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BibliographyBarrientos, Armando, and Claudio Santibá?ez. "New Forms of Social Assistance and the Evolution of Social Protection in Latin America." Journal of Latin American Studies 41, no. 1 (2009): 1-26.Brauw, Alan de, Daniel O. Gilligan, John Hoddinott, and Shalini Roy. “The Impact of Bolsa Familia on???????????????????? Schooling: Girls’ Advantage Increases and Older Children Gain.” Discussion Paper 01319?????????????????????? (International Food Policy Research Institute, 2014).Brauw, Alan de, Daniel O. Gilligan, John Hoddinott, and Shalini Roy. "The Impact of Bolsa Familia on Women’s Decision-Making Power." World Development 59 (2014): 487-504.Das, Jishnu, Quy-Toan Do, and Berk ?zler. "Reassessing Conditional Cash Transfer Programs." The World Bank Research Observer 20, no. 1 (2005): 57-80.Glassman, Amanda, Jessica Todd, and Marie Gaarder. “Performance-Based Incentives for Health:?????????????????????????? Conditional Cash Transfer Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Working Paper 120???????????????? (Centre for Global Development, 2007).?Hall, Anthony. "From Fome Zero to Bolsa Família: Social Policies and Poverty Alleviation under Lula." Journal of Latin American Studies 38, no. 4 (2006): 689-709.Higgins, Sean. "The Impact of Bolsa Família on Poverty: Does Brazil’s Conditional Cash Transfer Program Have a Rural Bias?" The Journal of Politics and Society 23 (2012): 88-125.Khazan, Olga. "Brazil's Government Gives Money to Women Because 'They're More Reliable'." The Atlantic. April 8, 2014. , Kathy, Anja Linder, Jason Hobbs, and Bénédicte de la Brière. “The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil’s Bolsa???????????????????????????????????? Família Program: Implementing Conditional Cash Transfers in a Decentralized Context.” Working?????????????? Paper 0709 (Social Protection Discussion Paper by World Bank, 2007).?Oliveira, Ana Maria Hermeto Camilo de, M?nica Viegas Andrade, Anne Caroline Costa Resende, Clarissa Guimar?es Rodrigues, Laeticia Rodrigues de Souza, and Rafael Perez Ribas. First Results of a Preliminary Evaluation of the Bolsa Familia Program. Vol. 2, in Evaluation of MDS Policies and Programs- Results, by Jeni Vaitsman and R?mulo Paes-Sousa, 19-64. Brasilia, DF: Ministry of Social Development and Fight Against Hunger, 2007.Osmani, S.R. "The Sen System of Social Evaluation." In Arguments for a Better World, edited by Kaushik??????????????? Basu, and Ravi Kanbur, 15-34. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.?Paes-Sousa, R?mulo, Leonor Maria Pacheco Santos, and ?dina Shisue Miazak. "Effects of a Conditional Cash Transfer Programme on Child Nutrition in Brazil." Bull World health Organ 89 (2011): 496-503.Rasella, Davide, Rosana Aquino, Carlos AT Santos, Romula Paes-Sousa, and Mauricio L Barreto. "Effect of a conditional cash transfer programme on childhood mortality: a nationwide analysis of Brazilian municipalities." The Lancet 382 (2013): 57-64.Shei, Amei. "Brazil's Conditional Cash Transfer Program Associated With Declines In Infant Mortality Rates." Health Affairs 32, no. 7 (2013): 1274-1281.Soares, Fábio Veras, Rafael Perez Ribas, and Rafael Guerreiro Osório. "Evaluating the Impact of Brazil's Bolsa Familia: Cash Transfer Programs in Comparative Perspective." Latin American Research Review 45, no. 2 (2010): 173-190.Soares, Sergei. “Bolsa Familia, Its Design, Its Impacts and Possibilities for the Future.” Working Paper 89?????????????? (International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, 2012).?Tepperman, Jonathan. "Brazil's Antipoverty Breakthrough: The Surprising Success of Bolsa Familia." Foreign Affairs 95, no. 1 (2016): 34-44.Vyasulu, Vinod. "Brazil's 'Fome Zero' Strategy: Can India Implement Cash Transfers?" Economic and Political Weekly 45, no. 26/27 (2010): 89-95.Watts, Jonathan. "Brazil's cash transfer scheme a source of empowerment for women." The Guardian. December 18, 2013. . HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref1" [1] Anthony Hall, “From Fome Zero to Bolsa Família: Social Policies and Poverty Alleviation under Lula,” Journal of Latin American Studies 38, no. 4 (2006): 690-691. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref2" [2] Ibid., 691. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref3" [3] Vinod Vyasulu, “Brazil's 'Fome Zero' Strategy: Can India Implement Cash Transfers?,” Economic and Political Weekly 45, no. 26/27 (2010): 94. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref4" [4] ?Armando Barrientos and Claudio Santibá?ez, “New Forms of Social Assistance and the Evolution of Social Protection in Latin America,” Journal of Latin American Studies 41, no. 1 (2009): 11. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref5" [5] Ibid., 11. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref6" [6] Amanda Glassman, Jessica Todd and Marie Gaarder, “Performance-Based Incentives for Health: Conditional Cash Transfer Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean,” Working Paper 120 (Centre for Global Development, 2007),? 8. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref7" [7] Barrientos and Santibá?ez, “New Forms of Social Assistance,” 12. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref8" [8] Jonathan Tepperman, “Brazil's Antipoverty Breakthrough: The Surprising Success of Bolsa Família,” Foreign Affairs 95, no. 1 (2016): 39. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref9" [9] Fábio Veras Soares, Rafael Perez Ribas and Rafael Guerreiro Osório, “Evaluating the Impact of Brazil’s Bolsa Familia: Cash Transfer Programs in Comparative Perspective,” Latin American Research Review 45, no. 2 (2010): 174. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref10" [10] Hall, “From Fome Zero to Bolsa Família,” 691. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref11" [11] Ibid., 692. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref12" [12] Ibid., 692. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref13" [13] Jishnu Das, Quy-Toan Do and Berk ?zler, “Reassessing Conditional Cash Transfer Programs,” The World Bank Research Observer 20, no. 1 (2005): 58. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref14" [14] The information in this paragraph has been taken from the following source: Sergei Soares, “Bolsa Familia, Its Design, Its Impacts and Possibilities for the Future,” Working Paper 89 (International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, 2012),? 2-3. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref15" [15] Kathy Lindert et al., “The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil’s Bolsa Família Program: Implementing Conditional Cash Transfers in a Decentralized Context,” Working Paper 0709 (Social Protection Discussion Paper by World Bank, 2007), 14-15. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref16" [16] Hall, “From Fome Zero to Bolsa Família,” 697. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref17" [17] HYPERLINK "" . This is a link to a translated version (using Google Translate) of the Ministry’s page as the original is in Portuguese. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref18" [18] Soares, “Bolsa Familia,” 3. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref19" [19] . HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref20" [20] The symbol R$ stands for Brazilian Real. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref21" [21] Olga Khazan, “Brazil's Government Gives Money to Women Because 'They're More Reliable',” The Atlantic, April 8, 2014, . HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref22" [22] HYPERLINK "" . HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref23" [23] HYPERLINK "" . HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref24" [24] Ibid. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref25" [25] HYPERLINK "" . HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref26" [26] Soares, “Bolsa Familia,” 12. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref27" [27] . HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref28" [28] HYPERLINK "" . HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref29" [29] HYPERLINK "" . HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref30" [30] . HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref31" [31] Soares, “Bolsa Familia,” 13-14. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref32" [32] For both poverty and inequality, most Bolsa Familia studies use income based conception, and thus, this work as well. Thus, poverty here has been considered in terms of a defined income based poverty line and inequality also in terms of income distribution. More nuanced measures emanating from theoretical frameworks developed by scholars like Amartya Sen haven’t been used. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref33" [33] In Soares, “Bolsa Familia,” I found the final results of some very important studies which attempt to analyze the impact of Bolsa Familia on various spheres, particularly poverty and inequality enumerated. I tried to look for important sources/studies apart from these cited ones but couldn’t for poverty and inequality (for other spheres I was able to and thus used them apart from a few important enumerated ones which I read separately in detail). Then I tried to find the sources/studies on poverty and inequality which have been cited/enumerated in this work so I could read and understand them in detail and find out if the authors have provided any causal linkage between Bolsa Familia and the observed changes in poverty and inequality levels.? However, I couldn’t and encountered one of these problems: the work wasn’t available or couldn’t be located or was in Portuguese and translating it with google translate didn’t help much. Thus, herein, for the spheres of poverty and inequality I have merely discussed the findings of a few important studies cited in this work and have heavily borrowed from it (with adequate/proper referencing though).???? HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref34" [34] Soares, “Bolsa Familia,” 19-20. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref35" [35] This noticeable impact of Bolsa Familia on inequality reduction may be as a result of the “progressive impact of cash transfers on the distribution of total income”. See Soares et al., “Evaluating the Impact of Brazil’s Bolsa Familia,” 178. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref36" [36] Number of people below poverty line. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref37" [37] Percentage of population below poverty line. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref38" [38] Sean Higgins, “The Impact of Bolsa Família on Poverty: Does Brazil’s Conditional Cash Transfer Program Have a Rural Bias?,” The Journal of Politics and Society 23 (2012): 89-90. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref39" [39] Ibid. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref40" [40] Ibid., 91. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref41" [41] Soares, “Bolsa Familia,” 21-22. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref42" [42] Ana Maria Hermeto Camilo de Oliveira et al., “First Results of a Preliminary Evaluation of the Bolsa Família Program,” in Evaluation of MDS Policies and Programs – Results (vol. 2), ed. Jeni Vaitsman and R?mulo Paes-Sousa (Brasilia, DF: Ministry of Social Development and Fight Against Hunger, 2007), 22, 29, 41-43. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref43" [43] Alan de Brauw et al., “The Impact of Bolsa Familia on Schooling: Girls’ Advantage Increases and Older Children Gain,” Discussion Paper 01319 (International Food Policy Research Institute, 2014).? HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref44" [44] Ibid., 20. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref45" [45] Some of these articles required payment, and thus, just their main findings from the abstract which is freely accessible have been mentioned. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref46" [46] Ana Maria Hermeto Camilo de Oliveira et al., “First Results,” 38-39. ? HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref47" [47] Ibid., 39. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref48" [48] R?mulo Paes-Sousa, Leonor Maria Pacheco Santos, and ?dina Shisue Miazak, “Effects of a conditional cash transfer programme on child nutrition in Brazil,” Bull World Health Organ 89 (2011), 496. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref49" [49] Ibid., 499. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref50" [50] Davide Rasella et al., “Effect of a conditional cash transfer programme on childhood mortality: a nationwide analysis of Brazilian municipalities,” The Lancet 382 (2013). HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref51" [51] Amei Shei, “Brazil’s Conditional Cash Transfer Program Associated With Declines In Infant Mortality Rates,” Health Affairs 32, no. 7 (2013): 1274. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref52" [52] Ibid., 1276. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref53" [53] Alan De Brauw et al., “The Impact of Bolsa Familia on Women’s Decision-Making Power,” World Development 59 (2014). HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref54" [54] Ibid., 496. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref55" [55] Ibid., 487. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref56" [56] Ibid., 487. HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref57" [57] Jonathan Watts, “Brazil's cash transfer scheme a source of empowerment for women,” The Guardian, December 18, 2013, . HYPERLINK "" \l "_ftnref58" [58] S.R. Osmani, “The Sen System of Social Evaluation,” in Arguments for a Better World: Essays in Honor of Amartya Sen (vol. 1), ed. Kaushik Basu and Ravi Kanbur (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 20. ................
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