Notes – Skeletal System



Notes – Skeletal System

Humans possess an ____________ skeleton (_____________) which is a living tissue that is continually being broken down and reformed.

Components of Skeletal System

1. ________________

2. ________________

• ________________ cartilage

• ________________ cartilage

• ________________ cartilage

• ______________________

Classification of Bones

________ bones total in human body

Divided into 2 groups

• ____________ skeleton

• ___________________ skeleton

Bones are further classified by shape

________________________: longer than they are wide

________________________: roughly cube shaped

________________________: thin/flat bones

________________________: no specific shape

Functions of the Skeleton:

1. _______________ – supports ______________________ and serves as an ___________________ site for many skeletal muscles. ______________ are attached to __________ by _______________.

2. ___________________ – protects many _______________________ from injury.

3. ___________________________ – bone tissue stores several minerals, especially __________________ & ________________________.

• Bone tissue can ______________ these minerals into the __________ on demand if needed.

4. Site of ____________________________ – red bone marrow produces ___________________, _____________________, and ________________ (cell fragments that help your blood to ________)

5. _______________________ – muscles are attached to ________ by _________

6. _______________________ – fat is stored in the _________ of ______________

Bone Structure

Bones are ____________ with various types of ________________

1. _____________________ (_______________)

2. _____________________

3. _____________________

4. _____________________

Gross Anatomy of Bones

__________________________ - provide points of attachment for _____________, ________________ and ________________

Bone Textures - Layers of bones

1. ______________________ - external smooth layer (what we see)

2. ______________________ - lightweight bone that lies beneath _____________ bone

• it is called ____________ bone because it is filled with many ___________

3. Inner most layer - ____________________ or “little _____________”

• inside trabeculae are filled with _________ and _____________________________

Structure of Long Bones

1. __________________ - long axis of bone, often called _______________________

2. __________________ - ends of bones

3. __________________ - a tough membrane of blood vessels that surrounds all bones

• Periosteum contains ___________ fibers, ______________ vessels and ___________ vessels that enter the bone via the diaphysis ____________ (opening)

4. __________________________ - found in the __________________ of bones

• bone marrow can be __________ or __________________

_______ marrow is found in __________________, proximal ends of _____________ and ____________, _______, ______________, _____________ and ___________.

• Function of ________ bone marrow is to produce ____________ and ___________ (____________________ tissue)

• in infants, ________________ and all ____________ bone contain marrow

• in adults, _____________________ production is usually at ends of _________ and ________________

• also found in spongy bone of ______________ and _______________

• active ________________________, medical samples often taken in these locations

____________ bone marrow is found in the ___________ of long bones.

• it is yellow because it is composed primarily of ________

• yellow bone marrow functions as an _____________ reserve

Structure of Short, Irregular and Flat Bones

• thin ____________ of __________________-covered ______________ bone

• ______________ bone found inside

• no bone __________ or __________________

• no significant ________________ is present

Bone Tissue

• It is a ________________ tissue

• Made up of _______________________ (Ca and P) which give bone its _____________________

• ____________________ – a protein that gives bone its _________________. If you remove the collagen from the bone, it becomes extremely _____________ and easily _______________

Microscopic Anatomy of Bones

4 types of Bone Cells:

1. ________________________ - mitotic _________ cells that form __________________ and bone __________ cells

2. ___________________ – young bone cells that produce bone tissue

3. ___________________ – mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue

4. ___________________ – bone cells that break down bone tissue

Bone Development

• _________________ / _____________________

• _______________ - after week _____ of development, bony skeleton begins to form

In adults - Bones grow in length until we reach late ______________________

• this growth is occurring at both __________ of our __________ bones in regions called _____________________________ (____________ plates)

• the epiphyseal plates are bands of rapidly dividing _________________ cells

• the older cells are continually being converted to _____________

Epiphyseal plates ossify when we go through _____________

Bone growth in _________________ stops at this point

• some ____________ bones grow throughout life (________________ and _______)

Bone Homeostasis

• Every ____________ humans recycle ____________ of our bone mass

• _______ a gram of ____________ may enter or leave the skeleton per day

• _____________ bone is completely replaced every ___________ years

• _____________ bone is completely replaced every __________ years

Bone Remodeling

Combination of bone _______________ and __________________

Bone _______________ - occurs when bone is ______________ or additional bone ______________ is needed

Bone _______________ - breaking down of ______________

Control of bone remodeling

Two feedback loops control remodeling:

1. ________________ feedback _______________ loop that controls the amount of __________ ions in the blood

2. Bones response to ___________________ and _____________________ forces on the skeleton

Bone Repair

• occurs after a _______________ (_____________)

Classification of fractures:

1. ___________________ fracture - ends of bone are in _____________ position

2. ___________________ fracture - ends of bone are ______ of ____________ position

3. ___________________ fracture - bone is _______________________________

4. ___________________ fracture - bone is ___________________________________

5. ___________________ fracture - break that is along the ___________________ of the bone

6. ___________________ fracture - break that is ___________________ to the long axis of the bone

7. ___________________________ fracture - bone ___________________ the skin

• usually needs _______________ to repair

8. ___________________________ fracture - bone does _______ penetrate the skin

• does not usually require _____________, can be repaired usually in ____________ weeks by ______________

How does bone repair itself?

1. _________________ forms

2. __________________________________ forms

• _____________ - granular tissue filled with fibroblasts and _________________

3. _____________________________ forms

• hard ___________ forming materials

• occurs within __________________

4. _________________________________ occurs

• begins during ______________ formation

• occurs for ______________ after damage

• end product is ______________________________

The Skeleton

• makes up _______ of body mass

• consists of ____________, ___________________, and __________________

• the human skeleton of an infant is made up of about _______ bones.

• by the time you reach adulthood, you have _______ bones (due to ____________).

Axial Skeleton

• forms the __________ or ______________________ of body

• consists of ________ bones.

It includes: ______________________

______________________

______________________

______________________

______________________

______________________

a. ___________ – is made up of ____________ bones that enclose the brain & ____________ bones

cranial bones – ____________ (1), ___________ (2), ______________ (2), & _______________ (1)

All of these bones fit tightly together in ____________.

In ______________ there are soft spots between the cranial bones.

• These soft spots are called ________________

• They allow __________________ of the cranium during __________________ and allow a child’s brain to _________

• They ossify by about the age of ______

Facial bones include: __________ (bridge of nose), _______________ (pertaining to tears), ______________ (cheek), ______________ (lower jaw), and ______________ (upper jaw), and _________________ bones (posterior portion of the palate).

b. _______________ – a U-shaped bone located in the neck region between the mandible and the voice box

• Unique bone because it does not join with any other ________

• Provides attachment for the ____________ muscles

• The hyoid is often fractured during ____________________. Because of this it is examined carefully in an ______________ if ____________________ is suspected.

c. __________________________ (____________, __________, & ___________)

• these 3 small bones are located within the _________________ bone

• they are involved in ________________

d. ______________________ – composed of ______ separate vertebrae divided into 5 regions

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

e. ______________________ – can be divided into 3 parts:

_______________ (upper), body, and _____________________ (lower)

f. ___________

• there are _______ pairs of ribs in both __________ and ____________

• Most are attached to the _______________ posteriorly and the _____________ anteriorly

Appendicular Skeleton

• bones of the _____________ and ________________ (pectoral and pelvic)

• allow us to move

• consists of _________ bones

It includes:

__________________________

__________________________

__________________________

__________________________

Pectoral girdle includes:

_____________ (collar bone)

_____________ (shoulder blade)

_____________ (upper arm bone)

Bones of the arm:

_________________ (upper arm bone)

__________ and ____________ (lower arm bones)

____________ (wrist bones)

_________________ (bones of the palm)

_________________ (finger bones).

Pelvic girdle includes:

____________ (flared portion)

_____________ (sit-down bone)

_____________ (anterior most portion)

Male/Female Pelvis Differences:

|Male |Female |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

Bones of the leg:

____________ (upper leg bone)

___________ (medial lower leg bone)

______________ (lateral lower leg bone)

____________ (knee cap)

________________ (ankle bones)

_______________ (bones making up arch of the foot)

___________________ (toes)

Joints

A joint is a place where ______________ meet

• Bones at a joint are usually “capped” with _______________ so that they move very smoothly against each other

• Bones of a joint are held together by tough bands of connective tissue called ___________________

• ________________ parts of the skeleton

3 basic types of joints:

1. ___________________________ – these joints move very little if at all

• _____________________

• held together by ________________ tissue

Example: _______________________________

2. ___________________________________ – allow the body to bend & twist

• ______________________

• held together by _____________________

Example: _________________

3. ______________________________ – allow a great deal of movement.

• ______________________ (through or ____________)

• joints of the ______________

• articulating bone are separated by fluid filled sacs (____________)

• also called ___________________ joints

Types of Moveable Joints

a. ________________________ joint – allows circular motion

ex. ________________________

b. _______________ joint – only allows a pivot motion

ex. joint between _____________ and ________________

c. _______________ joint – allows bones to slide past each other

ex. __________________________________

d. _______________ joint – allows for rotation in thumbs

ex. _________________

e. _______________ joint – allows backward and forward movement

ex. _______________

f. _______________ joint - allows for all angular motions

• one bone fits into _________________ of other bone

ex. __________________

Knee Joint

• _____________ and most ______________ joint in the body

• actually _____ joints in one (____________, __________, and ________________)

Abnormalities of Bone

1. _________________ – inflammation of a bursa

• ____________ – fluid filled sac found in __________ & _____________ joints

2. _______________ – torn/stretched ligaments.

3. _____________________ – stiffening of the joints

• most common form of ___________________

• affects most people as they ________

4. ________________________________ – joints become inflamed and eventually ossify, fusing the bones together

• not sure of what _____________ this type of arthritis

5. _____________________ – thinning bones that are easily broken

• most common in _____________ who have gone through ________________

• there is a definite link between low _____________ levels and thinning of _______

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