Biology EOC Review



Biology EOC Review

Goal 1: Learner will develop abilities necessary to do and understand scientific inquiry.

1.01 Identify biological problems and questions that can be answered through scientific investigations.

2. Design and conduct scientific investigations to answer biological questions (create testable hypotheses, identify variables, use a control or comparison group when appropriate, select and use appropriate measurement tools, collect and record data, organize data into charts and graphs, analyze and interpret data, communicate findings).

You have measured the rate at which a fish breathes at various temperatures by counting the rate at which its gills open. The data is below.

Breathing rate Temperature 19/min 5 deg C

25/min 10 deg C 30/min 20 deg C 34/min 30 deg C 37/min 35 deg C

1. What is the independent variable? The dependent variable? p. 9

2. What happens to breathing rate with increase in Temp?

3. What would be a good control for this experiment?

4. How do you think the breathing rate was measured?

5. What do you think would happen if you raised the

temperature even more?

6. Why would it be a bad idea to do this?

3. Formulate and revise scientific explanations and models of biological phenomena using logic and evidence to: explain observations, make inferences and predictions, explain the relationship between evidence and explanation.

Bromothymol blue turns to bromothymol yellow in the presence of carbon dioxide. When the carbon dioxide is removed, the solution will return to a blue color. Two green water plants were placed in separate test tubes, each containing water and bromothymol yellow. Both test tubes were corked. One tube was placed in the light, the other in the dark. After several days, the liquid in the tube exposed to light turned blue.

1. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

2. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

3. What is the control for this experiment?

4. This demonstration illustrates that, during photosynthesis, green plants take in ______________

_________________.

1.

4. Apply safety procedures in the laboratory and in field studies. (Recognize and avoid potential hazards, safely manipulate materials and equipment needed for scientific investigations.)

1.Label the microscope. p. 1070

2. How do you determine total magnification of a microscope? (Assume the eyepiece magnifies 10 x and the objective magnifies 40 x)

3. Draw how the letter “e” would look as view through a microscope?

4. What kind of care must be taken when working with bacteria?

5. Why must care be used when working with bacteria?

6. What are the issues surrounding the use of animals for research?

5. Analyze reports of scientific investigations from an informed scientifically literate viewpoint including considerations of: appropriate sample, adequacy of experimental controls, replication of findings, and alternative interpretations of the data.

Goal 2: Learner will develop an understanding of the physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.

2.01 Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the following organic molecules: P. 44-48

|Macromolecules |Function |Subunits / Monomer |

|Carbohydrates | | |

| | | |

|Proteins | | |

| | | |

|Lipids | | |

| | | |

|Nucleic Acids | | |

| | | |

2.

| | |Biology EOC Review | |

| | | | |

|Specific Molecule |Function | | |Type of Organic |

| | | | |compound |

|Starch | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Cellulose | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Insulin | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Glycogen | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Glucose | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Enzymes | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Hemoglobin | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Fats | | | | |

| | | | | |

|DNA | | | | |

| | | | | |

|RNA | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Describe the following nutrient tests: | | | |

| | | | |

|Nutrient | |Indicator | |Negative Test |Positive Test |

|Starch | | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

|Lipids | | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

|Monosaccharides | | | | | | |

|Simple Sugars | | | | | |

|Protein | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | |

2.02 Investigate and describe the structure and function of cells including cell organelles, cell specialization, and communication among cells within an organism. Ch. 7 p. 169-193

1. Label this prokaryotic cell p.472 2. Give an example of a prokaryotic organism

3.

3. Fill in this chart. Also give the letter or number of the part as seen in the diagrams below.

| | | |Place a check if found in: |

|Cell Part and Letter |Function | |Prokaryotes Plant Animal |

|Nucleus | | | |

| | | | |

|Plasma Membrane | | | |

| | | | |

|Cell wall | | | |

| | | | |

|Mitochondria | | | |

| | | | |

| DNA | | | |

| | | | |

| Vacuole | | | |

| | | | |

| Ribosomes | | | |

| | | | |

|Cytoplasm | | | |

| | | | |

| Chloroplast | | | |

| | | | |

|4. List the levels of organization in order from smallest to largest in a multicellular organism: p. 192 | |

5. Below are a variety of cells from the human body. Use the index of your book to look them up.

a. Which cell is adapted for movement? What structure makes this movement possible? What organelle is very plentiful in these cells in order to provide the energy for movement?

b. What is the function of the Red Blood cell?

c. Which cell is involved in the immune system?

d. Which cell helps in movement of bones?

e. Which cell is adapted for transmitting messages?

Hormones: p. 997-1002

1. What structures produce hormones?

2. How do hormones travel throughout a body?

3. What is the function of hormones?

The diagram below shows many proteins and other molecules embedded in a cell membrane. p. 182

1. List the 4 organic molecules that compose the cell membrane and their function?

a.

b.

c.

d.

2. Why is the membrane

described as selectively

permeable?

2.03 Investigate and analyze the cell as a living system including: maintenance of homeostasis, movement of materials into and out of cells, and energy use and release in biochemical reactions. p. 182-189

1. Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left.

2. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left?

3. How is the semi-permeable membrane like a cell membrane?

4. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)?

5. If the white molecule is water, in the picture on the left where is the water concentration greatest?

6. In osmosis, water moves from an area of __________ to an area of _________ concentration.

7. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why?

8.In diffusion, molecules move from an area of ________ to an area of ________ concentration.

9..Use the information below to label the cells in a beakers. Add arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations:

a. Salt inside the cell = 65% b. Sugar inside the cell 27%

and outside the cell 40%. and outside 80%.

[pic] [pic]

10. What is homeostasis?

11. How do cells maintain homeostasis: Consider pH, temperature, blood glucose, water balance

Comparison of active and passive transport p. 182-189

|PASSIVE TRANPORT |ACTIVE TRANSPORT |

Requires energy?

Require Transport Proteins?

Low to high concentration or high to low concentration? Examples

Diffusion and Osmosis are both types of __________________ TRANSPORT - that is, no energy is required for the molecules to move into or out of the cell.

Sometimes, large molecules cannot cross the plasma membrane, and are "helped" across by _________.

This process, which uses proteins and ATP is called __________________ ___________________.

Energy p. 201-203

Use the following diagram – label where energy is released and where energy is used. Also use arrows on the lines attached to the circles to indicate if energy is going in or out.

1. What cellular process produces ATP?

2. What is ATP energy used for? Give examples.

3. How do we get energy from ATP?

5. Investigate and analyze the bioenergetic reactions: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and photosynthesis. p. 204-225

Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol)

A)

B)

C)

1. Which of the above reactions is photosynthesis?

2. Which of the above reactions is fermentation (anaerobic cellular respiration)?

7.

3. Which of the above reactions is cellular respiration (aerobic)?

|44. |Which reaction requires chlorophyll? |What is the purpose of the chlorophyll? |

|55. |Which reaction requires light? |What is the light used for? |

6. Which organisms carry out process A? Plants / Animals / or Both

7. Which organisms carry out process B? Plants / Animals / or Both

8. Which organisms carry out process C?

9. Which process uses chloroplasts in eukaryotes?

10. Which process uses mitochondria in eukaryotes?

11. What factors could speed up (or slow down) process A?

12. What factors could speed up (or slow down) process B?

14. What type of organisms perform aerobic cellular respiration?

15. Where does aerobic respiration occur in the cell?

16. Label where the different reactions of photosynthesis occur.

17. Label where the different reactions of cellular respiration occur.

[pic]

18. What cellular process produces ATP more efficiently? Is this process anaerobic or anaerobic?

8.

19. Compare and Contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

4. Investigate and describe the structure and function of enzymes and explain their importance in biological systems. p. 49-53

1. Does the enzyme or substrate change shape?

2. What 2 conditions cause enzymes to become denatured (change shape)?

3. Enzymes are types of what organic compound?

4. Why is the enzyme-substrate complex compared to a lock and key?

5. Why can enzymes be used over and over again?

9.

6. What is the function of enzymes in biological systems? Why are they necessary for all biochemical reactions?

7. Why is there only one kind of enzyme for each biochemical reaction?

Goal 3: Learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of organisms over time.

3.01: Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including: DNA replication, Protein Synthesis (transcription and translation), and gene regulation. p. 286-312

Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix – 1. Circle one nucleotide. What 3 pieces is it made up of?

2. What are the black pentagons?

What are the nitrogen bases?

_____ _____ _____ ____ _____ _____

3. Fill in the blanks with the complimentary DNA bases.

4. If a strand of DNA undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be?

DNA = T A C G A C T G A

mRNA =

tRNA =

Label the summary of protein synthesis diagram to the right

• DNA

• Transcription

• mRNA

• Nucleus

• Cytoplasm

• mRNA

• tRNA

• Ribosome

• Anticodon

• Codon

• Amino Acid

• Polypeptide Chain / Protein

• Nuclear Membrane

• rRNA

• Translation 10.

5. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for the section of mRNA above? (read from right to left)

6. What is a codon?

What is an anti-codon?

7. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table

| |RNA |DNA |

|Sugars | | |

|Bases | | |

|Strands 1 | | |

|or 2 | | |

|Where | | |

|In Cell | | |

|Function | | |

| | | |

8. What kinds of bonds hold the amino acids together in the protein that is formed?

9. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?

1)

2)

3)

10. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together between the nitrogen bases?

11. Why is it important that these bonds be weak?

12. What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs?

13. How does this affect the mRNA?

14. How can this affect translation?

15. How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein?

16. Where in the cell does transcription occur?

17. Where in the cell does translation occur?

11.

Cell Cycle: p. 244-253

1. Look at the diagram of the cell cycle.

When does the replication of DNA occur? What is this phase called?

2. What do GI and G2 represent?

3. Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)?

Gene Expression and Regulation p. 309-312

1. If all the cells in an organism (cells with nuclei) have the same DNA, explain, in terms of genes, how a nerve cell functions differently from a muscle cell.

2. Why does a pancreas cell produce insulin in great amounts but a blood cells does not?

3. There are advantages and disadvantages to the overproduction of proteins by a cell. Describe the advantages and disadvantages for an injured cell.

4. Describe the advantages and disadvantages in a cancerous cell.

3.02 Compare and contrast the characteristics of asexual and sexual reproduction.

| |MITOSIS |p. 246-248 |MEIOSIS p. 275-278 |

|Type of reproduction | | | |

|(Asexual or sexual) | | | |

|Chromosome number of mother | | | |

|cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid) | | | |

|Chromosome number of | | | |

|daughter cells (1N=haploid or | | | |

|2N=diploid) | | | |

|Number of cell divisions | | | |

| | | | |

|Number of cells produced | | | |

| | | | |

|When does replication happen? | | | |

| | | | |

|SOURCES OF VARIATION |Yes or No | |Yes or No |

| | | | |

|Crossing over | | | |

|Random assortment of | | | |

|chromosomes | | | |

|Gene mutations | | | |

|Nondisjunction | | | |

|fertilization | | | |

12.

Biology EOC Review

Label the following stages of mitosis (cell division). Put the letters in order starting with interphase. What type of cell is this Plant or animal and how do you know?

3.03 Interpret and predict patterns of inheritance: (dominant, recessive and intermediate traits, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, sex-linked traits, independent assortment, test cross, pedigrees, and Punnett squares)

1. In the Punnett square to the left, T = tall and t=short. Give the genotype for the parents. p. 263-274

2. Give the phenotype for the parents.

3. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

4. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?

5. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

6. What environmental factors might affect the expression of these genes for height? Explain.

7. Some genes produce intermediate phenotypes. Cross a pure breeding red flower (RR) with a pure breeding white flower (WW). Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. p. 272-273

13.

|Explain the inheritance of the following disorders: |p. 341-346 | |

|(autosomal dominant? |Autosomal recessive? |Sex-linked dominant? |Sex-linked recessive?) |

|Sickle cell anemia: | | |Color-blindness: |

|Cystic fibrosis: | | |Hemophilia: | |

|Huntington Disease: | | |PKU: | |

Blood type p. 344-345

1. If a woman with type A blood has a child with a man with type B blood and their first child has type O blood, give the genotypes of the woman and the man and do the cross. (Alleles are IA, IB, and i)

1. 2. What are the odds that they will have a child with type O blood again?

2. What are the odds that they will have a child with homozygous type A blood?

4. What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood?

5. A blood test is done to see if one of three men is the father of a child. The child has type O blood, the

mother has type A blood. Man #1 has type AB blood, Man #2 has type A blood, Man #3 has type O blood. Are there any men that can be ruled out as the father. Explain.

Polygenic traits p. 395-396

1. Some traits are considered to be polygenic. What does this mean?

2. What is an example of a polygenic trait in humans?

3. What determines the phenotype in a polygenetic trait?

Sex Chromosomes p. 341-342, 350--352

1. What are the male sex chromosomes in humans?

2. What are the female sex chromosomes in humans?

3. Colorblindness and hemophilia are sex-linked traits. What chromosome are these genes found on?

14.

| | | | | | |

|4. |What are the 3 possible female genotypes? | |________ |_________ |_________ |

| |Phenotypes |________ |_________ |_________ |

|5. |What are the 2 possible male genotypes? | |________ |__________ | |

| |Phenotypes? |_________ | __________ | |

6. Cross a female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a normal male.

7. What are the odds that they will have a child with hemophilia.

8. What are the odds that they will have a daughter with hemophilia?

9. What are the odds that they will have a daughter who is a carrier for hemophilia?

10. Why are males more likely to show a sex-linked disorder?

Karyotype p. 341, 352-353

1. What is the gender of the person whose karyotype is shown to the left?

2. What is the disorder that this person has? What is your evidence?

3. What are some of the characteristics of this disorder?

4. What caused this type of disorder?

Pedigrees p. 342-343

1. Is the inheritance pattern shown by this pedigree dominant or recessive?

2. How do you know?

3. Using A,a, what is the genotype of person II 4?

4. What is the genotype of person I 3?

Test Cross p. 263-280

Describe the test cross that a farmer would use to determine the genotype of an animal that shows a dominant trait. Use the following Punnett squares and the letters A and a to explain your answer.

Mendel’s Laws p. 263-280

Explain each of Mendel’s Laws and explain the experiments he used to determine these laws.

1. Law of segregation of characters (alleles)

2. Law of independent assortment (of alleles)

3. How does meiosis lead to segregation and independent assortment?

4. A problem to solve:

In the P1 generation a homozygous dominant brown mink crossed with a homozygous recessive silver blue mink produced all brown heterozygous offspring. When these F1 heterozygous minks were crossed among themselves they produced 47 brown animals and 15 silver blue animals (F2 generation). Determine all the genotypes and phenotypes, and their relative ratios, in the F1 and F2 generations.

3.04 Assess the impacts of genomics on individuals and society (Human genome project and applications of biotechnology)

1. What were the goals of the human genome project? p. 357- 358

2. What are 2 scientific uses of the human genome project? p. 357-360

To the left is an electrophoresis gel, showing evidence from a rape case. p. 322- 326, 356-357

3. Could the defendant be the rapist? Explain your answer.

4. Which fragments of DNA are the longest? Explain

5. What other ways can DNA fingerprinting be useful?

Transgenic organisms: p. 327-332

1. What are transgenic organisms?

2. What is the value of this technology in agriculture?

3. What is the value of this type of technology in the pharmaceutical industry?

What are some of the ethical issues surrounding the collection and use of stem cells?

3.05 Examine the development of the theory of evolution by natural selection including: development of the theory, the origin and history of life, fossil and biochemical evidence, mechanisms of evolution, and applications (pesticide and antibiotic resistance).

In the following chart, describe the role of each of the following in developing the current theory of evolution.

| | |How this supports the evolutionary theory: |

|Understanding of geology | |Understanding that the earth _____________ over time explains |

|(Changes in the earth) p. 374 |why organisms might change to ________ the new environments. |

|Malthus’ ideas about population |Organisms reproduce exponentially but the world is not |

|Growth p. 374 | |overcrowded by organisms – because they ___________ to survive |

|Embryological Similarities |p. 385 |Similar anatomy early in development suggests similar |

| | |_______________. |

|Patterns in fossil evidence |p. 417 |Following the patterns and aging the fossils suggests |

| | |_______________________ trees. |

|Homologous Structures p. 384 |Similar anatomy suggests _________________ ancestry |

| | | |

|Biochemical comparisons | |Similar DNA and/or proteins suggests similar ________________ |

|(DNA and proteins) p. 394 | |

|The role of variations p. 380, 407 |Variations provide the fuel for _______________ |

| | |________________. Those variations that are advantageous are |

| | |selected for; survive and are passed on. |

|The role of sexual reproduction |Sexual reproduction is a source of ___________________. |

| | |

|The role of geographic isolation |Geographic isolation can lead to ____________________ when |

|p. 380, 407 | |organisms are evolving in two different environments. |

|The importance of the | |Environments _________________ for the adaptations that best |

|environment | |suit the organisms for survival in that environment. |

Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

1. Populations of organisms have many genetic variations. Where do these come from? p. 394

2. Organisms could reproduce exponentially but they don’t. Why not? p.380

3. Genetic variations lead to different adaptations. What are adaptations? p. 380

4. Some adaptations have better survival value in certain environments. What does this mean? p. 380

5. Those organisms with adaptations that better fit them to an environment will survive, reproduce and pass on their genes. What does it mean to be “fit” to an environment? p. 380

6. The next population will have a high frequency of the genes that have been selected for. Why will the frequency of selected genes increase? p. 394

7. When this process continues over millions of years, it can lead to speciation. What is speciation? p.404

8. Describe how a population of bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic (or an insect to a pesticide) using the steps listed above. p. 403

9. What are the differences between abiogenesis (spontaneous generation) and biogenesis? p. 8-13

10. What did Louis Pasteur contribute to our understanding of the origins of life? p. 12-13

11.Explain Miller and Urey’s hypothesis. p.424

12. Why did Miller and Urey put those particular gases into their experiment? p. 424

13. What type of organic molecules did they find?

p. 424

14. What is the significance of their experiments?

p. 424

15. Most hypotheses state that prokaryotic anaerobes probably evolved first. Why? p.426-428

16. The hypotheses then suggest that prokaryotic autotrophs probably evolved? Why? p.426-428

17. What would enter the atmosphere as a result of these autotrophs appearing. p. 426

18. Then prokaryotic aerobic heterotrophs could evolve. What can these cells do that others before them cannot? p. 426-428

19. What is the hypothesis explaining how eukaryotic cells evolved? p.426-428

20. What evidence supports this theoryp.426-428

Goal 4: Learner will develop an understanding of the unity and diversity of life.

4.01 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships. (Historical development and changing nature of classification systems, similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, similarities and differences among the eukaryotic kingdoms, classifying organisms using a key)

1. Who came up with the first 2 Kingdoms and what were they? p. 457

2. What is the current seven-level classification system? p. 450

3. What is binomial nomenclature?

4. How are DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology used to classify organisms? p. 452-455

5. Similarities in the evidence above proves that organisms share a ______________ ________________.

7. To the left is a phylogenetic tree of some organisms. According to this tree, which pairs of organisms are most closely related? P.460

8. Which organism is most closely related to the rayfinned fish?

8. Which organisms are the mammals most closely related to?

10. Organisms that are close to each other show

_________________ _________________.

11. Which would be the most primitive organism?

| | | | | | |

|Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various kingdoms. P. 459 | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Domain | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Kingdom |Eubacteria |Archaebacteria |Protista |Fungi |Plantae |Animalia | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Eukaryotic | | | | | | | |

|or | | | | | | | |

|prokaryotic | | | | | | | |

|Multicellular | | | | | | | |

|or single- | | | | | | | |

|celled | | | | | | | |

|Sexual or | | | | | | | |

|asexual | | | | | | | |

|reproduction | | | | | | | |

|Autotrophic | | | | | | | |

|or | | | | | | | |

|heterotrophic | | | | | | | |

|Aerobic or | | | | | | | |

|anaerobic | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Cell walls or | | | | | | | |

|no cell walls | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Examples | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

What are some differences between the bacteria and the archaea? P. 459

Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left.

1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2

b. leaf is broad……… go to 5

2. a. needles are short ....go to 3

b. needles are long…...go to 4

3. a. underside of needles green…hemlock

b. underside of needles silver ..balsam

4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine

b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine

5. a. edge of leaf round.go to 6

b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 7

6. a. minty odor…… wintergreen b. no minty odor…..laurel

4.02 Analyze the processes by which organisms representative of the following groups accomplish essential life functions including………….

Fill in the charts below showing how various groups of organisms accomplish the life functions listed.

| |Protists Ch. 20 |Annelids p. 694-699 |Insects p. 726-733 |

|Transport of materials |Diffusion |5 contractile “hearts”; |Dorsal heart; open |

|Circulatory System ? | |mostly ___________ |circulation |

|Open or Closed ? | |system | | |

|Excretion – How is |Diffusion |Paired nephridia – each |______________ |

|Waste Removed? | |segments | |tubules; empty into |

| | | | |digestive |

|Respiration – How do |Diffusion |Mainly diffusion |______________ along |

|They get Oxygen? | | | |side of body to allow |

| | | | |oxygen in |

|Regulation / |Contractile |Small brain; ventral |Brain; ventral nerve |

|Maintain Homeostasis |______________, etc. |nerve cord; sense organs |cord; eyes, antennae |

| | | | |

|Growth and |Just cell growth |Eggs in cocoons – hatch |___________________ |

|Development | |as small worms |(egg, larva, pupa, adult) |

| | | | |

|Reproduction/ Sexual & Asexual? | | | |

| | | | | |

|Examples | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | |Amphibians p. 782-789 | |Mammals p. 821-832 |

|Transport of materials | |3 chambered heart; ____________ |_______________________ heart; |

|Circulatory System? | |system | |closed system – veins, arteries, |

|Open or Closed? | | | |capillaries | |

|Excretion – How is | |Kidneys – empty into cloaca |_________________ with ureter, |

|Waste Removed? | | | |urethra, bladder |

| | | | |

|Respiration – How do | |Lungs or gills, also through |_____________ with trachea, |

|They get Oxygen? | |________ | |bronchiole tubes; air sacs |

| | | | |

|Regulation / | |Internal ears, vocal sac; some |_______________ and complex |

|Maintain Homeostasis | |poison glands | |nervous system with brain |

| | | | |

|Growth and | |Egg, _______________, adult |Baby continues to develop after birth; |

|development | | | |varies with species |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Reproduction/ Sexual & Asexual? | | | | | |

|Examples | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

| |Non-vascular Plants |Gymnosperms | |Angiosperms |

| |p. 551-559 |p. 564-568 | |p. 569-572 |

|Transport of materials | | | | |

|Vascular Tissue?? | | | | |

|Size – Small or Large | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Leaves ? | | | | |

|What Type? | | | | |

|Location – Near water | | | | |

|Or not? | | | | |

|Seeds or Spores | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Reproduction-- | | | | |

|Asexual & Sexual? | | | | |

|Regulation—Hormones? | | | |

|Tropisms? | | | | |

|How are spores or | | | | |

|seeds dispersed? | | | | |

|Examples | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Compare the following two types of cells. p. 173 | | |

| |Prokaryotic | |Eukaryotic |

|Membrane-bound organelles | | | | |

|Ribosomes | | | | |

|Types of chromosomes | | | | |

|size | | | | |

|Examples | | | | |

| | | | | | |

3. Assess, describe and explain adaptations affecting survival and reproductive success (structural adaptations in plants and animals, disease-causing viruses and microorganisms, co-evolution)

Label the following parts on the flower and give their functions: p. 612

Stigma, style, ovary, petal, sepal, anther, filament

1. What is the purpose of stomata?

2. What is the purpose of guard cells?

3. On the leaf cross-section diagram to the right, label a stomata and the area of the leaf specialized for photosynthesis (think about where sunlight hits the plant).

4. What are tropisms? Name and describe 3 types of tropisms.

Fill in the following charts with the information required.

| |Feeding Adaptations |

|Protists p. 501 |Gullets and cilia to get foot into gullet; or pseudopods to surround the food; |

| |________- movement for catching food; trichocysts to subdue food. Also diffusion |

|Annelid worms |Muscles to move around; tentacles; engulf _________; filter feeding; predators |

|p. 695 | |

|Insects |Specialized appendages for eating and palpating; sucking, lapping, etc. Wings and |

|p. 728 |legs for hopping and flying after food. |

|Amphibians |Tongue that flings out to traps insects; hopping legs, fast swimmers |

|p. 784 | |

|Mammals |Claws, large ____________ for grinding; |

|p. 822-823 | |

| |Reproduction Adaptations |Adaptations to life on Land |

|Protists |Asexual and sexual; join together | |

|p. 502 |to mate – swimming forms of cells | |

|Annelid worms |In some both sexes in one |____________ for moving; eating soil – |

|p. 696 |organism; clitellum for mating; |filtering to get nutrients; muscles to move |

| |hard cover - egg | |

|Insects |Ovipositors; internal fertilization |Hopping legs; spiracles to get oxygen from |

|p. 729 |(and external); eat male after |air; |

| |mating | |

|Amphibians |_______________ fertilization in |Legs to hop; live near water; lungs to breathe |

|p. 786 |water; amplexus; |air; |

|Mammals |Uterus for baby to grow – |Legs, wings, for getting around; fur to keep |

|p. 826 |_____________ fertilization |warm; skin that won’t lose water. |

|Non-vascular |Gametophytes, sperm that swim in |Rhizoids to absorb water, live where it is |

|plants p. 557-588 |___________ when it rains. |__________ and ___________ to ground |

|Gymnosperms |________, seeds, pollen, seeds that |Phloem/xylem, roots, _____________ to |

|p. 564 |can travel in the _____________. |prevent water loss |

|Angiosperms |___________, buds, petals, pollen, |Phloem/xylem, roots, _____________ to |

|p. 569 |nectar to attract _______________ |prevent water loss |

Viruses:

1. Describe the basic structure of a virus. P. 479

2. Explain how mutations in viruses and microorganisms that cause disease (bacteria) affect their treatment? P. 287-288

3. How do they treat a viral infection versus a bacterial infection? P. 486 and 488

4. Complete the chart for the following diseases.

| |Type of pathogen: |Treatment with: antibiotics or immune system |

| |Virus or Bacteria | |

|HIV | | |

|p. 489 | | |

|Influenza | | |

|p. 489 | | |

|Smallpox | | |

|p. 489 | | |

|Streptococcus | | |

|(Strep Throat) p. 486 | | |

|Sinus Infection | | |

| | | |

1. What is meant by coevolution? P. 437-438

2. Give an example of a flowering plant and a pollinator and describe how coevolution works? P. 437-438

4.04 Analyze and explain the interactive role of internal and external factors in health and disease (genetics, immune response, nutrition, parasites, and toxins)

1. Explain the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria. P. 347

2. Explain the relationship between lung and mouth cancer and tobacco use. P. 962-963

3. Explain the relationship between skin cancer and ultraviolet radiation from sun exposure. P. 974-975

4. Explain the relationship between diabetes, diet/exercise, and genetics. P. 1007-1008

5. Explain the relationship between PKU and diet. P. 345

Immune Response p. 1036-1042

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6. What kinds of cells keep you from becoming reinfected? P. 1038

7. What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity? P. 1041

8. Explain what vaccines do to the immune system. p. 486

Health and Nutrition p. 976

|1.|What type of diet contributes to optimal health? | |

|2.|What type of diet contributes to obesity? | |

| |What type of diet contributes to malnutrition? | |

|4.|What happens when someone is deficient in Vitamin C? |p. 974-975 |

| | | |

| |Vitamin D? | |

| | | |

| |Vitamin A? | |

Parasites (Malaria) p. 503

1. Describe the life cycle of the malarial parasite.

3. What is the vector?

4. What are the symptoms?

5. What are the treatments?

Environmental Toxins

1. Explain the effects on human health of: Lead:

Mercury:

4.05 Analyze the broad patterns of animal behavior as adaptations to the environment.

|Type of Behavior |Learned or Innate? p. 873 |Description of behavior |

|Suckling p. 873 | | |

|Organisms moving toward or away from | | |

|light p. 872 | | |

|Migration p. 878 | | |

|Estivation | | |

|Hibernation | | |

|Habituation p. 874 | | |

|Imprinting p. 876 | | |

|Type of Behavior |Learned or Innate? p. 873 |Description of behavior |

|Classical Conditioning p. 874 | | |

|Trial and Error p. 875 | | |

|Communication | | |

|(pheromones) p. 882 | | |

|Courtship Behavior p. 879 | | |

|Territoriality p. 881 | | |

|Social Behavior p. 880 | | |

Define circadian rhythm p. 878.

Give one example of a circadian rhythm for

Animals:

Plants:

Goal 5: Learner will develop an understanding of the ecological relationships among organisms.

5.01 Investigate and analyze the interrelationships among organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems (techniques of field ecology, abiotic and biotic factors, carrying capacity)

In the following chart, explain the symbiotic relationships p. 93

|Relationship |Definition |Example |

|Mutualism | | |

|p. 93 | | |

|Commensalism | | |

|p. 93 | | |

|Parasitism | | |

|p. 93 | | |

Predator-Prey p. 93

1. In the graph below, which organism is the prey? Which is the predator?

2. Which population increases first and why?

3. Which population increases second and why?

Biotic and Abiotic Factors

1. List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment. P. 90

2. List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment. P. 90

3. Give examples of limiting factors that limit population growth and how they affect carrying capacity. P. 124

Graph 1: Rabbits Over Time

1. What kind of growth curve is shown by the graph to the right?

2. What is the carrying capacity for rabbits?

3. During what month were rabbits in exponential growth?

Graph 2: Mexico and US p. 130-131

1. In Mexico, what percentage of the population is between

0-4 years of age?

2. In the US?

3. Which population is growing the fastest?

4. Which age group has the smallest number in

both countries?

Graph 3: Human Population Graph

1. The graph to the left shows the growth of the human

population from 1 A.D. to 2000 A.D.

Describe what you see has happened.

2. Predict what will happen to population growth in

the future and explain your reasoning.

3. What factors influence birth and death rates?

4. What type of growth curve is this?

5. What type of organisms most commonly exhibits this growth pattern?

5.02 Analyze the flow of energy and the cycling of matter in the ecosystem (relationship of the carbon cycle to photosynthesis and respiration and trophic levels – direction and efficiency of energy transfer).

Carbon cycle Diagram p. 77

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1. Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? P. 77

2. Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? P. 77

3. Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. P. 87-88

4. What might result from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and what effect would it have on the environment? P. 87-88

5. What effect do CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)

have on the environment?

6. What cancer can result from increased UV

(ultraviolet) radiation?

7. What is biological magnification

(bioaccumulation, bioamplification)?

Food Webs p. 70

1. What are the producers / autotrophs in this food web?

2. What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web?

3. What are the secondary consumers in this food web?

4. What are the highest level consumers in this food web?

5. What is a carnivore and give an example from the food web?

6. What is an omnivore and give an example from the food web?

7. Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: leaves⋄insects⋄birds⋄redfox⋄bear P. 72

8. Where is the most energy in this pyramid? Where is the least energy?

9. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web?

10. Assume there are 10,000 kcal of energy in the leaves? Estimate the amount of energy in each of the other levels of the energy pyramid.

11. What happens to matter as it moves through the food chain/web?

12. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web?

3. Assess human population and its impact on local ecosystems and global environments (historic and potential changes in population, factors associated with those changes, climate change, resource use, sustainable practices/stewardship).

Explain the effect each of the following may have on the environment.

|Factor |Effect on Environment |

|Population Size | |

|p. 119 | |

| | |

|Population Density | |

|p. 119 | |

| | |

|Resource Use | |

|p. 144 | |

| | |

|Acid Rain | |

|p. 148 | |

| | |

|Habitat Destruction | |

|p. 151 | |

| | |

|Introduced non-native species | |

|p. 153 | |

| | |

|Pesticide use (DDT) | |

|p. 152 | |

| | |

|Deforestation p. 146 | |

| | |

1. How do changes in human populations affect populations of other organisms? P. 140

2. What are some examples of sustainable practices and stewardship that can protect the environment? P. 160

-----------------------

Explain what is happening in the U tube and why?

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1.What is the function of helper T-cells? p. 1040

2. What is the function of killer T-cells? p. 1040

3. What is the function of cytotoxic T-cells? p. 1040

4. What do B cells produce? P. 1038

5. What are antigens? p. 1038-1039

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