Peters Township School District
____________________________________7th Grade Social StudiesCanada, Mexico, & U.S. History from the Revolution to ReconstructionClass 48— Common Sense & Declaration of Independence November 3, 2014Focus: Read the conversation below between Benjamin Harrison of Virginia and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts. Then, answer the questions. “I shall have a great advantage over you, Mr. Gerry,” said Harrison, “when we are all hung for what we are now doing. From the size and weight of my body I shall die in a few minutes, but from the lightness of your body you will dance in the air an hour or two before you are dead.”What had the two men just done?Why was it so dangerous?- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Student Objectives: 1. I will explain how Thomas Paine’s Common Sense influenced the colonists.2. I will identify the main ideas of the Declaration of Independence. 3. I will determine how Americans responded to the Declaration of Independence.Homework:-Public Reading of the Declaration due 11/5-Read and Outline Chapter 4, Section 3 pgs 126-128 Stop @ New Jersey (due 11/4)-Read and Outline Chapter 4, Section 3 pgs 128-131 Start @ New Jersey (due 11/5)-Read and Outline Chapter 4, Section 3 pgs. 132-134 (due 11/7)-Read and Outline Chapter 4, Section 4 pgs. 135-139 (due 11/11)-Current Events Due 11/10-Chapter 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4 Test Wednesday 11/121. The Price They Paid2. Public Reading of Declaration I. Common SenseThomas PaineII. The Declaration of Independence SignersVocabConsequencesKey terms/ideas/ people/places:Common SenseThomas PaineJohn HancockThomas JeffersonSelf-evidentEndowedUnalienable LoyalistsPatriotsUndecided By the end of class today, I will be able to answer the following:Who signed their name the largest on the Declaration?When was the Declaration adopted?Why were the signers were chased by the British?Why was it common sense for the colonies to break away from Britain?Who was Jefferson talking about when he stated “all men?”THE PRICE THEY PAIDHave you ever wondered what happened to the 56 men who signed the Declaration of Independence?Five signers were captured by the British as traitors, and tortured before they died. Twelve had their homes ransacked and burned. Two lost their sons in the revolutionary army, another had two sons captured. Nine of the 56 fought and died from wounds or hardships of the revolutionary war. They signed and they pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor.What kind of men were they? Twenty-four were lawyers and jurists. Eleven were merchants, nine were farmers and large plantation owners, men of means, well educated. But they signed the Declaration of Independence knowing full well that the penalty would be death if they were captured.Carter Braxton of Virginia, a wealthy planter and trader, saw his ships swept from the seas by the British Navy. He sold his home and properties to pay his debts, and died in rags.Thomas McKeam was so hounded by the British that he was forced to move his family almost constantly. He served in the Congress without pay, and his family was kept in hiding. His possessions were taken from him, and poverty was his reward.Vandals or soldiers or both, looted the properties of Ellery, Clymer, Hall, Walton, Gwinnett, Heyward, Ruttledge, and Middleton.At the battle of Yorktown, Thomas Nelson Jr,, noted that the British General Cornwallis had taken over the Nelson home for his headquarters. The owner quietly urged General George Washington to open fire. The home was destroyed, and Nelson died bankrupt.Francis Lewis had his home and properties destroyed. The enemy jailed his wife, and she died within a few months.John Hart was driven from his wife's bedside as she was dying. Their 13 children fled for their lives. His fields and his gristmill were laid to waste. For more than a year he lived in forests and caves, returning home to find his wife dead and his children vanished. A few weeks later he died from exhaustion and a broken heart. Norris and Livingston suffered similar fates.Such were the stories and sacrifices of the American Revolution. These were not wild eyed, rabble-rousing ruffians. They were soft-spoken men of means and education. They had security, but they valued liberty more. Standing tall, straight, and unwavering, they pledged: "For the support of this declaration, with firm reliance on the protection of the divine providence, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor."Name:________________________________________________Period:__________A “Public Reading” of the Declaration of IndependenceOne of our government’s most precious documents is the Declaration of Independence. Yet studies show that most Americans are hard-pressed to associate its eloquent passages with Thomas Jefferson who presented it to the Continental Congress in July of 1776. Perhaps it is because few have actually taken the time to read the Declaration. It is for this reason that your assignment is to engage in a somewhat “public reading” of this document. This assignment will familiarize you, and those who listen to you, with a portion of the content of this powerful declaration of our freedom from Great Britain. Directions: 1. Invite at least two other people, one of whom must be an adult, to listen to your “public reading.” 2. Stand before your audience and read the attached excerpt from the Declaration. 3. Ask your audience members to add their signatures to this sheet as witnesses to the public reading.4. Return this sheet as proof you completed the assignment.Listeners Signatures:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government….We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.NotesClass 48— Common Sense & Declaration of Independence November 3, 2014Thomas Paine's Common Sense Paine39 years oldFailed at shopkeeper, husband, and corset makerPeople thought Adams wrote itencourages the move toward freedomClaimed that it was simply a matter of common sense that an island could not rule a continent Paine soldiered with the common men in the trenches and they respected him for it. His nickname in the army was even Common Sense. Paine was an English radical, fighting for everybody’s rights. What is it about? (why the colonies should break away)What arguments did it make?Didn’t owe king loyalty setting up of king/queens wrong“One of the strongest natural proofs of the folly of hereditary right of kings, is that nature disapproves it, otherwise she would not so frequently turn it into ridicule by giving mankind an ass for a lion.”G.B. only helped colonies for own benefitowed nothing to EnglandPoked fun at the claim that the king spoke directly to God500,000 copies were producedJuly 4, 1776-Declaration of IndependenceAuthor-Thomas JeffersonCommittee assigned the task of writing the Declaration: John Adams, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Robert Livingston, and Roger ShermanBoth Adams and Franklin decline to write itJefferson considered unofficial draftsman of Continental CongressJohn Adams about Jefferson-“reputations of a masterly pen…, in consequence of a very handsome public paper which he had written for the House of Burgesses, which had given him the character of a fine writer.”Considered a minor administrative choreNo one at the time considered the drafting of the Declaration as a major responsibility or honorAdams, perhaps exaggerating said it took Jefferson only a “a day or two” to writeJefferson was upset at the revisions“The People”-Jefferson developed his explanation based on who was not in the picture: infants, children, women, and slaves-“the people” included all the adult white males of the populationJohn HancockWho is this man? (A Boston merchant and member of the Sons of Liberty. The British regulars had orders to capture him at Concord. He is nowa Massachusetts delegate to the Continental Congress.)Why did he make his signature so large?-Wanted the King to see it without his glassesRichard Stockton- After signing Declaration of Independence he signs a declaration of allegiance to the King-only signer of the Declaration of independence to do soWhat difficulties did Loyalists encounter? a. Shunned by Patriots b. Businesses boycotted c. Vandalism d. Physical threats e. Pressure to leave for Canada, the West Indies, or Britain____________________________________7th Grade Social StudiesCanada, Mexico, & U.S. History from the Revolution to ReconstructionClass 49— New York and Nathan Hale November 4, 2014Focus: Why do you think George Washington made the following statement, “on our side the war should be defensive?” - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Student Objectives:1. I will compare and contrast the Continental and British Armies.2. I will identify the loss of New York as a terrible defeat for General Washington.3. I will share the brave story of Nathan Hale.Homework: -Public Reading of the Declaration due 11/5-Read and Outline Chapter 4, Section 3 pgs 128-131 Start @ New Jersey (due 11/5)-Read and Outline Chapter 4, Section 3 pgs. 132-134 (due 11/7)-Read and Outline Chapter 4, Section 4 pgs. 135-139 (due 11/11)-Current Events Due 11/10-Chapter 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4 Test Wednesday 11/12Handouts:noneI. The two armies A. Continental B. BritishII. New YorkEpic DefeatIII. Nathan Hale American Hero Key terms/ideas/ people/places:Battle of Long IslandContinental ArmyBritish ArmyNathan Hale“How beautiful is death, when earn’d by virtue! Who would not be that youth? What pity is it That we can die but once to serve our country.”By the end of class today, I will be able to answer the following:Who volunteered for the dangerous mission to spy on the British in New York City?What advantages did the Continental army have?Where was one of Washington’s worst defeats?Why was Washington so upset after losing New York? How did Nathan Hale die?NotesClass 49— New York and Nathan Hale November 4, 2014BritishStrengthsHighly trained, experienced-fight on five continents and defeated forces in Europe, India, North America, West Indies and Cuba2/3 of the British army in AmericaNavy, 70 ships-1/2 the force “the most arrogant army in the world.”Professional army, largest navy in world, officers who were veterans, availability of military supplies, and ready access to creditMercenaries18,000-Hess-Hanau, Brunswick, Anspach-Bayreuth, Anhalt-Zerbst, and Hesse-KasselGeneral Howe, General Clinton, and General Burgoyne best of the general officers in the British armySoldiers called “Bloodybacks” and “Lobsters”Average Length of service-7 yearsFleet of 427 ships equipped with 1,200 cannons to transport 32,000 soldiers and 10,000 sailors across the Atlantic. Largest amphibious operation ever attempted by any European power, with an attack force larger than the population of Philadelphia, the biggest city in America.Weaknesses3,000 miles from homeVoyage took at least 2 months and sometimes three to four round tripCramped quarters-can’t stand up between decks, nor sit up straight in their berths, 6 men per berth-supposed to hold 4, men slept in “spoon fashion”: in order to turn in bed, one would call “about face,” and they would all turn togetherGet ambushedTotal cost- ?52.5 million, national debt goes from ?127- ?232 millionBritish army would lose strength marching hither and yon across the vast American landscape in search of a strategic center of the rebellion that in fact did not exist-this is what actually happenedColonistsStrategyCaptured ground, “a war of posts” was meaninglessThe strategic key was the Continental Army. As long as it remained intact as an effective fighting force, the American Revolution remained alive. As long Washington held the army together, the British could not win the war, which in turn meant that they would eventually lose itSpace and time were on his side if he could keep the army united until the British will collapsed. And that is exactly what happened. StrengthsDefend homeland-“on our side the war should be defensive.”-G.W.Good shots-American riflemen loved to give demonstrations, aiming at a small mark the size of a man’s eye or tip of his nose, and hitting it repeatedly from a distance of 250 yards. Hessian and British officers cut off the rank insignia from their uniforms.George Washington WeaknessesUntrained, even fight amongst themselves-Marblehead, MA (former slaves) vs. Virginians-Americans from one region of the country were fighting Americans from another region on a larger scale than Lexington and Concord-Washington rides in grabs two men by the throat. Continental Army-bottom rung of social ladder…former indentured servants, recent Irish immigrants, unemployed artisans, blacksmiths, and carpenters—they stayed because they had nowhere else to go…”not the kind of men you wanted living in your neighborhood.”Average length of service-less than 6 monthsNYC/Long Island-The American troops were untrained and no match for Howe. Howe conducts a brilliant amphibious attack.-The American had no navy to challenge the British in New York Harbor. -Washington lost 1,400 men who were killed, injured, or taken prisoner. -Washington was almost captured himself.-The Hessians and British regulars give no quarter. “The riflemen were mostly spitted to the trees with bayonets.”-”In one thing only they failed—could not run as fast as their Foe.”-As Washington watches the disaster unfold he turns away from his officers and began to weep “with the tenderness of a child.”-Washington and his troops retreat into New Jersey and cross the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. -The British would hold New York until the end of the war, for seven years. Nathan Hale-Before the death sentence is carried out, you deliver a speech ending in those most famous words, “How beautiful is death, when earn’d by virtue! Who would not be that youth? What pity is it That we can die but once to serve our country.”-died a martyr, Patriot and a hero.____________________________________7th Grade Social StudiesCanada, Mexico, & U.S. History from the Revolution to ReconstructionClass 50— Trenton and Princeton November 5, 2014Focus: Turn to page 128 in your textbook. Read the box entitled, “Crossing the Delaware” and answer the question. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Student Objectives:1. I will explain what was so surprising about Washington’s attacks on Trenton and Princeton.Homework: -Read and Outline Chapter 4, Section 3 pgs. 132-134 (due 11/7)-Read and Outline Chapter 4, Section 4 pgs. 135-139 (due 11/11)-Current Events Due 11/10-Chapter 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4 Test Wednesday 11/12Handouts:None I. Trenton Rall vs. WashingtonII. Princeton Cornwallis vs. WashingtonKey terms/ideas/ people/places:Colonel RallTrentonHessiansPrincetonGeneral CornwallisHugh MercerChristmas NightDelaware River“Victory or Death” Weather By the end of class today, I will be able to answer the following:Who was in command of the Hessians at Trenton?When did Washington cross the Delaware to attack Trenton?Why were victories at Trenton and Princeton so important to the American cause?What did Hugh Mercer do that was so brave?NotesClass 50— Trenton and Princeton November 5, 2014Trenton-Washington vs. Rall and the HessiansTown on the Delaware River-commercial center including several mills along a creektown had no walls and some of the Hessians urged Colonel Rall (in charge of the Hessians at Trenton)to fortify the town “It never struck [Col. Rall] that the rebels might attack us, and therefore he had made no preparations against an attack. I must concede on the whole we had a poor opinion of the rebels, who previously had never successfully opposed us.”Washington’s plans to keep the attack a secret is spoiled by British spies Rall knows Washington might comelegend has it that the Washington was successful at Trenton because the Hessians were drunk/hung over from celebrating Christmas…this is FALSE! Washington gets lucky because on Christmas night a winter storm hits Trenton. The Hessians relax, they have been on high alert for days, because they think nothing will happen in the storm. Nobody thought the rebels would attack in such weather. Combine this with Rall’s over-confidence, and it spells disaster for the Hessians.The attack takes place a little after 8:00 A. M. The Hessians came under attack from all three different sides and were taken by surprise. The men in the outposts fight their way back to the center of the town, but it is no use. Washington achieved a huge victory, capturing 896 Hessians, killing 22, and wounding 83. They also captured several cannons and guns and ammunition. The Americans lose more men from being sick and starving than from the battle. They record only a few wounded from the battle however.What was so “surprising” about Washington’s attack on Trenton Washington crosses the Delaware River on Christmas nightWeather- “it blew a perfect hurricane” of snow, hail, rain, and sleet“I can hardly believe that Washington would venture at this season of the year to pass the Delaware at Vessel’s ferry as the repassing it may on account of the Ice become difficult.”Trenton and Princeton were supremely important, [in] destroying the illusion of British invincibility, making patriots of potential loyalists, and spoiling the Howes’ hopes for an end to the war and a start to a lasting reunion.” Princeton-Washington vs. General Cornwallis and the Britishextremely bloody battle as the “ground was frozen and all the blood which was shed remained on the surface.”Hugh Mercer was a general in Washington’s army. During the battle of Princeton he fought very bravely. During the battle the British overwhelm his men who have no bayonets. The British charge with bayonets. Mercer’s horse gets hit, and then Mercer himself. As he went down he cried, “Retreat!” His men fell back but Mercer was caught. One of the British knock him in the head with the butt of his rifle. The British thought they had caught Washington. As the British gather around, one calls, “Call for Quarters….” Mercer replied, “I am no rebel.” He refused to surrender and with his last ounce of energy, lunged at the British troops with his sword. They bayoneted him many times. ____________________________________7th Grade Social StudiesCanada, Mexico, & U.S. History from the Revolution to ReconstructionClass 51— Valley Forge and Saratoga November 7, 2014Focus: Pretend you are George Washington. Write a letter to your wife, Martha, telling her about the Battles of Trenton and Princeton. Be sure to tell her: a. Who the enemy is and where they are located. b. How you and your men reached the enemy from your location in Pennsylvania. c. What made your trip so dangerous? d. The day of your attack. e. The success you achieved.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Student Objectives:1. I will determine why the Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the Revolution.2. I will recount the hardships Washington’s troops endured at Valley Forge.3. I will determine why Benedict Arnold turned from Patriot to traitor.Homework:-Read and Outline Chapter 4, Section 4 pgs. 135-139 (due 11/11)-Current Events Due 11/10-Chapter 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4 Test Wednesday 11/12Handouts:NoneI. Saratoga A. Turning Point 1. French aidII. Valley Forge ConditionsBaron Friedrich von Steuben The Marquis de Lafayette III. Benedict Arnold-hero and traiter Key terms/ideas/ people/places:SaratogaFrenchValley ForgeFirecakesBaron Friedrich von Steuben The Marquis de Lafayette By the end of class today, I will be able to answer the following:Who helped train Washington’s troops at Valley Forge?Where is Valley Forge?Why is Saratoga considered the turning point of the war?What did Benedict Arnold due to be considered an American hero early in the war? What caused him to turn?NotesClass 51— Valley Forge and Saratoga November 7, 2014The British are puzzled at the American victories and ask General Burgoyne to stop the Patriots. He draws up a plan to take the Hudson River Valley.What prize do the British already have in their possession? (New York City, thanks to General Howe.) b. Why would taking the Hudson River Valley be such a strategic move? Burgoyne envisioned cutting off New England by the junction of two armies marching toward one another along the Hudson from New York and CanadaBurgoyne’s use of Indians, French Canadians, and German auxiliaries alienated popular support because his advance seemed like a foreign invasion c. What took place at the Battle of Saratoga that convinced the French that they should become allies of the Americans? Between 1/3 and a ? of the British soldiers were wounded, killed, or taken prisonerBurgoyne was surrounded and outnumbered, his army starving and under constant fire, so he surrenderedConvention of Saratoga (actual surrender)-permitted Burgoyne’s army to return to Britain on condition that it never serve again in AmericaIt showed the French that the American cause was “win-able.” The U.S. took 6,000 British prisoners, a significant portion of Burgoyne’s army -- a major American victory!French already considering an alliance-helped ensure French entry which turned the war into a global struggle in which the British resources were deflected into other places like Caribbean, the Mediterranean, India, and the ChannelOne of the heroes of this battle is Benedict Arnold who rushed into the fight rallying the troops. A German soldier fired point blank at Arnold in the same knew in which he had been wounded at Quebec. The shot crippled Arnold for life, leaving one leg shorter than the other-he later betray his country.Before French aid could reach America, Washington’s men had to endure many hardships during the winter of 1777-78. Hardships of Valley Forge a. Washington led his troops to Valley Forge after his defeats at Philadelphia and Germantown in eastern Pennsylvania. b. Valley Forge is about 25 miles west of Philadelphia. c. These winter months were very discouraging for the Continental Army. d. 11,000 troops were quartered at Valley Forge. e. They lived in crude log huts they built themselves. f. The Continental Congress could not provide additional supplies to fulfill the men’s needs. g. On December 23, 1777, Washington wrote: “We have this day no less than 2,873 men in camp unfit for duty because they are barefooted and otherwise naked.” h. The conditions include: ... bitter cold, causing frostbite... inadequate -- even spoiled -- food (some with worms in it)... they ate “firecakes” -- strips of dough made of flour and water... soldiers weak from hunger and cold -- too weak to fight... a smallpox epidemic... lack of shoes, so rags are used -- they cut their feet on the ice... lack of adequate clothing... they sleep on cold, muddy floors, or on straw mattresses crawling with lice.... discouragement and bitterness over the fact that those who lived in the countryside enjoyed comfortable lives, the British in Philadelphia were living happily, and the Congress seemed to ignore their request for supplies. Those around the camp were unfriendly to them, perhaps fearing that their livestock or food would be confiscated. i. Some criticized Washington for keeping his troops there, but he held firm, hoping to position himself for an attack on Philadelphia when the weather broke. j. Only the most ardent Patriots endure the ordeal. They are encouraged by the writings of Thomas Paine. k. 3,000 soldiers die during this time. Why do soldier’s stay at Valley Forge? a. The words of Thomas Paine. b. Their commitment to the cause. c. Washington’s example. d. The promise of French aid. Key Europeans in the American RevolutionBaron Friedrich von Steuben A Prussian soldier who stayed at Valley Forge; helped Washington train the troops; taught them how to work as a unit, to advance, retreat, use their guns and their bayonets. He also made the officers drill their men, rather than the sergeant and told his officers to put the needs of his men ahead of his own. He ordered his interpreter to curse his troops in English whenever they needed discipline. The troops loved his sense of humor. Steubenville, Ohio, is named after him.The Marquis de Lafayette This young French soldier was only 19 when he became an American general. He was one of the richest men in France, and yet still shared the hardships with the troops at Valley Forge. The men call him “the soldier’s friend.” He fought alongside Washington in Pennsylvania. He refused any payment for his work. He enthusiastically supported the American cause. Fayette County in names after him.Benedict Arnolda. Disappointed that Congress appointed younger men as generals before he became one.b. Married Margaret Shippen, a society girl, and they lived extravagantly.c. Accused of Tory leanings and using military personnel as his own servants.d. A court-marital tribunal cleared him, but reprimanded him for using poor judgment.e. He brooded over what he felt to be his country’s ingratitude and injustice.f. Began a 16-month correspondence with the enemy.g. While in command of West Point in 1780, he worked out a plan to surrender it to the British.h. British Major John Andre (executed) was carrying the message from Arnold to the British when he was captured. Finally, his treachery was exposed!i. Arnold fled to British-held New York and became a brigadier-general in the British Army.j. He demanded 20,000 pounds for his losses in joining the British. He received 6,315.He led British expeditions that burned Richmond, Virginia, and New London, Connecticut.l. Received kindly in London by King George III.m. Granted 13,400 acres in Canada, but it was useless to him.n. Remained in Britain and was a merchant in the West Indies trade.His wife remained faithful to him throughout, and his four sons became distinguished members of the British military.p. Burdened with debt in his final day.Died in 1801. ................
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