Council Rock School District / Overview



Chapter 11, A World in Flames, 1931–1941 Test ReviewESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Could World War II have been prevented? Why do some people fail to respond to injustice while others try to prevent injustice?Lesson 1: Origins of WWIICountryLeaderDesireAxis or Allied?ItalyBenito Mussolinirebuild Roman EmpireAxisGermanyAdolf Hitler more living space/used Jews as scapegoatsAxisJapanHideki Tojo invaded Manchuria for iron & coalAxis********************************************************************************************************Great BritainN. Chamberlain/(1940)W. Churchill Stay out of warAlliedFrance*Charles de GaulleStay out of warAlliedRussiaJoseph Stalinindustrialize USSRAlliedU.S.Franklin D. RooseveltStay out of warAlliedFascismpolitical system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and often racism and no tolerance of oppositionFascists are anti-communismCommunisma way of organizing a society in which the government owns the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) and there is no privately owned propertyCauses of the WarPostwar inequalities (economic depression, war reparations -Germany, reduction in military-Germany, land disputes - Italy, Japan, Germany) caused by the Treaty of Versailles fueled nationalism. Economic depression and social unrest created desperation for new, stronger leadership able to capitalize on these feelings to seize control of governments. Anschluss - the unification of Germany and AustriaMunich Conference - between Chamberlain and Hitler states Hitler will not take over any more land beyond the SudetenlandSudetenland - an area of Czechoslovakia with a large German-speaking populationAppeasement - giving in to unjust demands in order to avoid all out conflictDanzig - Hitler wanted this Polish port city; 90% German inhabited; acted against appeasement policyNazi-Soviet Pact - non-aggression pact, signed by Germany and the Soviet Union on August 23, 1939. Called for the division of Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union...Invasion of Poland - France and Britain declare war on Germany. Official start of WW2.Blitzkrieg - “lightning war.” Use of tanks, combined with waves of aircraft and paratroopers, to break through and encircle enemy positions. German troops advanced into Belgium, Luxembourg, and northern France, trapping the Allied troops in Belgium.Miracle at Dunkirk - Hitler’s orders provided a three-day delay that allowed an estimated 338,000 British and French Allied troops to evacuate from Dunkirk, France. Soon after, France surrenders.Battle of Britain - Hitler ordered the German air force, the Luftwaffe, to begin attacking British ships in the English Channel. Then,the Luftwaffe battled the British Royal Air Force in the Battle of Britain. Britain’s use of radar gave it the advantage. Lesson 2: From Neutrality to WarIsolationism vs. Internationalism - Internationalism encourages trade to foster peace and prosperity. Isolationism avoids involvement in world affairs. Neutrality Act of 1935, 1937, 1939 - 1935, made it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war → banning the sale of arms to either side in a civil war → 1937, continuing the ban on selling arms to warring nations and also requiring them to buy all nonmilitary supplies from the United States on a “cash-and-carry” basis → 1939, permitting the sale of weapons, but only on a “cash-and-carry” basis.Destroyers-for-Bases - 50 ships sent to Britain in exchange for America’s use of British bases in the Atlantic. Loophole - the deal did not involve an actual sale, the Neutrality Act did not apply.Four Freedoms - After winning reelection in 1940, Roosevelt expanded the nation’s role in the war. Speaking to Congress, he listed the Four Freedoms for which both the United States and Britain stood: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.Lend Lease Act - allowed the U.S. to send weapons to them if they agreed to return or pay rent for them after the war (not a sale, so did not go against Neutrality Act)Hemispheric Defense Zone - U.S. still officially neutral, Roosevelt declared the entire western half of the Atlantic was part of the Western Hemisphere and therefore also neutral. He then ordered the U.S. Navy to patrol the western Atlantic and reveal the location of German submarines to the British.The Atlantic Charter - committed both U.S. and Britain to a postwar world of democracy, nonaggression, free trade, economic advancement, and freedom of the seas. America embargoes Japan - “economic war” on Japan. Japan depended on the United States for many key materials, including scrap iron, steel, and especially oil. In July 1940, Congress gave the president the power to restrict the sale of Strategic Materials (items important for fighting a war), resulting in the Japanese signing an alliance with Germany and Italy, becoming a member of the Axis.Pearl Harbor - Japan’s surprise attack on the U.S., December 7, 1941. Eight battleships, three cruisers, three destroyers, and four other vessels were sunk or damaged. The attack destroyed over 180 aircraft and killed 2,403 Americans. Another 1,178 were injured.Declarations of War - Dec. 8, 1941 U.S. declares war on Japan. On December 11, Germany and Italy both declared war on the United States.Lesson 3: The HolocaustThe Nuremberg Laws – deprived Jews of their rights. Defined Jewish genetic makeup. Made inter-marriage illegal.Kristallnacht (“cause”/what happened) – Caused by Jewish refugee shooting and killing a German diplomat in Paris. Night of Broken Glass. Nazis forbade police to interfere when 7,500 businesses and synagogues were destroyed and more than 90 Jewish people died. Jewish people tried to flee.Limits on Jewish Immigration – U.S. would not raise immigration quotas; Germans made it difficult for Jewish people to leaveSt. Louis Affair – 930 Jewish refugees en route to Cuba. Unable to board in Cuba or the U.S., returned to Europe (Great Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands). Most died in the Holocaust.Wannsee Conference (outcome) – “Final Solution” communicatedAlready in place:Concentration Camps – hard labor (political and religious prisoners), GermanyExtermination Camps – Jewish people; hard labor and mass killings – Poland, Eastern Europe ................
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