bosses also took advantage of the new immigrants, offering jobs and money for influence. This was the era before secret ballots, so people were afraid to vote against the corruption as it could come back to bite them.New Diversions: The penny press and cheaper printing technologies coupled with the extra money people were looking to burn created sensational journalism. The news became a chief source of entertainment. The Idolatry of Science:Science was eliminating disease and creating marvels at a breakneck pace. It seemed like there was no problem that couldn’t be solved by applying scientific principles. Before, people recognized that many social problems were caused by sin and rebellion against God, the solution was conversion and repentance. Now people looked for scientific solutions for problems like alcoholism and prostitution. If people’s environment could be fixed, the individual would be fixed as well. Darwinism and Higher Criticism:Because science had an esteemed position of authority, when new scientific theories undermined the authority of God’s word, many people accepted science over the religious belief.Darwin’s theories about the survival of the fittest, influenced how people saw business. Capitalism ruthlessly applied would in the end benefit everyone. Liberalism:Pietism (The belief that true religion needed to change the heart rather than the head) played an important role in the revitalization of the church in the 17th and 18th centuries. Unchecked pietism, however, played a role in the development of theological liberalism and humanistic romanticism of the 19th and 20th centuries, where vague nature mysticism replaced the more orthodox understanding of God and the world.Before the 1860s, Protestants saw America as a Christian nation. Scottish common sense philosophy taught that truth was accessible and clear to every man. Most college presidents had seminary degrees and the Bible was uniformly held up as authoritative. This all began to change with the theory of evolution and higher criticism of the Bible. Before this time Christians had confidence that scientific inquiry would always confirm what was in the Bible. When the latest scientific thought seemingly contradicted Genesis, Christians faced a dilemma: Should science or the Bible have the ultimate authority? Some Christians found a solution in the idea that science had its own domain and the Bible dealt with spiritual realities. The scientific and historical questions and criticisms could not touch religion because religion dealt with invisible realities.The ideas of evolutionary progress were being applied to religion, from which arose the belief that to go back in time was to go back to less evolved primitive thinking. This is in contrast to the idea that had been around since the Reformation: that to get pure Christianity, you had to go back to the Bible. But if the Bible was out of date, what should be the authority today? Liberal Christians such as Henry Beecher pointed to religious experience.?Characteristics of American liberalism as taught by Henry Ward Beecher: 1: The progress of the kingdom of God is identified with the progress of civilization. 2: Morality has become the essence of religion. 3: the supernatural is no longer clearly separated from the natural, but rather manifests itself only in the natural.?4: Beecher preached emotion and sentiment instead of hard thinking and clarity, he sought to soothe people such as those who were raised in strict Calvinist homes and now felt guilty about their newfound wealth. 5: Beecher taught a soft, fuzzy doctrine of love. The poet was the new prophet of spiritual truth, not the scientist or historian. The new idealism, which opposed common sense, taught that sin was the result of our lower base animal nature and that truth and morality was found in the higher and more evolved spirit. Alcohol and sex or denounced as the lower animal desires.D.L. Moody and the rise of Fundamentalism:The Civil War, the influx of people to cities, the penny press, and other amusements, ensured that the revival was no longer the unique social event it used to be. DL Moody was a strapping farm boy who came to the big city to be a shoe salesman. He had tons of energy and a real gift for persuading people. He became converted and enthusiastically started inviting people to Sunday school. Moody could be relentless, repeatedly coming to the same home until the parents finally gave permission for their child to attend. Moody was not above bribing people by carrying maple sugar in his pocket. Moody would rise at 4 AM every morning and diligently study the Bible. He read little else and tried to reduce Christianity to its most basic aspects. He kept his messages short and simple and drove them home with a passion. He was challenged by some women to receive the filling of the Holy Spirit, or the second blessing. He was skeptical until he received it. He was struck by a new appreciation for the love of God in a message by an English preacher named Morehouse. This intensified Moody's message: anyone who wanted to be saved could be. Moody made great use of Ira Sankey and made music a big part of preparing people emotionally. Moody's simple message and reduction of complex theology was appealing but it did not equip people to deal with the intellectual attacks that were coming from the secular world.According to a Moody sermon, the great threats facing the church were 1) the theater, 2) disregard of the Sabbath, 3) Sunday newspapers, 4) atheistic teachings, including evolution. He also preached against drunkenness and selling liquor, disrespect for parents, and greed.Moody's primary concern was conversion. He shaped his theology around what worked. He dropped social concerns because he found that trying to meet people's physical needs distracted them from their spiritual needs. Conversion would ultimately lead to social reform.Moody saw culture and the world as a sinking ship and that God had given him a lifeboat to save as many people as he could. Seeing salvation as a mere spot on a lifeboat instead of as creating civilized nation builders/kingdom advancers, eliminated the need for complex theology or social theory.Changing Views of where History was headed:Post-millennialism was the predominant view among evangelicals between the first Great Awakening and the Civil War. Post-millennials believed that the kingdom of God would steadily advance and through this the curse would be slowly reversed. The abundance of revivals and the progress in technology and social reform were seen as evidence of this. Post-millennials were optimistic about the future and quick to attribute social progress, material wealth, and capitalism to Christian influence. This optimism was adopted by liberal theologians, but they rejected the idea of God's sovereignty and supernatural power and instead placed their hope in human nature and the progress of science.In direct opposition to these ideas were the teachings of John Nelson Darby, founder of the Plymouth Brethren movement in England. He found more converts to his ideas in America. Darby taught dispensational premillennialism, which saw the kingdom of God as something wholly in the future. This present age, then, was not a time for kingdom growth, but rather was the church age, a parenthetical time between the 69th and 70th week of Daniel's prophecy. The purpose of this age was not to advance an earthly kingdom but to “come out from among them and be separate.” This teaching expected the world to get worse.Dispensationalists insisted on a plain, literal reading of the scripture and introduced a new term, “inerrancy.” This practice of literal interpretation sometimes caused them to make the Bible say things it never intended to say, as proven by their many false predictions. They also saw history as the struggle between God and Satan, divided into distinct ages. This was in opposition to the new secular practice of looking for natural causes in the progress of history.Dispensationalists were also at odds with the prevailing optimism. They had a very pessimistic view of the world and how bad things were becoming. For instance, A. J. Frost addressed the 1886 International Prophecy Conference with the thesis that the world's moral condition was growing worse and worse. He cited statistics that revealed dramatic increases in both England and America of murder, suicide, theft, indecent assault, drunkenness, and divorce. He said the cities were becoming plague spots of moral and political leprosy, the hotbeds of lawlessness. He cried that the end was near.Dispensationalists also had a very pessimistic view of the church. They expected the church to become apostate and were skeptical of the missionaries’ chances in converting the heathen. They delighted in how few true Christians there were in the world as proof that the end was near. In the late 1800s, they decried the fact that main denominational churches were rejecting key Christian doctrine and were critical of organizations like the YMCA for allowing evolutionists to have membership. This was in stark contrast to the optimism that accompanied the second Great Awakening, leading to a great surge in missions as Christians became excited about the possibility of converting the world.Historian Dwight Wilson on the Fundamentalists’ track record of identifying current events with biblical prophecy:"The current crisis was always identified as a sign of the end, whether it was the Russo-Japanese war, the first World War, the second World War, the Palestine war, the Suez crisis, the June war, or the Yom Kippur war. The revival of the Roman empire has been identified variously as Mussolini's empire, the League of Nations, the United Nations, the European Defense Community, the Common Market and NATO. Speculation on the antichrist has included Napoleon, Mussolini, Hitler, and Henry Kissinger. The northern Confederation was supposedly formed by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Rapallo Treaty, the Nazi-Soviet Pact, and the Soviet Bloc. The ‘kings of the east’ have been variously the Turks, the lost tribes of Israel, Japan, India, and China. The supposed restoration of Israel has confused the problem of whether the Jews are to be restored before or after the coming of the Messiah. The restoration of the latter reign has been pinpointed to have begun in 1897, 1917, and 1948. The end of the ‘times of the Gentiles’ has been placed in 1895, 1917, 1948, and 1967. ‘Gog’ has been an impending threat since the Crimean War, both under the czars and the Communists.""Murphy's Armageddon Observation: Those who don't learn from the past are condemned to write prophecy books."The holiness tradition and social reform:Calvinists taught that we should strive for holiness but were realistic about the strength of our sin nature and how it would be a constant struggle till the day we died. Wesley and the Methodists, and then Charles Finney, taught a view called perfectionism: That we can achieve a level of perfection in this life. They did this by redefining sin to mean only our willful rejection of God. Calvinists thought this view was dangerous because it would produce pride and eliminate the sense of how much we need to rely on God.The holiness movement, as taught by the Keswick convention, showed a middle way. They used the picture of a hot air balloon that always carried the weight of our sin nature, but when the balloon was filled with the Holy Spirit, which happened when we were yielded or surrendered, we would find victory over our sins. But if we ever stopped being yielded, our sin nature would always drag us back down. In this era, Francis Havergale wrote “I surrender all,” and Hannah Whitehall Smith wrote “The Christian’s Secret of a Happy Life.”Keswick teaching focused on the need for the deeper life, a second conversion, a need for the filling of the Holy Spirit, and an emphasis on power and victory.This holiness teaching often led to social action. And while they always placed the focus on converting the soul, they disagreed with Moody that meeting their physical needs was distraction.?Phoebe Palmer lost an 11 month old baby to a fire accident. She felt God told her he took the child because she had made an idol of her children. One year later, she received the second blessing she had sought. She was active in writing, social reform, women's rights and their duty to be church leaders. She set up a rescue mission in New York's five-point district where even Charles Dickens was afraid to go.The holiness movement included Hannah and Robert Whitehall Smith, who helped inspire the Keswick movement which is still around today.?People who were transformed by the holiness movement, were very optimistic that they could make a difference in society. They realized that true Christianity is meeting the needs of the poor and the oppressed. Often aligned with the Salvation Army, holiness missionaries sent people into the slums to bathe the sick, to feed hungry children on the way to school, to rescue prostitutes and give them an alternative, and help find jobs for men and immigrants.Women teachers in ministry:Women played a very prominent role in Holiness reforms. They defended their positions of influence by arguing: that Jesus affirmed women as disciples, Mary Magdalene was the first to testify to the resurrection, Phoebe was a deacon in the early church, Paul listed women church leaders in Romans 16, Acts 21 mentions Philip’s four prophesying daughters, Paul gave women directions on how to pray and prophesy in public. They also pointed to Joel’s prophecy that God would pour his spirit on his sons and daughters.They interpreted the biblical commands for submission to refer to the marriage relationship, not the church, and they viewed Paul's instructions to women to be silent as local commands.Christians in the new industrial economy:The Age of Reform in Britain: 1. People lobbied politicians to enact laws that protected the rights of the workers against the abuses of the factory owners. 2. A series of laws were passed that allowed more men to vote. Previously only the large landowners had the right to vote. 3. Parliament also passed a bill where members could receive a salary, thus enabling poor man to run for office. As the concerns of the?poor came to the surface, socialism in different forms was adopted. At the heart of socialism is a belief in the innate goodness of man, who is corrupted by social inequalities and the greed that capitalism and the free market cause.The Progressive Era 1900 to 1920:The Progressives wanted to reform:1: Direct democracy, secret ballots, direct primaries, initiatives, referendums, and recall.2: government efficiency, city commissions run by experts.3: Government intervention: trust-busting and socialism.Constitutional progressivism: The 16th amendment (1913) allowed income tax.The 17th amendment (1913) allowed direct election of senators.The 18th amendment (1919) prohibited liquor sales. Was repealed by the 21st amendment in 1933.The 19th amendment (1920) granted women the right to vote.The Muckrakers:?Lincoln Stevens and his McClure's magazine. Ida Tarbell and her attack of Standard Oil. Different from yellow journalism in that these writers were careful to report the truth.The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), and the Meat Inspection Act (1906), followed the publication of Upton Sinclair's book “The Jungle,” which exposed the horror of the meat packing plants.Progressivism evaluated: 1. Many reforms were worthwhile, but also led to expanded powers of government. The progressives felt that big government was not a problem because it was controlled by the people. But big government, especially bureaucracy, has become much more difficult to manage.2. Progressives deny the evil nature of mankind.3. Progress is not inevitable. Progressives ignored man's basic problem which is sin and alienation from God. William Booth said, "My only hope for the permanent deliverance of mankind from misery, either in this world or the next, is the regeneration or remaking of the individual by the power of the Holy Ghost through Jesus Christ."MarxismMarxism was another form of socialism taught by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. Marx thought his ideas of socialism were scientific, but they were anything but. In his view, class struggles were the problem but that these struggles would gradually lead to Utopia. He advocated that the working class should overthrow the capitalists and establish their own rule, called the dictatorship of the proletariat. Once in power, they would eliminate anything that opposed the idea of communism such as private property or private business. They should also destroy Christianity which, according to Marx, is a drug used by the ruling class to keep workers in subjection. Once all remnants of capitalism had been eliminated the dictatorship would disappear. Marx felt that the capitalist was robbing the worker of the value he created. Marx ignored the fact that the capitalist invests the funds in building the factories and in buying machines and raw materials; without these industrial goods could not be produced.Christian arguments for socialism in early 20th century: Christ was a laborer and warned against wealth. Jesus wants us to meet the needs of the poor. Capitalism encourages selfishness and competition, while socialism would promote cooperation. Some saw their labor unions as more Christian than the Protestant churches. (The Knights of labor opened their meetings with prayer.)E. Stanley Jones in 1935 published Christ's alternative to communism, challenging Christians to outdo Communists in loving their neighbors: "If religion has nothing to do with the physical hunger of man, it has nothing to do with Christ."John Bascom and the social gospelBascom was concerned about the growing power of the greedy captains of industry. He defined the social gospel as "the application of the teachings of Jesus and the total message of Christian salvation to society, the economic life, and social institutions as well as to the individual."He believed the churches were too blinded by tradition and their institutions, and that the government needed to step in and create a just society.The social gospel rejected two common American beliefs:1. The gospel of wealth, as taught by Henry Ward Beecher: that wealth is a sign of divine favor because of your personal virtue. If you were poor, it was your own fault. 2. Social Darwinism, or the survival of the fittest as applied to the industrial economy; only the strongest deserved to survive.Social gospel advocates cared about prohibition, the rights of women to vote, and labor unions. The ideal of a cooperative Christian commonwealth governed by the golden rule, the ethics of Jesus, and a virtuous educated government was gaining popularity.Around the turn of the century, social reform was divorced from concern about spiritual conversion and became merely the social gospel.Issues to consider with socialism1: Motivation. If there is no private property, what incentive is there to exert yourself, if you receive the same benefit whether you are lazy or productive? Communism can also remove the motivation of good stewardship.2: The creation of wealth. Socialists seem to think that the amount of wealth a nation has is set, so that if a man is rich, it means he has taken something from the poor person. Huey Long used to say that “The Good Lord gave us all a pie to share, and the Rockefellers, and Morgans, and Baruchs, sat down and took 80% of the pie for themselves.” In reality, the amount of goods and wealth a nation has is in flux based on productivity. However, money is not wealth. Printing more money does not create more wealth.3: Regulation. As a government expands, it eats up the available wealth without creating more wealth. As the taxes rise, eventually they choke enterprise and chase businesses elsewhere. Without productive business to tax, government becomes bankrupt. 4. Competition. Free market competition forces the producers to keep striving for a better product and a lower price to attract the buyer. Without this competition, there is no incentive to provide quality and economical pricing.5: The Weak. Unbridled capitalism is not the answer either. The free-market is the survival of the fittest, which is great for the consumer, but without Christian charity and morality, the weak and disabled will suffer, and corruption will bring ruin.Women’s Suffrage:Frances Willard, "When women have the vote, the nation will no longer miss, as now, the influence of half its wisdom, more than half its purity, and nearly all its gentleness, in courts of justice and the halls of legislation. Then shall one code of morals, and that the highest, rule over both men and women; then shall the Sabbath be respected, the rights of the poor be recognized, the liquor traffic banished, and the home protected from all its foes." Prohibition: Prohibition won its victory in the 18th amendment that made the production and sale of liquor illegal but not ownership or consumption. It went into effect in 1920.?Prohibition was not just because of fundamentalists. It was on the agenda of liberals and those who pushed the social gospel. Fundamentalist J. Gresham Machen was against prohibition because he thought it gave government too much power over the individual and, being reformed, he enjoyed a glass of wine. Prohibition did not eliminate drinking alcohol but it did greatly reduce the consumption of it, especially among the lower classes, because it drove up the prices. Alcohol-related violence and disease dropped along with the reduced consumption.Billy Sunday and Jesus athletes:Billy Sunday was born during the Civil War, the son of a Union soldier who died a month after Sunday was born. Sunday did not get along with his stepfather and was farmed out. Sunday was very athletic and became a baseball player for the Chicago White Stockings (precursor to the Cubs). He started dating the batboy’s sister and became converted around this time. In the early 1900s, he was most famous energetic evangelist. He was once timed to shake people’s hands at a rate of 57 per minute. The early part of the 1900s had a strong emphasis on passionate manhood and muscular Christianity. The Boy Scouts originated in?this movement. In 1909, Sunday was attacked by a lunatic who approached the platform saying, "I have a commission from God to horsewhip you." Sunday replied, “Well, I have a commission from God to knock the tar out of you." Sunday dove off the platform to attack him but twisted his ankle in the process and had to finish the revival on crutches.Billy Sunday became popular for his simple, anti-intellectual approach. He could be bombastic, attacking men's fashion, drinking, and dancing. He condemned the latest scholarship to hell and had harsh words for intellectuals. During the war, he prayed that God would smite every man who did not sign up, as well as the women who supported such cowards. He said that if Hell could be lifted up you would see the words “Made in Germany” stamped on the bottom. Sunday was physically active and would act out his stories. Spraying sweat and saliva on bystanders, he would run and slide to illustrate his point.The Fall of Fundamentalism:After Moody's death in 1899, fundamentalism began to fracture along eschatological lines, between post-trib and pre-trib rapture positions. But the holiness movement also split between fundamentalist and Pentecostal teaching. Charles Parham and his disciple William Seymour taught that there was a second blessing through yielding and surrender, but they also taught a third blessing, which was the filling of the Holy Spirit accompanied by speaking in tongues. Pentecostals considered themselves fundamentalists, read fundamentalist literature, and had many of the same anti-modernist, anti-evolutionist concerns. But most dispensational fundamentalists rejected Pentecostals. The feud became quite bitter with fundamentalist leaders such as Harry Ironside calling Pentecostals “an aberration.” He disagreed with the Pentecostal view that the third blessing would eradicate the sin nature, and thought that tongues?were the results of the stress of having to claim perfectionism.Fundamentalism became a national sensation between 1920 and 1925. The sense of crisis following World War 1 gave the movement urgency and an aggressive character. However, after the Scopes trial, fundamentalism became associated with anti-intellectual, hayseed ignorance and became an object of scorn. Fundamentalism quickly fell out of favor as mainline denominations tried not to be associated with the movement. However, fundamentalism remained a part of American culture and a strong influence by going underground through Bible schools and independent churches.Four views of how Christianity should view culture?that were present before World War I:1. Culture Condemned: the extreme premillennialist teachers saw signs everywhere of the demise of the world from earthquakes and famines to new technological breakthroughs and heresies. God’s plan for the true church was to “come out from among them and be separate.” They claimed that even Jesus did not care about this world but set his hopes on the future world.2: The Central Tension: this view held by groups like the Moody Bible Institute was a more optimistic version of premillennialism. Salvation was their primary concern but they were still interested in alleviating suffering in this life. However their expectation of Christ’s soon return kept them focused on simple issues and prevented complex theories.3: Christian Civilization: This view, held by men such as William Jennings Bryan, saw Christianity as the main cause of all that was good in civilization. They defended this view with confidence and strong emotion rather than subtlety. They saw no reason to adapt or change in response to the rising attacks but to boldly return to old-time religion. They did not develop well-articulated or well-thought-through arguments. Because of this, Bryan was embarrassed at?the Scopes trial.4: Transforming culture by the Word. This view, held by post-millennials Benjamin Warfield and John G. Machen, argued Christians needed to diligently defend the truth and not lose the intellectual. Machen said, "The church is perishing today through the lack of thinking, not through an excess of it. Instead of destroying the arts and sciences and being indifferent to them, let us cultivate them with all enthusiasm but consecrate them to the service of our God. Christianity must pervade not merely all nations, but also all human thought. Instead of withdrawing from the world let us go forth joyfully, enthusiastically make the world subject to God."The Scopes Monkey Trial (1925)After the Civil War, some authors put forward the idea that science and religion were at war. Conversely, Charles Hodge and Benjamin Warfield saw forms of evolution as compatible with Christianity. By the 1920s, fundamentalists had embraced the warfare model; Billy Sunday said that "science and religion can never be reconciled." Two developments had happened since Hodge and Warfield: 1) evolution had become distinctly Atheistic, 2) fundamentalists believed World War 1 had been caused by German liberalism through Friedrich Nietzsche.Tennessee had outlawed the teaching of evolution in schools. Fundamentalists believed that evolution was just a theory and not good science, and that it would lead to the breakdown in morality if people believed that they were animals. ACLU wanted to challenge the law and advertised for someone willing to break the law. A phys ed teacher named John Scopes agreed to break the law in order to bring it to court. William Jennings Bryan volunteered to be the prosecutor. Bryan had run for president in the Democratic Party in 1896, 1900, and 1908 and was Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson, but he resigned in 1915 to protest Wilson's bullying of Germany.Bryan had since become very anti-evolution and wanted to use the case to publicly humiliate this harmful theory. On the other side, taking the defense for John Scopes was atheist Clarence Darrow, who had earlier argued in a case where two teens had killed another person for fun, that these teens did not have free will and were the products of their environment.The Scopes trial became a national sensation as the small town of Dayton was overwhelmed with newspapermen.Bryan started out strong and was viewed as a hero fighting for truth but he was ill-equipped to deal with Darrow’s questions. Darrow made Bryan look a fool with questions like “where did Cain get his wife? When was the flood? Did he believe stories like the Tower of Babel and Jonah? Was he aware that Chinese civilization went back 7000 years?” At one point Darrow got Bryan to say, “I do not think about the things I do not think about.” Darrow responded, “Do you think about the things you do think about?”Bryan had a glorious speech written that he never got to deliver as Scopes was declared guilty of teaching evolution. After traveling hundreds of miles and giving his final speech to crowds elsewhere, Bryan lay down for a nap feeling fine, but died in his sleep. Cynic journalist Menken wrote, “God took aim at Darrow and missed and killed Bryan.”Through a history written shortly afterward, a stage play, and the movie “Inherit the Wind,” what really happened in the Scopes trial has been twisted. Darrow was unlikeable and cruel and not the tolerant open-minded man he was portrayed as. And William Jennings Bryan was more sophisticated than he appeared. However, the Scopes trial publicly portrayed fundamentalism as anti-science and ignorant.Aimee Semple McPhersonAimee was born in 1890 in Ontario. Her father James was a Methodist, who at the age of 50 had married Minnie, Aimee’s mother, who was 15 years younger than any of his children. Aimee was a very religious young person who had a little bit of rebel in her (eg. she had fought against evolution in the paper in her school).In her late teens, Amy met Pentecostal revivalist Robert James Semple, was converted, and fell in love with Robert. They married and shortly after, they moved to China as missionaries. Robert died of an illness three months later, and one month after that Amy gave birth to daughter,?Roberta.?Aimee rejoined her mother back in the United States and went to work with the Salvation Army. She married Harold McPherson, an accountant, in 1912. She hated being a housewife, feeling like she had rejected her calling to preach. She did local preaching but that was not enough. After a failed operation she was left to die, but in her delirium, she heard the voice again that she needed to preach and she was healed. She became a nationally known revivalist and healer and traveled extensively. Some of her healings were verified by physicians.?In 1916 Aimee, her husband, and her mother went on a road trip across United States. In 1918, she moved to Los Angeles and rented a large hall. By 1923 she had raised enough money to build a huge temple that seated 5300.The temple received 40 million visitors in the first seven years.?Aimee preached tirelessly and often worked theatrics and dramatic scenes into her sermons. The church evolved into its own denomination and became known as the international church of the Foursquare Gospel. The four main beliefs were based on Christ as Savior, baptizer with the Holy Spirit, healer, and coming king. Aimee made use of the radio, starting her own station. Her temple met a lot of practical needs among the needy in Los Angeles.On May 18, 1926, Aimee disappeared from an ocean beach. Many thought she had drowned. On June 23 McPherson stumbled out of the desert and collapsed, later claiming she had been kidnapped, drugged, tortured, and held for ransom in a shack by two men and a woman named Mexicali Rose. She also claimed she escaped from her captors and walked through the desert for about 13 hours. Rumors abounded that Aimee had faked her kidnapping in order to have an affair with a married man, Kenneth Ormiston. Numerous sightings of Aimee had surfaced, along with reports that Ormiston had been seen at a cottage with a woman the press called “Mrs. X.” Ormiston claimed that Mrs. X was not Aimee. A woman came forward saying that Aimee had offered her $5000 to assume the identity of Mrs. X, but her story was later discredited. Aimee was arrested and put on trial, a national sensation that dragged on for months. She was acquitted, but to this day it is unclear whether she was actually kidnapped or whether she had faked it. Her ministry continued despite fights with her mother. McPherson married a third time.Timeline: Key events in the 20th century1900: Resentment of Western influence and privilege in China leads to the Boxer Rebellion.1901: U.S. President McKinley is assassinated. Theodore Roosevelt becomes President. Queen Victoria dies.1902: Boer war ends.1903: Wright brothers make their first airplane flight.1908: Ford introduces Model T.1909: Plastic is invented.1912: The Titanic sinks.1913: The US Federal Reserve is established, and personal income tax is introduced.1914: World War 1 begins.1915: The Turks massacres 1.2 million Armenians. D.W. Griffith releases his three-hour movie “The Birth of a Nation,” which revives the Klu Klux Klan. Germans use poison gas for the first time.1916: Battle of the Somme. Battle of Verdun.1917: The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia introduces Communist control. The US joins World War 1, shortly after the Zimmerman telegram is discovered.1918: The Spanish Flu begins and spreads in overcrowded military camps. It will kill 20-100 million world wide in the next two years. Daylight savings is introduced for the first time. Russian Czar Nicholas II is killed, ending the reign of the Romanovs.1919. Treaty of Versailles officially ends World War 1, but its oppressive terms on Germany will lead to World War 2. The treaty gives Britain Palestine. The war has killed up to 16 million people and wounded another 20 million. 1920: The League of Nations is established. First commercial radio broadcast. Women granted the right to vote in the US. Prohibition begins in the US.1921: Extreme inflation begins in Germany, as the government prints money in an effort pay off its massive war debts. Ireland wins independence.1923: Hitler is jailed after a failed attempt to overthrow the government. While in jail, he writes “Mein Kampf” (My Struggle) which leads to his popularity.1924: Vladimir Lenin dies.1925: The Scopes (Monkey) trial. John Scopes is ruled guilty on charges of teaching evolution, but fundamentalism is mocked during the trial and is made to look ignorant.1927: The first talking movie “The Jazz Singer” is released. Lindbergh flies solo across Atlantic.1928: Kellogg-Briand Treaty makes war illegal. 62 Nations sign it, but only three years later, Japan invades Manchuria. Penicillin is discovered. Sliced bread is invented.1929: Car radio invented. Stock market crashes, starting the Great Depression.1930: Joseph Stalin begins collectivization in agriculture (making the private farms belong to everyone). His harsh policies and quotas lead to the starvation of between 5-10 million peasants in the Ukraine.1931: The mafia reign of Al Capone (made possible in part by prohibition) is ended finally on charges of income tax evasion.1933: Adolf Hitler is elected chancellor of Germany. In the US, Franklin Roosevelt launches far-reaching New Deal programs in an attempt to end the wide scale suffering the Great Depression has caused. Prohibition ends in the US.1934: Stalin begins the “Great Purges” of the communist party. It will kill 2.5 million people and send thousands of intellectuals to the “Gulags.” In North America, over-farming and an extreme drought causes the Dust Bowl.1935: Senator Huey Long of Louisiana is shot, ending a reign of power and corruption like the US had never seen. Social Security is established in the US.1936: The Spanish Civil wars begin. Both Hitler and Mussolini back the rebels and use the war as an opportunity to test new weapons and strategies. The war kills 600,000 over the next three years. The Olympics are held in Berlin.1937: Japan invades China and begins the “Rape of Nanking.” This starts World War 2 in Asia. By the end, the war will kill up to 20 million Chinese.1938: “The War of the Worlds” broadcast fools thousands into believing that Martians have invaded our planet. Hitler annexes Austria. Kristallnacht (The night of broken glass): In Germany and Austria, Jews are murdered, raped, and arrested as mobs destroy Jewish property, beginning the Holocaust.1939: Hitler violates the peace treaty and invades Poland, beginning World War 2 in Europe. Hitler and Stalin sign a pact agreeing to not attack each other and deciding which European nation each dictator can invade.1940: Nazis invade Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, and France. The Miracle of Dunkirk occurs when Hitler has trapped hundreds of thousands of Allied troops, but bad weather prevents his air force from finishing off the Allies. Thousands of boats ferry the men safely to England. Auschwitz death camp opens, where 1.2 million people will be killed. Hitler attempts an invasion of Britain by first employing a summer long bombing campaign of England. The bombing killed over 50,000 British, but it does not accomplish what Hitler hopes it would.1941: Hitler shocks Stalin and makes his biggest blunder of the war by invading Russia. Millions of Russians die in a series of German victories, but by winter the invasion has stalled. Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, bringing the US into the war.1942: Battle of Midway is a turning point in the war in the Pacific. Japan shocks the world with the horrendous Bataan death march of US prisoners of war. The Manhattan Project, where the atomic bomb is developed, begins.1943: Italy joins the Allies. Tehran Conference where Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin discuss strategy. Stalin wants an Allied invasion on the west coast to divert some German soldiers from the Eastern front. Allies begin winning battles in North Africa.1944: On June 6th, with Operation D-Day, the Allies begin the largest amphibious invasion in history. While very costly at first, three weeks later, the Allies have landed almost 1 million men in France. They begin the liberation of Europe. Hitler survives assassination attempt.1945: The Germans surrender, Hitler commits suicide. The world is horrified to discover the Nazi death camps. Europe is divided into occupation zones. The Russian zones quietly succumb to Soviet domination. The US drops atomic bombs on Japan, leading to Japanese surrender and the end of World War 2. United Nations is founded.1946: Winston Churchill warns the world that an “iron curtain” has descended upon eastern Europe. 1947: In an effort to curb the spread of communism, US gives billions of dollars worth of aid to the western European countries. The Dead Sea scrolls are discovered.1948: Russia blockades the Allied zones of Berlin in an effort to stop the rebuilding of West Berlin. For almost a year, the Allies fly in tons of coal and food and other supplies. Due in part to the sympathy the Jews have received because of the Holocaust, the UN allows the creation of the state of Israel.1949: Mao Zedong wins the civil war and China becomes Communist. Soviet Union sets off its own first atomic bomb.1950: Korean War begins as communist North Korea invades the South. The UN sends troops to repel the invasion. In the US Senator Joseph McCarthy begins accusing high level officials of being communist. President Truman orders the development of the hydrogen bomb in an effort to stay ahead of the Russians. First credit card introduced.1951: First color TV.1952: Polio vaccine created. Car seat belts introduced. Princess Elizabeth becomes queen at age 25.1953: Joseph Stalin dies. In the US, Rosenbergs are executed for espionage. Edmund Hillary is first to summit Mt. Everest. First Playboy magazine makes pornography more accessible.1954: Brown vs. Board of Education rules that segregation in the US is illegal.1955: Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat, Montgomery Bus Boycott begins. Disneyland opens. Ray Kroc opens first McDonald’s.1956: Elvis scandalizes audiences on the Ed Sullivan show. New Soviet leader Khrushchev public denounces Stalin’s crimes. TV remote invented and Velcro introduced. Suez crisis.1957: Soviets launch the world’s first satellite, the Sputnik. Later that year, the Russian dog, Laika, becomes first living animal in orbit.1958: Mao Zedong launches “Great Leap Forward,” which results in the starvation of 30-40 million Chinese. NASA founded. LEGO introduces first toy bricks.1959: Castro leads a revolution in Cuba and becomes a communist dictator.1960: First televised presidential debate helps elect J. F. Kennedy and changes politics. The birth control pill is approved by the FDA, helping lead to a sexual revolution. American U-2 spy plane is shot down over Russia, angering Russian and adding to the Cold War tension.1961: The attempted Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba is a total failure and embarrassment to the recently created CIA. The Berlin Wall is built to prevent the mass exodus to free West Berlin. Russians send first man into space.1962. The world sits on the brink of self-destruction as Kennedy and Khrushchev clash over the nuclear missiles that Russia has secretly placed in Cuba. First Wal-Mart opens. The Second Vatican council brings major changes to the Roman Catholic Church. It liberalizes restrictions, allows mass to be done in the local language, and encourages more Bible study and interaction with other Christians.1963: Betty Friedan publishes “The Feminine Mystique,” stirring up feminist discontent and encouraging women to seek fulfillment outside the home. JFK is assassinated in Dallas.1964: The Beatles invade the US and the hearts of millions of girls. Civil rights movement is in full swing; its protest tactics are adopted by Berkeley students. Lyndon Johnson defeats Barry Goldwater in the presidential election. Johnson declares his “war on poverty,” and his plans to create the “Great Society.”1965: US dramatically increases the number of troops in Vietnam.1966: Mao begins his “Cultural Revolution” in an effort remove all traces of capitalism and traditional Chinese culture. In the US, young people lead mass draft protests and decry the “evil immorality” of their parents’ generation. They want to “make love, not war.”1967: Israel wins The Six Day War and doubles the amount of land in the state of Israel.1968: Civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and presidential candidate, Robert Kennedy, are both assassinated. The Vietnam Tet Offensive sobers the US public about how bleak the situation in Vietnam really is.1969: Neil Armstrong is the first man on the moon. Rock concert at Woodstock. First episode of Sesame Street airs.1970: Kent State shooting kills 4.1972: 11 Israeli athletes are kidnapped and killed at the Summer Olympics in Munich.1973: Roe vs. Wade legalizes abortion in the US. Watergate scandal begins as Nixon tries illegally to prevent documents from being leaked. The US pulls out of Vietnam and the south falls to the communist north.1974: World population reaches 4 billion. Richard Nixon resigns, but receives full pardon from Gerald Ford who replaces Nixon as president.1975: Microsoft founded. Pol Pot becomes communist dictator of Cambodia. His policies lead to the death of almost 2 million people (out of a population of 8 million).1976: Mao Zedong dies, leading to a loosening of restrictions in China. “Born Again” Jimmy Carter is elected.1977: Personal computers are mass-produced for first time.1978: John Paul II becomes pope. Jonestown Massacre: over 900 people follow cult leader Jim Jones in a mass suicide in Guyana.1979: Margaret Thatcher becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain. Her conservative policies breathe fresh life into the sluggish British economy. Sony introduces the Walkman. Iran takes American hostages, they are held for 444 days.1980: Ronald Reagan is elected president. His policies will do much to invigorate the very weak US economy and help speed the collapse of the Soviet Union. Mt. St. Helens erupts. Pac-Man released.1981: The pope and Reagan survive assassination attempts. New disease is identified as AIDS.1982: Jesse Jost is born.1983: Reagan increases the pressure on the Soviet Union by announcing a defense plan, called “Star Wars” by the press. Famine begins in Ethiopia that kills more than 400,000 in just over two years.1985: Mikhail Gorbachev become Premier of the Soviet Union, he calls for reforms such as “glasnost” and “perestroika.” First Internet domain is registered.1986: Space shuttle “Challenger” explodes. Nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, Ukraine, explodes, releasing more than 100 times the radiation of the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima.1989: The Berlin Wall is torn down. Thousands of students protesting communism are killed in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China.1990: The World Wide Web is invented. Germany is reunited. The Hubble Telescope is launched.1991: Soviet Union collapses. Operation Desert Storm is a stunning US victory over Saddam Hessein, who had invaded Kuwait. 1992: As Yugoslavia breaks up, the Bosnian war kills around 100,000 people, leads to the rape of over 20,000 women, and displaces 2.2 million people.1994: In Rwanda, in just 100 days, the Hutu people kill almost 1 million Tutsi.1995: E-Bay is founded. 1997: First Harry Potter book released. Hong King returned to China. Scientists successfully clone a sheep. 1999: Columbine High School massacre. Session 5: “The World At War”The modern worldReasons for hope:1. International cooperation: the Red Cross was founded in 1864, international telegraph union in 1868, and the universal postal system union in 1875. In 1889, Pan-American union was established to promote trade in peace. In 1896, in a symbolic gesture of cooperation, a number of countries revived the Olympic games.2. International efforts at peace: In his will, Alfred Nobel established the Nobel Peace Prize. Andrew Carnegie, an American steel manufacturer, donated funds to build the Peace Palace in the Netherlands as a place where international disputes could be settled. It was completed just as World War I began. In 1910, 60 peace organizations were in existence.Reasons for fear:1. Extreme nationalism. 2. Militarism. 3. Imperialism. 4. Rival alliances.Background to the Great WarCount Otto von Bismarck (1815 to 1898) had manufactured German unification by provoking wars with Denmark in 1866 and then instigating the Franco-Prussian war in 1870. A liberal revolution had overthrown the corrupt Spanish monarchy in 1868 and the new provisional government invited Leopold, a Hohenzollern prince to be their king. The French were afraid that they would be surrounded by Hohenzollerns, so they sent an ambassador to ask the king of Prussia, William I, to ensure that no Hohenzollern would ever sit on the Spanish throne. William told Bismarck about the request. Bismarck changed the wording to make it appear as if William and the ambassador had insulted each other and had it published. This angered both the Germans and the French. The Germans invaded the French territories of Alsace and Lorraine and trapped Napoleon III at his fortress of Sedan. Napoleon III surrendered. Mobs in Paris declared an end to the Second French Empire and established another republic, vowing to continue the war. But Germans advanced to the outskirts of Paris and Paris surrendered after a 132-day seige. 10 days earlier, in the Versailles Palace, King William had been pronounced Emperor of the German Reich, or Kaiser William I.Part of the success of the Prussian army was Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke’s implementation of the industrial revolution, utilizing the railroad to speed mobilization, the telegraph, and breach loading rifles which could be loaded while kneeling or even lying down, in place of the older guns that had to be reloaded standing up. (In the Austro-Prussian war, the Prussian army could fire six shots for every one shot of the Austrian weapons.) Prussia required nearly every male in the country to under go military training. A historian wrote that Moltke “killed war by making it so serious, so dull and so deadly.”Fear and TreatiesIn Germany, Otto von Bismarck feared that France would seek revenge against Germany after the Franco-Prussian war. He sought alliances with Russia, Italy, and Austria to prevent France from having aid in battle. However, when William II became Kaiser of Germany, he was jealous of Bismarck’s power and forced him to resign as chancellor. William blundered in foreign policy. He angered and alienated Britain by trying to build German naval strength, and let the German agreement with Russia expire. France quickly formed an agreement with Russia that said if Germany attacked France, Russia would come to her aid, and vice versa. Britain, fearing German uprising, joined this agreement with France and Russia. The Powder KegDuring this time several Balkan nations won their independence from the declining Ottoman Turk Empire. Austria-Hungary did not like this unrest and also wanted to further its borders into the Balkans. Russia also wanted this land to gain Black Sea ports. Because the Balkan nations were of the same Slavic background as Russia, Russia exploited this for political purposes. The Balkans became known as the powder keg of Europe.The Fuse is lit On June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was assassinated while visiting Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Austria had annexed this province in 1908. He was shot by a Serbian nationalist. Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum demanding an explanation, an apology, and demanded that Serbia suppress all anti-Austrian publications and organizations. Serbia rejected these overbearing conditions. Austria used the assasination as an excuse to attack Serbia on July 28, 1914. Russia began to mobilize to help Serbia. Germany, who had agreed to back ally Austria, warned Russia to stop mobilization within 12 hours. Russia ignored this request and Germany declared war on Russia on August 1. Germany demanded that France remain neutral and prove neutrality by handing over a major French fort. France refused. Germany declared war on France. On one side were the Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary, and on the other side were the allies Russia, Serbia, and France. Many expected this to be a short war.?The Schleiffen PlanFor years, Germany had in place the Schleiffen plan: Upon mobilization, it would send troops through Belgium, defeat Paris within weeks and reroute the remaining troops to Russia before Russia had even reached the Eastern front.The Western FrontGermany demanded that Belgium give them free access through their land. Belgium refused and Germany violated Belgian neutrality, committing horrible atrocities on the way through. This angered England, who promptly declared war on Germany. Germany made it within a few miles of Paris before the French pushed them back. The land between the English Channel and Switzerland became covered with barbed wire and trenches as the war moved back and forth.?The Eastern FrontOn the Eastern front, Russia was able to mobilize quicker than Germany expected and started winning victories. But the success was short-lived as Germany overwhelmed the Russian troops and pushed them back deep into Russia. Russia never threatened the border again. The Bolshevik Revolution put Russia in communist hands in 1917 and ended the reign of the czars. Russia signed a treaty giving Germany large parcels of land, people and raw materials.The war in the Mediterranean and the AtlanticBritain at first tried to defeat the Turks in the battle of Gallipoli, but failed miserably. Great Britain put a blockade on goods to Germany, trying to starve the population, but over the course of the war, German U-boats sank over 60,000 Allied ships.The US JoinsThe United States declared neutrality for most of the war, but was angered by the Zimmerman telegram (Germany had offered to help Mexico re-conquer, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, if Mexico would ally with Germany and attack the US) and the fact that Germany had begun sinking merchant ships again. The United States joined the war in 1917. Armistice Germany finally surrendered after overthrowing Kaiser William and establishing the second German Reich. The armistice treaty came into effect November 11, 1918 ending the first war. Cost:The war killed around 9 million soldiers and almost as many civilians. This meant an average of 15,000 men died every day for the course of the war. Directly and indirectly, the war cost approximately $9 million an hour.The Great War introduced the machine gun, mustard gas, the flamethrower, and the tank and it also utilized airplanes. The Red Baron shot down 80 Allied planes before being shot down by Canadian Roy Brown.The Treaty of VersaillesGermany accepted the armistice with the understanding that many of Woodrow Wilson's moderate 14 points would be followed. However, France and England wanted revenge. In 1919, at the Paris Peace conference, the Treaty of Versailles was signed. The treaty was brutal to Germany who had to return conquered territories and resource-rich lands as well as repay the war debt of $32 billion. Germany was not allowed to have any tanks or large guns and their navy could have no submarines and only six warships. All military aircraft had to be destroyed and no new ones built. Germany was only allowed to have a standing army of 100,000 men. Germany was also asked to accept all the blame for the war. Europe RedrawnThe Paris peace conference also established the independence of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia, and dismantled the Ottoman Empire, leaving only Turkey in their control. Arabian territories such as Syria, Palestine, and Iraq, came under British and French control.The League of Nations and the Economic AftermathThe peace conference also established the League of Nations, which the United States refused to join and the league proved ineffectual. Germany could only repay its war debt for a short time before it staggered under its economic collapse. France and Britain were also unable to pay their war debts to the US as they were counting on German payments. The United States tried to inject life into the German economy through loans but it didn't help.War is Now Illegal….In 1928, the Kellogg-Briand pact (signed by 62 nations) made war illegal. But only three years later one of them, Japan, invaded Manchuria.Britain:After the war, Britain's economy struggled mightily, unemployment rose to 25%. Britain finally gave in to Irish demands for independence. In Egypt, strong nationalism forced the British to recognize the country's independence. And Britain's grip on India was weakened as the Indians clamored for self-government.France:In France, the recovery was quicker thanks in part to the resource-rich land and factories that were returned by Germany. However, France had so many political parties that no one was able to gain a majority. Between 1920 and 1940, France changed prime minister 40 times. France also built a series of fortifications along its border with Germany.United States:The Roaring 20sThe United States had a terrific surge in the economy after the war. The 20’s were a time of wealth and free swinging. The 1920s saw a breakdown in the family and growing popularity for the frivolous and sensational. Young Americans rushed to follow the latest fads such as wearing raccoon coats, working crossword puzzles, playing mah-jong, marathon dancing, and flagpole sitting. Tabloids and radio informed a nation craving the details of scandalous love affairs, murder, and dramatic true life stories. In a world where standards had been broken down, people tended to seek thrills and adventures to fill the void in their lives.The 1920s saw an increase in the number and type of cars owned. Radio also began to play a major role in the every day life of Americans. Electricity became available in smaller towns and photographs, refrigerators, irons, and many other devices brought pleasure and comfort.Advertising also started to have a profound psychological effect, as it emphasized youth, sex, happiness, luxury, and keeping up with one's neighbors. Consumers were urged to spend, not save; to enjoy the present, not worry about the future; to pamper themselves, not practice self denial.?The reckless spending and buying stock on credit led to the fall of the stock market.The Great Depression: The US struggled mightily through the worldwide depression in the 30s.Herbert Hoover was blamed for not doing enough to fix the economy, and by 1933, Franklin Roosevelt was hailed as a savior. He called an emergency congress and called for a four-day “Banking Holiday” to stop the bleeding. He introduced several “New Deal” programs: Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), creating forestry work for young men; Public Works Administration (PWA), paying men to build libraries, parks, and hospitals; Works Progress Administration (WPA), which financed all kinds of artists, writers, and entrepreneurs; The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), which tried to fix the problem of falling agricultural prices by reducing the supply (the government paid farmers to not grow crops and to kill their livestock, while millions starved in cities); and the Social Security Act (1935). To this day it is debated whether these programs helped or hurt recovery. They did grow the US Federal Government to an enormous size. Ultimately, World War 2 created millions of job and pulled the country out of the Depression. The Rise of Totalitarian DictatorshipsTotalitarian states shared six general characteristics: 1: the use of propaganda to promote ideas and state programs. 2: the use of an efficient secret police to arrest or assassinate those who opposed the state and its policies. 3: emphasis upon the goals of the state rather than the individual rights or concerns. 4: state control of every aspect of life – political, economic, cultural, educational, and religious. 5: government maintained by force and not accountable to the people for its actions. 6: a political system led by a powerful munism in Russia Under the harsh policies of Czar Alexander III (1845-1894) and his son Nicholas II (1868-1918), discontent burst into revolutionary activity. Radicals and liberals of all kinds organized themselves into political parties. Some fled to Switzerland and carried on their work there. The Bolsheviks broke away from the more moderate Mensheviks. The Russo-Japanese war in 1904-05 revealed weakness in Russia. The First RevolutionOn January 22, 1905, two hundred thousand men women and children singing peacefully, moved towards the palace. They carried a petition to improve the lot of the workers, form a national assembly, and hold orderly elections in which all could vote. But government soldiers opened fire on the unarmed marchers. In the following months peasant uprisings, strikes in the factories, and mutinies among the armed forces spread throughout the country. The strike spread and the workers in St. Petersburg organized themselves into a Soviet (council). Czar Nicholas responded by promising a constitutional government, with free speech, as well as the national assembly, called the Duma, to be elected by the people. However, the Czar restricted its power and the strikes resumed. The End of the Romanov ReignThe sufferings of World War 1 again stirred the people into revolutionary action. Nicholas took command of the troops, leaving the empress vulnerable to the influence of the evil monk, Rasputin. On March 1917, anger and frustration reached a boiling point. Strikes and riots broke out in the capital and the troops join the strikers. Nicholas disbanded the Duma, but its members ignored the order and established a provisional government. Four days later Nicholas II abdicated, ending 300 years of Romanov rule.The Bolshevik RevolutionThe Mensheviks tried to have a moderate government, but the Bolsheviks called for more radical social reform. Germans, eager to end the war in the east, helped return radical Bolshevik leaders. Nikolai Lenin became involved in the revolutionary activities while attending a Russian university and studying Karl Marx. Assisted by the Germans, he returned to Russia in April 1917. He opposed the provisional government. What the Bolsheviks offered looked promising to downtrodden Russia. The provisional government had wanted to continue the war but the people wanted an end. In 1917, 2,000,000 soldiers deserted the army. On November 7, 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power and Lenin became a virtual dictator. Lenin signed a treaty with the Germans, exchanging large amounts of Russian territory for peace. The Russian Civil WarAllies were angry Russia had deserted and sent troops to several Russian ports to aid anti-Bolshevik groups in Russia. From 1918 to 1921, there was bloody civil war. The Bolsheviks took the name Communists, and were the Red Army. Their opponents were the White Army. Lenin and the New Economic PolicyDuring the civil war, Lenin attacked capitalism. The government placed Russian industry under state ownership and demanded that the peasants turn over all their surplus crops to the state for a set price. This was a disaster to Russian economy. In 1921, Communists introduced the new economic policy - basically a return to capitalism that Lenin had vowed to destroy, but it saved the communist government and economy. Life Under StalinLenin died in 1924. After a power struggle between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin, Stalin established himself as the dictator of the USSR. Stalin ended the NEP and instituted “five-year plans” which were a harsh return to socialism. Stalin’s program to collectivize agriculture met with hostile resistance on the part of many peasants. The secret police were ruthless in enforcing government demands. The peasants fought back, burning their crops and even killing their livestock. Between 1928 and 1933, over half of the homes in the Soviet Union were destroyed. A severe famine struck the country during 1932-33 that led to the death of over 5 million people. Because of communist propaganda and the West’s love affair with communism, The rest of the world did not hear about the starvation even though journalist Malcolm Muggeridge tried to tell them.The Great PurgeJoseph Stalin resorted to violence and terror to force his will on the Russian people. During 1936-38, he turned on his own Communist Party, instituting a system of purges in which 800,000 Communist Party members were murdered. Stalin also tried to eliminate all Christianity. He said “The idea of God, even flirting with the idea of God, is unutterable vileness. Millions of sins, filthy deeds, acts of violence and physical contagions are far less dangerous than the subtle, spiritual idea of God.”Nikolai Lenin had tried to found communist parties and other countries to stir up discontent and start other revolutions. But Stalin focused more on building up the strength of the USSR.Theoretical differences between communism and fascism: 1: Under fascism, businesses are privately owned but rigorously controlled by the government. Under communism, the government both owns and controls business. 2: Fascism is highly nationalistic; communism seeks a classless international society. 3: A military dictatorship usually openly governs a fascist state; communism deceptively emphasizes the dictatorship of the proletariat. 4: Fascism glorifies the state; communism teaches that the state will gradually wither away. Ultimately, however, there is little difference in the everyday life of people living under both forms of government.The Rise of Fascism in Italy?In Italy, people were afraid of socialist revolution on the one hand and all the economic problems on the other. They looked to a strong state to fix the problems and protect them. Bonito Mussolini, or “Il duce,” organized the fascist party and established himself as dictator. Relations with RomeSince Italian unification, relations with the Roman church had been strained. Italy had claimed church land, and in retaliation the Roman church had refused to cooperate with the state. In 1929, after lengthy negotiations, Mussolini and the Roman Catholic Church reached an agreement. The pope agreed to recognize the Italian government and renounce territorial claims. In return, Italy granted the pope a large sum of money and established a small independent state known as Vatican City that is under the pope’s control.Turmoil and the Rise of Fascism in GermanyThe Weimar RepublicAfter World War 1, when William II abdicated his throne, the German people organized a republic. In 1919, delegates assembled in Weimar to write a new constitution. People could freely elect representatives to the Reichstag and elect a president. The president appointed a chancellor. The chancellor selected cabinet posts. The Constitution guaranteed a number of basic freedoms. But, as became apparent, the Germans were not ready for a republic.InflationThe Weimar Republic had serious weaknesses due to inflation. In 1914, four German marks equaled one US dollar. In 1922, 500 German marks equaled one dollar. In 1923, 4 trillion marks equaled one dollar. In August 1923, the government was printing 46 billion marks per day. Employers pay their employees twice a day. Restaurants waited till the end of the meal to give the bill. The inflation robbed everybody of their savings and made people very upset at the Weimar Republic and ready for an alternative, which they found in Adolf Hitler. Hitler’s Rise to PowerAs a youth, Hitler failed as an artist and architect. He fought in World War 1 and won a medal for bravery. In 1920, he joined the National Socialist German Workers Party or Nazi, for short. In 1923, Hitler led an attempted uprising in the city of Munich but was thrown in jail. While serving only one year of his five-year sentence, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (“my struggle”). In it, he attacked the Weimar Republic, blamed the Jews for Germany's problems, demanded renunciation of the Versailles’ treaty, and declared the Aryans were the master race.The Burning of the ReichstagHitler gained popularity and the Nazis grew in number but did not become a majority. Hitler demanded to be chancellor. In 1933 six days before the voting took place, the Nazis set fire to the Reichstag building, blamed the communists, and passed the Enabling Act, which suspended the republic and made Hitler dictator of Germany.Hitler and the ChurchHitler used the secret police and propaganda to advance his ideas. Many Christians fell for his ideas; they organized what was called the German Christians. Their motto was “The Swastika on our breasts; the cross in our hearts.” They claimed that Christ was not really a Jew. Hitler was the second Messiah. The Nazis also openly promoted a return to the pagan idols of the ancient Germanic tribes.?The Four Year PlansHitler advanced his four-year plans. The first one, begun in 1933, sought to end unemployment through a massive re-armament program and the building of public works such as the autobahn. The second sought to make Germany economically self-sufficient in case of a blockade. Germany outlawed strikes. To gain cooperation of labor, the Nazis established the “strength through joy” movement, which provided vacations and entertainment at low cost.Gathering ThunderJapan invaded Manchuria in 1931. China was weakened by civil war between the Christian Chiang Kai-shek and his Chinese Nationalists and Mao Zedong's Communists.Italy went against the League of Nations and invaded Ethiopia. This was a war of bows and arrows against tanks and tear gas; the Ethiopians didn’t stand a chance.Italy, Germany, and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern pact against communism. The Spanish Civil WarIn 1936, in Spain, there was a civil war between the fascist followers of Gen. Francisco Franco and Spain's Republican government. Hitler and Mussolini supported the uprising while Russia offered some material assistance to the loyalists. This was a dress rehearsal for World War 2 and gave Italy and Germany opportunity to try out new weapons and battle strategies.Hitler on the moveHitler violated the treaty of Versailles by invading the Rhineland and annexing Austria. Hitler did this by installing a Nazi as chancellor of Austria. The new chancellor then requested Hitler to send troops into Austria. Hitler then demanded a German section of Czechoslovakia called Sudetenland. AppeasementAs tension increased, British PM Neville Chamberlain and other world leaders met with Hitler at the Munich conference, and there they gave Sudetenland to Hitler. This policy of appeasement did not work. Neville Chamberlain thought he had avoided war, On October 3, 1938 Chamberlain claimed that that "great and eminent menace of war had been removed.” Winston Churchill saw things differently. On March 15, 1939, German troops marched into Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia and brought much of it under Nazi rule.World War 2 BeginsHitler shocked the world with the Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact. Hitler and Stalin agreed to not attack each other and secretly decided which European nation each dictator could invade. Hitler then invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. In less than four weeks, Germany defeated Poland with its Panzer (Tank) divisions and superior Air Force, the Luftwaffe. Russian AggressionWhile the Germans were invading Poland from the west, the Soviets invaded Poland from the east. Russia claimed Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The Soviets then demanded Finland. Finland refused and although outnumbered 5 to 1, won several victories. However the Soviets broke the Finnish resistance to force the Fins to give up territory.Nazi VictoriesIn the spring of 1940, Germany attacked Denmark and Norway. Caught by surprise they were easily conquered. In Norway, traitors known as “Fifth Columns” had helped sabotage their countrymen. The Miracle of DunkirkHitler then swept through Holland and Belgium and Allied troops found themselves trapped. Hitler decided to hold the Panzer attack and leave the rest of the demolishing to the Luftwaffe. Fog and bad weather prevented the Air Force attack; Allied soldiers pled for help. A flotilla of more than 800 vessels crossed the channel to ferry the men back to England. More than 350,000 soldiers were saved. This was referred to as the Miracle of Dunkirk.The Fall of FranceFrance surrendered in just 42 days. On June 22, 1940, the French signed the surrender documents in the same railroad car in which the Germans had surrendered to the allies in World War I. German puppet, Philippe Petain was head of state for pro-German Vichy France, while Charles DeGaulle led the free French movement who continued to wage war against the Axis.War in North AfricaThe Italian invasion of North Africa was repelled by the British. Hitler sent in Erwin Rommel, known as the Desert Fox, who was brilliant but lacked sufficient supplies and reinforcements to win.?The Battle of BritainIn July, 1940 Hitler began an attempted invasion of Britain, first with merciless bombing of industrial sections, followed by bombing of London. At its height, 300 to 600 people were being killed every night. Around 50,000 people were killed, but it did not break the morale of the British who were inspired by new Prime Minister Winston Churchill. People were told to prepare for invasion by sabotaging their vehicles and removing all road signs.The Invasion of RussiaIn June 1941, Hitler made his biggest blunder of the war by attacking Russia. Even though he killed millions of Russians, a late start and the cold Russian winter prevented victory.The US joins the warThe Pearl Harbor attack on December 7, 1941, led to the US declaring war on Japan. Three days later Germany and Italy declared war on the United States.Allied VictoriesAllied troops won the war in North Africa by May 1943. Two months later, 160,000 men under Eisenhower landed in Sicily bringing the war to Italian people and overthrowing Mussolini. Mussolini was rescued and made a puppet ruler of the German-controlled area of Italy, but Italian partisans captured and shot Mussolini and his mistress as they tried to escape to Switzerland. SummitsIn January 1943, Churchill and Roosevelt met for 10 days at Casablanca, Morocco, where they declared that nothing less than unconditional surrender by the Axis would be acceptable. Late in1943, the big three, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin held a major summit in Iran.At the summit, the Allies agreed to invade Normandy. Deceiving Germany into thinking that the invasion would come near the French Belgian border, they invaded Europe by way of Normandy instead.D-DayOn June 6, 1944, at 400 hours, under Dwight Eisenhower, the D-Day attack began. On five different Normandy beaches, over 10,000 planes bombed coastal targets and provided aerial cover for the invasion forces. 5000 large ships and 4000 smaller landing craft followed mine sweepers across the English Channel. Paratroopers landed behind German lines. Within three weeks of the invasion, the Allies had landed nearly 1,000,000 men, 500,000 tons of supplies, and 177,000 vehicles.Why not surrender?Even though victory was assured for the allies, Hitler fought on for another year. 1. He had great hopes for the new bombs they were developing. 2. He thought the allies would fall into serious disagreement with Russia. 3. He stirred up a fear of Russian communism among the German people.The Pacific TheaterAfter Pearl Harbor, Japan conquered the Philippines. Douglas MacArthur escaped but he vowed, “I shall return.”Elsewhere in the Pacific, Japanese troops overran the British colonies of Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and Burma, as well as the Dutch East Indies, or Indonesia. The victories led to Japan overextending itself; it did not have the industrial strength to keep up with America. The United States was able to break the Japanese codes, which helped win the Battle of Midway. Fighting the Japanese was very bloody because very few Japanese troops surrendered. The Japanese also led suicide attacks. Gen. MacArthur returned to the Philippines and freed them. In 1945, American troops captured to strategic islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. These provided good airbases from which to launch an air invasion of the main islands of Japan.The End is In SightOn the Eastern front, Russia, well supplied by the West, pushed the German troops back towards Germany. In the west, Allied troops liberated Paris and intensified air bombing of German cities. By December 1944, they had reached the border of Germany. After Germany lost the Battle of the Bulge, in February 1945, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin met in the city of Yalta in the Crimea. The summit decided the terms of German surrender and how did Germany would be divided up into zones of occupation after the war.VE-DayThe American forces advanced on Germany stopping short of Berlin, to allow the Russians to advance from the other side. On April 30, 1945, Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his underground bunker in Berlin. German radio announced that Hitler had died at the head of his troops fighting to his last breath against Bolshevism. On May 7, the Germans unconditionally surrendered and the Allies declared May 8, 1945 VE Day (victory in Europe).Meanwhile back in JapanAfter incendiary bombing leveled whole sections of Japanese cities, President Truman ordered the first atomic bomb to be dropped on the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The blast killed 70,000 people and injured another 70,000 people. On August 9, the United States dropped the second atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki. On August 14, Japan surrendered.The CostWorld War 2 killed 60-80 million people and cost $1.5 trillion. It overthrew fascist dictators and left the world in the hands of two superpowers: US and Russia. It also led to the creation of the United Nations.Post Script:In Japan, Douglas MacArthur headed the occupation government and imposed a new constitution on Japan. With United States’ help, strong work ethic, and excellent education, Japan became an economic superpower rapidly. They excelled in auto-making and electronics.West Germany, following free-market, capitalist principles also recovered remarkably fast after the war.France continued to go through the governments. Charles DeGaulle became president and established the Fifth Republic in 1958.After the war, Great Britain had a Labour Party government that moved the country towards socialism and stifled the economy. Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in 1979, slashed taxes, privatized industry, and injected life into the British economy.? Session 6: “Social Upheaval and the Cold War”The Cold War:The Iron CurtainIn 1946, Winston Churchill told an American college that an “iron curtain” had descended upon Europe.?Many people were not ready to hear that their World War 2 ally had gone bad, but others recognized the threat. The Marshall PlanAmerican officials were concerned about the governments being installed in the post-war Russian zones. They also knew that poor and war-torn countries were in danger of falling into communist control, or at least becoming enamored with communist ideas. The United States wanted to contain communism, believing it sowed the seeds of its own destruction. Recognizing that the western countries needed financial aid, the US offered $5.8 billion worth of aid for those countries who signed up to the Marshall Plan. Over four years, the US sent $13 billion worth of loans, grants, and livestock.War ZonesAt the end of World War 2, Germany was divided into four zones, as was Berlin and its 3 million inhabitants.The so-called satellite countries of Russia that were conquered during World War 2 were supposed to have democratic governments installed, but Russia installed pro-communist governments and gradually turned them into police states. Opposition and revolution were squelched by tanks. The Warsaw Pact kept these nations tied to Russia.?The Berlin AirliftsThe United States, France, and Britain worked to get their part of Germany back on its feet and gave them a new D Mark to help their currency.Russia wanted to keep a weak Germany, and blockaded West Berlin from all incoming sources of food and cool. The goal was to get the Allies to retract the new money.For almost a year, the Allies airlifted in thousands of tons of food and coal nearly every day to sustain the Berliners. In East Berlin, Russia allowed electricity and goods in an effort to lure Western Berliners. Russia finally relented and lifted the blockade.The Korean WarAt the end of the war, Russia and the Allies liberated Korea from Japan, and divided it into two zones as well. North of the 38th parallel belonged to Russia where they instituted a communist government and Kim Sung Il. In the south, the Allies tried to put in a democratic government that unfortunately was weak and corrupt.In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea and made it all the way to Seoul.The United Nations considered this a violation, and established a UN Army commanded by Douglas MacArthur. The first available troops were stationed in Japan and in no shape for fighting. They left for Korea, thinking the war would be over by Christmas.MacArthur led a daring invasion at Inchon, North Korea. This cut the North Koreans off and led to a rout back north across the 38th parallel. MacArthur then wanted to invade North Korea and promised that the Chinese would not get involved. Truman said no. Douglas MacArthur complained about the situation to the American public, leading to his dismissal. China sent in 1 million soldiers to fight, catching the United States by surprise and leading to another rout of soldiers as they tried to escape in the freezing cold. The United States dropped more bombs on Korea than they had during all of World War 2. The war went back and forth until 1953, killing around 60,000 Americans, almost 3,000,000 Koreans, and leaving 5 million Koreans homeless.Red FearIn the late 40s and early 50s, the United States was gripped with fear of communist infiltrators, and repeatedly violated people’s rights to weed out communists. The FBI even used the same tactics they so deplored the Soviets using. The “Hollywood 10” were people, writers, and actors in Hollywood who refused to answer the board of inquiry about whether or not they have been part of the Communist Party. Because of this they were black-listed and put out of work.On the other side, a Russian girl recalled that her people lived in fear of capitalists, and it never entered her mind that Americans would be scared of Communists.The Arms Race BeginsIn 1949, Russia shocked America by dropping an atomic bomb; the US no longer had a monopoly. Truman pushed for the development of the hydrogen bomb, which was successfully detonated in 1952. On a later test of a hydrogen bomb, nuclear fallout landed on a Japanese fishing vessel over 80 miles away, causing all 23 sailors on board to get sick and one to die.After StalinIn 1953, Joseph Stalin died. His long reign of terror was over. He was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in a speech acknowledged many of Stalin’s evil deeds. Jewish intelligence gave a copy of the speech to the CIA, who broadcast it 24 hours a day on free Europe radio.SputnikIn 1956, Russia detonated the first air-dropped hydrogen bomb. In 1957, Russia again shocked the world by launching a satellite into space named Sputnik. One month later, Russia launched the first dog into space.Eisenhower urged the United States to rush their own satellite program. However the world laughed when the US rocket rose a few feet before tipping over and erupting?into flames.The United States was afraid that Russia had surpassed them in the number of long range bombers. The United States started flying a U2 stealth plane over Russia.At the end of the 50s, the Russians shot down a U2 spy plane. The Americans claimed it was a weather plane, that the pilot had fallen asleep, and the plane had drifted far off territory. But Khrushchev noted the pilot had a briefcase containing a gun with a silencer, and a poison needle. The Russians were furious and demanded an apology. The Soviets stamped out a major revolution in Budapest, Hungary, right around the time of the Suez crisis.The WallThe Berlin wall was built in 1961 to stop thousands who were fleeing East Berlin. 50 Germans were shot the first year and died trying to escape. While the wall was being built, people fled, jumped from windows and dashed through the barbed wire. In one incident, the Western allies brought their tanks right up to the border and the Russians responded in kind. Kennedy had to use a private phone line to negotiate a plan of action with Khrushchev that would help the Americans save face and prevent war.The Cuban missile crisis: October 14-28, 1962. In the 50s, Cuba was a favorite resort of Americans, who also owned many businesses and industries there. In 1959, Fidel Castro led an uprising where he had over 500 officials executed. He nationalized the land and industries of the Americans and gave it to his people. The Americans tried to back a revolt led by exiled Cubans, but John F. Kennedy limited US involvement and all of the men were either killed or captured in the “Bay of Pigs fiasco.” Fidel Castro asked the Russians for backing in defense against the Americans. The Russians smuggled in over 40,000 men and several medium-range nuclear missiles, which the United States discovered during U2 spy plane flights. JFK ordered a blockade of Cuba where all incoming ships would be stopped and searched. The Russians ignored the order and the world waited breathlessly for the confrontation. The United States prepared for an invasion of Cuba that would have led to nuclear war. Americans all across the country did panic shopping. US defense secretary Robert McNamara thought this was his last Saturday. Finally Khrushchev?agreed to honor the blockade and removed the troops and missiles from Cuba on the condition that the US not invade Cuba as well as remove its own nuclear missiles in Turkey. The end of the world was delayed.VietnamCommunist Ho Chi Minh was able to overcome French imperialism. Vietnam was divided north and south. Ho Chi Minh became leader of the communist north and received backing from China and Russia. In the south, a non-Communist, but corrupt dictator was placed in charge. The communist soldiers, the Vietcong, tried to infiltrate and capture South Vietnam. The United States sent 16,000 men with the goal of training South Vietnamese soldiers. Many in the south were not asked what they wanted, and it was hard for the US soldier to tell the difference between a friend and the enemy. The South Vietnamese leader Ngo Diem was attacked and killed in a political takeover three weeks before Pres. Kennedy was assassinated. In 1964, the US ship, Maddox, was attacked off the Gulf of Tonkin. Lyndon Johnson asked for a buildup of troops to retaliate on North Vietnam. Over the years, the number of troops swelled to 500,000. Troubles in VietnamFour problems facing American troops: 1: They were not just fighting North Vietnam, but also the pro-Communist South Vietnamese. 2: Supplies for the Vietcong flowed through the neutral countries of Laos and Cambodia. 3: The government in South Vietnam was corrupt, undemocratic, and unstable. 4: Johnson was committed to the idea of a limited defensive war. He did not want to risk outright war against North Vietnam, which might draw in the Soviet Union or China. The Vietcong would appear friendly to US troops and then attack. There was no clearcut plan for victory, only to stay the course in hopes that North Vietnam would give up. While Americans watched the battles on TV, the casualty toll rose daily.TetNorth Vietnam planned a massive infiltration of South Vietnamese cities, smuggling in men and weapons. They planned to attack on their new year celebration named Tet. The offensive did not accomplish its goals of chasing the Americans out, but it did shock the American people with how strong North Vietnam was. When the US finally pulled out in 1973, North Vietnam conquered the South and the surrounding nations also fell to Communism.Mutual Assured?Destruction (MAD)The leaders of the US believed that the most powerful deterrent to nuclear war was to keep a balance of power and of a threat of mutual destruction. When Russia developed anti-ballistic missile technology, it upset the balance. The United States had missiles with multiple warhead technology. The blast from one warhead could destroy everything within a 50-mile radius. The United States had 14 broken arrow incidents (where planes carrying nuclear bombs crashed). Boom! (no, not that kind)The billions of dollars that the United States was spending on defense and new technologies for the space program led to economic growth, especially in California.Consumer spending sprees on things like vehicles, television, and refrigerators also led to the postwar boom. By 1955, twice as many people belonged to the middle class as there were in 1929. Advertising and planned obsolescence, and the growth of the mall, all led to a consumer culture. There was also a baby boom and “Dr. Benjamin Spock's Baby and Childcare,” sold 23 million copies between 1946 and 1976. It was based on theories of Sigmund Freud and John Dewey, with the goal of raising well-adjusted and guilt free kids.The Great SocietyJohn F. Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963. Lyndon Johnson became president and immediately announced his plans for a "great society." He declared war on poverty.?Civil RightsBlacks and whites began protesting the segregation and racist treatment of blacks. Their sit-ins and marches often met with violent demonstrations of attack dogs and pressure hoses. FBI director, J. Edgar Hoover, was convinced that the civil rights movement had been infiltrated by communists and began closely spying on Martin Luther King JuniorIn 1964, Johnson defeated Republican Barry Goldwater, who had voted against the Civil Rights Act because he didn't think racism was a problem for government to be solving.In Berkeley in California, students were told to stop setting up tables that distributed subversive pamphlets. They borrowed tactics from the civil rights movement and were also violently attacked. People accused the students of being “49% communist.”Make Love Not WarYoung people also rebelled against the materialism and repressive morality of their parents and turned to drugs and sex. They denounced the wars as wicked and immoral.Sex and pornography sold very well under the free-market system. It is possible that chastity was more common in atheistic Russia than in “godly” America.Rock music also became an obsession with young people. Beatle mania crashed on US soil in 1964.Women also began expressing discontent with being housewives and mothers and felt they were being oppressed. These ideas were being spread by Betty Friedan in her book "The Feminine Mystique."The Friendly BearKhrushchev was admired as a bright friendly man who loved his people and wanted the best for them. He tried to bring in color and a better life for his people. However, many Russians viewed him as an incompetent clown who often bungled things. He was replaced by Brezhnev in 1964.ChinaMao came to power in 1949. He instituted his great leap forward in the 1950s, which led to the starvation up 30 million peasants. In 1966, Mao began his cultural revolution. Tensions grew between China and Russia as both sides did not trust each other and were leery of an attack. Richard Nixon visited China in 1972.Social Upheaval in the US:The Sexual RevolutionThe birth control pill, changing dating habits affected by easier access to cars, loosening restrictions on the publication of pornography, and feminism all played a role in changing views of sexual restraint. Several social factors also caused the family to break apart and the nation to grow far more secularized.The environmental movement. Gay rights and Women's rights.The radical Women's Liberation Movement wanted to liberate women from the slavery to marriage and babies. Roe vs. Wade (1973) legalized abortion.The Equal Rights Amendment was hailed as a blessing to women, but would have led to woman being drafted, and actually took away other rights from women. It was passed in Congress in 1972 but failed to get the necessary ratification by three quarters of the state legislators. It died in 1982, thanks in large part to the tireless efforts of Phyllis Schlafly.WatergateThe Watergate scandal led to the resignation of Richard Nixon. Gerald Ford gave full presidential pardon to Nixon, angering the US public. StagflationIn the mid 70s, the US was suffering from a rare case of “stagflation,” a term for when high unemployment and inflation happen at the same time. Causes: 1: The oil embargo. Arab Nations punished the nations that had supported Israel by refusing to sell them oil.?2.The US government printing more money to pay for the Vietnam War and the war on poverty without raising taxes. 3:The US went off the gold standard for foreign investors.Jimmy CarterBorn-again Jimmy Carter was elected in 1976. Carter had the eloquence of a mortician. He bumbled in foreign affairs but did achieve some success in the Camp David Accords where Egypt acknowledged Israel's sovereignty and guaranteed peace, while Israel returned to Egypt the Sinai Peninsula it had taken in the Six Day War.Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty (SALT 2) broke down with Russia when Russia invaded Afghanistan in 1979. The US placed a grain embargo on Russia and boycotted the 1980 Summer games in Moscow. But many critics felt this was not enough.Iranian hostage crisis53 Americans were held captive for 444 days. Two American helicopters collided in the desert while trying to help, killing eight American soldiers. The Iranian crisis again drove up the price of oil and by 1980, the inflation rate was 12-13% annually. Carter's approval rating was 19%, lower than Nixon’s was during the Watergate affair. Enter Reagan.Four reasons communism collapsed:1: Growing unrest and misery.2: Rapid succession of leadership leading to Mikael Gorbachev. 3: Trying to keep up with the arms race with the United States bankrupted the Soviet economy.4: Perestroika and glasnost.The Berlin wall in fell 1989. There was still real economic suffering after the collapse of communism. In Yugoslavia, which was the Balkans, the country erupted into Civil War and lead to ethnic cleansing. Session 7: “New Awakenings”The New Evangelical AwakeningHarold John OckengaIn 1942, at a conference to launch the National Association of Evangelicals, Ockenga said, “Evangelical Christianity has suffered nothing but a series of defeats for decades. The terrible octopus of liberalism has spread itself throughout our Protestant church. The poison of materialism is spoiling the testimony and the message of the majority of our young preachers today. The floods of worldly iniquity?are pouring over America in a tidal wave of drunkenness, immorality, corruption, dishonesty, and utter atheism. Look around you: what you will see are Christians who are defeated, reticent, retiring and seemingly in despair.”But there was hope for a new organization. "Are we in earnest? Are we teachable? Are we clean? Are we willing to dissolve any organization which we may have in order that we, as a group make adequately represent evangelical Christianity to this nation?"Ockenga had a vision for revival. He preached against the modernists, but he was also concerned by the fundamentalists, not because of their doctrine which was sound, but because they had become anti-intellectual, divisive, and defeatist, and had withdrawn from their obligation to be salt and to meet the needs of society.Ockenga was a tremendous orator, had been educated by J. Greshem Machen, and was one of the men whom Billy Graham respected most.?Ockenga was saddened by how divisive the fundamentalists were. They didn't just separate from the world, they separated from Christians whom they believed too close to the world. Their eschatology had made them cynical and pessimistic. Rather than look for a work of God, they were always suspicious of a work of Satan.Youth for Christ?Youth for Christ rallies spread across the United States before and after World War 2. Billy Graham was one of the first full-time evangelists for the movement. Rallies were supplemented with Bible clubs. Youth for Christ leaders went on to establish their own missionary organizations. Bob Pierce created World Vision. Bob Evans founded Greater Europe Mission. Paul Freed built Trans-World Radio.Billy GrahamBilly Graham?was born in 1918, in North Carolina to strict Calvinist parents. He traveled with Youth for Christ before doing a series of revivals. In 1949, he was exhausted by serious doubts over the authority of the Bible, and dreading his upcoming Los Angeles crusade. He prayed together with J. Edwin Orr. Later, alone with his Bible in the woods, he surrendered his doubts to God.?His three-week revival in Los Angeles was at first attended only by moderate crowds, until Stuart Hamblen was converted and plugged it on his radio show. Graham was also helped when William Randolph Hearst told the press to "puff Graham." Papers all over the country began talking about Billy Graham. He started 1950 with a crusade in Boston. The New Year's eve service drew 6000 people, and the next two days both services packed the church. Graham was exhilarated and terrified. He called Ockenga and a friend into a room and asked them to pray ?"that the Lord will keep reminding me of the fact that this is all of grace and to him is all the glory, because I realize that if I take the smallest credit for anything that has happened so far, my lips will turn to clay."In 1951, he filmed his first evangelistic motion picture. In 1954, Graham held a 12-week crusade in London, and then a whirlwind tour of European cities followed by a trip to India where he preached to crowds larger than 100,000.In 1957, from Memorial Day to Labor Day, people filled Madison Square Garden night after night. Total attendance was over 2 million with 55,000 recorded decisions. It was here that Graham joined with the civil rights movement and invited Martin Luther King, Jr., to the stage to pray.When Billy Graham did revivals that were associated with main line denominations, he received harsh criticism from fundamentalists and was rejected. Henrietta MearsHenrietta Mears worked on Christian educational material that was colorful, engaging, and faithful to true Christianity. Bill Bright, founder of campus Crusade for Christ was saved under her ministry. Two errors that neutralize us as Christians: 1. We think that everything is fine, and we are full of optimism, but we forget about the dangers of worldliness and the pull of sin.2. On the other hand, we can be so overwhelmed by the powers of darkness, and human frailty, that we lose sight of Christ's authority and his promise of kingdom growth.The renaissance of evangelical scholarship Why the need for extra-biblical scholarship? The world outside the Bible is created by God and matters to him. God cares about how we do science, set up social structures, and conduct our businesses. History is his story. Music and the arts glorify him and awaken our consciences and imaginations.The Bible is sufficient to govern the ethics of these endeavors, but there is still a need to study beyond what the Bible covers, such as medicine, the machines of nature, the machines of our body, and the industrial machines.Another reason to be diligent to study and think deeply on these issues relates to the search for truth. We want to make sure that our view reflects God's view and is compatible with God's word.Be defined by what you are not by what you are againstThe fundamentalists’ withdrawal from social concerns and counter-cultural movements shows the danger of having reactive theology that defines itself by what it is not. Fundamentalists were afraid that if they were involved in social concerns they would be accused of succumbing to the liberals’ "social gospel.”We need careful theological and historical reflection on the best way to right the social ills that are before us so that we can fulfill the command to love our neighbor as ourselves and to teach nations to obey the commands of Christ.The new evangelicals began splintering along theological and political grounds. They also split over the charismatic movement and contemporary worship styles.Carl Henry warned, "Evangelicalism presumptively acts as if it were the permanently appointed preserver of the 'faith once for all delivered' and specially entrusted with the ecclesial keys to the kingdom. But no earthly movement holds the lion of the tribe of Judah by the tail. We may need for a season to be encaged in the lion's den until we recover an apostolic awe of the risen Christ, the invincible head of a dependent body sustained by His supernatural power. Apart from life in and by the Spirit, we are all pseudo evangelicals."Christianity in China The Boxer RebellionWesterners were often obnoxious and created much resentment in the Chinese.Boxers called themselves “the society of harmonious fists.” They hated the privileges foreigners received and wanted to purify China from their corruptions. The Boxers were superstitious; the shamans convinced them that they would be safe from Western bullets by firing blanks at the Boxers. Over 200 missionaries, and 32,000 Chinese Christians were killed in the uprising.After the Boxer Rebellion, there was a golden age in China for missionaries; the numbers reached 8000. The rise of the Communist Party and growing hatred for western influence led to the expulsion of missionaries till there were no more in 1952, when the Korean War forced the last few to leave.The Chinese Nationalist Party was led by a Christian, Chiang Kai-shek, but even he realized the laws protecting Westerners needed to change. Western missions had brought many blessings to China: schools that enabled the poor to receive an education, hospitals and clinics that saved thousands of lives, and famine relief that saved millions. Missionaries had been leaders to abolish the opium trade and end the practice of foot-binding. But many missionaries had been reluctant to pass on leadership responsibilities to Chinese natives. The church suffered as a result.Notable MissionariesCanadian Jonathan Goforth was hacked in the head and neck and left for dead during the Boxer Rebellion but survived and continued his mission. His practice was to spend a month in an area before leaving a native evangelist. He saw 13,000 Chinese become Christians between 1908 and 1913. In 1918, he let a Pentecostal type revival among the soldiers. He retired back to Canada in 1934 after being blinded for two years; he was 74. The Goforths buried five of their 11 children on Chinese soil.John and Betty Stam were beheaded by Communist soldiers the 1934. The Japanese invaded China in 1937 and foreigners were put in internment camps, including Eric Liddell, who died of a brain tumor in 1945.John Sung 1901-1944He was the son of a pastor in Southeast Asia. He was sent by his family to the US for theological study. Instead, he earned a PhD in chemistry. Feeling guilty, he went to a theological seminary where he was converted by a young evangelist who was mocked by his fellow students as too simplistic. After his conversion he was so zealous that his seminary president had him committed to an insane asylum. In the next 193 days, he read the Bible 40 times. He returned to China and committed himself to full-time evangelistic work. From 1928 to 1940 he traveled all over China, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand. He preached to large crowds, though sometimes painful physical ailments would force him to preach sitting or even lying down. Tens of thousands, maybe even hundreds of thousands, were converted through his ministry. He faced death threats and narrowly escaped death several times. He denounced sin and called for total faith in Christ and radical obedience to the great commission. He organized evangelistic teams and formed several Bible schools. He warned, "one day the Western funds will stop coming, then the churches will be in a dilemma. But only then will the churches in China have revival."His diaries have recently been discovered and translated and they show him to be a man of tender conscience, daily repentance, and a constant pursuit of holiness.?His constant travel and preaching took its toll and he died young. He wrote, "For a servant of God to have authority in every sentence he utters, he must first suffer for the message he is to deliver. Without great tribulation, there is no great illumination." The Three Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM)When Mao Zedong achieved full power in 1949 and wanted to rid China of all western influence including the church, some Chinese Christians suggested the three self patriotic movement. These registered churches would be self-governing, self-funding, and self-propagating.In 1966, Mao was frustrated by how slow changes were coming and he instituted the cultural revolution which was even more radical and put an end officially to these three-self churches. Upon Mao’s death 1978, China lessened its restrictions on religion. In 1982 the Chinese constitution officially granted freedom of religious belief, but it says that "no one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the state." Today TSPM has over 18 million members and these are often conservative theologically.House ChurchesIn 1949, there were 1 million Protestant Christians. Today there are at least 50 million. Many Christians went underground and fellowshipped in house churches. Many of these house churches were persecuted by official Three-Self churches. But during the cultural revolution, even Three-Self pastors were thrown into labor camps. House churches are still officially illegal, but the law warns against being too vigorous in stopping them. Christianity and the EducatedMany Chinese around the turn-of-the-century sent their kids to western schools in China. The 1911 revolution that established the first Republic of China was led by a Christian doctor, Sun Yat-sen. Civil society flourished and there was great optimism.Christianity spread rapidly among the educated during the Civil War, 1945 to 1949. During this time Inter-Varsity China was established. In July 1947, students from every Chinese University gathered for an Inter-Varsity conference outside Nanking. The students were told they must prepare to be persecuted for the name of Jesus. Student work continued on 80 campuses, with Bible classes, retreats, and radio broadcasts. Teaching focused on First Peter and prayer, preparing them for persecution. During the cultural revolution all the schools were closed. When schools and churches began to reopen in 1978, many Chinese thanked the missionaries who had helped them prepare for persecution. As students have visited the west, and Chinese curiosity grows about what has made the west strong, many intellectuals have embraced Christianity as the only hope for social reform.The Church in AfricaColonizationIn the mid-1800s, France acquired most of West Africa and established the Foreign Legion. Belgium acquired the Belgian Congo under Leopold II, who used Henry Stanley and other explorers to acquire the territory. The Congolese were severely abused. Britain hoped to have an unbroken line through the interior of Africa from Cape to Cairo but Belgium and Germany East Africa got in the way. By 1914, only Liberia and what is now Ethiopia were independent.DecolonizationAfter World War 2, 220 nations eventually emerged from old European empires. These nations faced many obstacles. Overcrowding, lack of industrial and agricultural production, and divisions along tribal, religious, racial, or linguistic lines created friction. The Explosion of ChristianityIn 1900, there were between 8 to 10 million Christians in Africa (8-10% of the population). Today, nearly 50% of the population claims to be Christian, or over 360 million people. A.W. Tozer Aiden was born the middle child of Jake and Prude Tozer. His grandmother was his only spiritual influence, but was a pain and critical of Prude.Aiden’s sister was told to watch the bread in the oven; Gma came over and said the stove needed more wood. The house caught fire, but Gma kept the girl busy saving only Gma’s stuff. The fire fractured the family. Aiden’s father, Jake Tozer was a stern, depressed caustic, distant man. He worked hard farming but never made any money. When Tozer was 14, the family moved to Akron, Ohio, where Tozer’s oldest brother got their father a job at B.F. Goodrich. Aiden tried to sell things on commission on trains but was no salesman. He became converted at 17 at a tent meeting. Met his future wife Ada shortly after. Ada’s mother was his spiritual mentor for a while. Aiden soon was revealed as a gifted speaker and discovered that he was called to the ministry of teaching and speaking. He married Ada after courting for three years. On their honeymoon they went on a teaching trip and were shocked to hear that Aiden had been drafted by the Army and had to report the next day. They needed to beg money to get him to the base. He enjoyed his three months in the military, but the war ended before he saw combat. Aiden dove right back into ministry. He was mentored by Pentecostal F.F. Bosworth, who was provincial but passionate about the healing ministry. Aiden was also mentored by Paul Rader, who was deeply educated and urban, and inspired Tozer to further his education.Tozer never finished high school or went to seminary, but he read widely and voraciously. He loved history, literature, classical and enlightenment philosophy, and medieval mystics. He despised psychology and sociology. Later he would grow to love the writings of C.S. Lewis and view him as an original thinker.Aiden was happy with his Christian Missionary and Alliance church in Indiana but was called to a church in Chicago. He reluctantly checked it out. His sermons astounded the congregation and they begged him to come. He finally agreed. Tozers packed their 5 boys (they ended up with 6 boys and a daughter Rebecca) and moved to Chicago.Tozer loved all the used bookstores and the bigger libraries. He accepted criticism as a pastor. His dress was seen as hick. His goal became to dress in a way that was not a distraction, dressing simply but staying current. He also toned down his distracting mannerisms, but overall his sermons were fresh and unique. College students from Wheaton and Moody loved his style and content. Tozer was insensitive to his wife’s emotional and practical needs. He would leave for speaking engagements without consulting her. Tozer was an anti-materialist and always turned down raises. His congregation saw this as saintly. Ada, his wife, saw it another way; he was insensitive to her as she struggled to feed their large family. She gained 35 lbs. with her fifth son, Rolland who later felt she blamed him. He would often see tears in her eyes. Ada pushed down a lot of inner pain inside but refused to slander Aiden. She could be humorless and tactless and also harsh, beating Rolland several times for his bed-wetting. She would warn that she would have Aiden beat him when he got home. Aiden would take the boy downstairs and close the door and beat the stairs while telling Rolland to whimper.Tozer wrote a couple of biographies they made him more well known. In 1949, he wrote “The Pursuit of God” nonstop on tablets while on an overnight train ride. By morning it was finished, and sold very well when published. Tozer was known to love little kids, but his own sons felt he was distant from them. Tozer went to the nursery because he refused to shake parishioners’ hands after his sermons. He felt their flattery would hurt him and those giving it. He struggled with pride, though he might have felt more humility if he had been aware of what he was doing to his wife and sons. Tozer had bouts of melancholy and depression (as did Ada, especially after the kids left). He said, “If you want to be happy, don’t pray for discernment. “ He was bothered by the move towards entertainment instead of worship and how churches were copying business models for growth rather than relying on the Holy Spirit. He was also harsh towards religious movies, but later confessed that he had been too harsh.Tozer loved preaching and studying. He would spend hours on his knees in prayer and kept extra prayer pants that he would change into so as not to ruin the creases on his dress pants. Other men would find Tozer prostrate on the floor in worship. Tozer struggled with people and did not enjoy pastoral visits. He refused to host or visit extended family on either side. He disliked small talk but did not criticize Ada, who had a heart for the needy and would also invite the poor to their Sunday meals.In the late 50s, Tozer retired so he could spend more time writing and studying but was invited to a CMA church in Toronto. He refused but when told all he had to do was speak twice on Sunday, he accepted in 1960. He had three very successful years there including writing “Knowledge of the Holy” which is still a huge best seller. On May 12, 1964, he had chest pains and died that night. He had encouraged Ada to reach out to Leonard, a widower ten years her senior. Ada married Leonard a year later, and found he was the husband she deserved; she felt very happy. “Aiden loved Jesus, but Leonard loves me.” Aiden confessed a few days before he died, “I’ve had a lonely life.” Which is sad, because Ada said the same thing.Despite his faults as a father, his kids became devout, well-educated Christians. Tozer is still very popular today. He said, “I don’t go to the Bible to get a sermon. I go to see God, and get my sermon from my time with him. “ His passion for God still is felt today. Weekend in the Word 15 Final Thoughts:The Churches greatest successes have led to her greatest failures. They sow the seeds of pride and self-worship.The darkest hour is just before dawn. We need to always be pessimistic about the power of man, but optimistic about the power of God.The goes forward best when it goes back, but not to some golden age, but to Jesus himself.To be a true Christian is to become part of the Kingdom of God, or to have you life come under the rule of God. When our relationship with God is restored through repentance, forgiveness and regeneration, our relationship with God his restored, when he becomes the supreme object of our affection, and our worship. When we are right with God, then we can be healed and made right in our human relationships, and in our creative callings.God wants to bring healing to this broken world by that advance of His kingdom.God’s true kingdom will always look like Jesus, humble, holy, selfless, and serving.Our actions matter, what we do will make a difference, what we fail to do will affect us and others.It is so hard to deal with error, without swinging into opposite error. We can not find our identity in what we are not.We must always be on guard against worldliness which is looking to man or numbers to define our actions, rather than faith in God. It is looking to idols for to meet our needs.When God saves us and fills us, he does not perfect us in this life. We are still prone to error and mental mistakes. This should humble us and make us dependant on God, hungry for His Word, quick to listen, and quick to show grace.How can we be both hungry for truth and confident, and yet humble and compassionate? By the fear of God.True Christianity is found in fellowship with the real God, it is not merely in buildings, or corporations. Spiritual life is not found merely in correct knowledge but in humble dependence on the living God.Unity can only be found in spiritual connection with God. Where the Spirit is absent there can be no unity.We cannot see enough down here to accurately judge the success of our efforts. The church is full of failures and disappointments, but he loves the Church dearly and he is the one who is building it.We are in a life and death battle with forces that want to destroy us. We cannot our let our guard down or cease looking to God.Life with God is the abundant life. All else looks appealing, but is empty.It’s all about God and truly connecting with Him, delighting in Him, finding our hope and Joy in Him, Looking to Him for victory, staying faithful to Him and his Word. ................
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