Duiker and Speilvogel



Chp 1: Early Humans and the First CivilizationsTheory of evolution: human species emerged between 2 to 2.5 million years agoImportant evolutionary distinction: opposable thumbs and omnivoresPaleolithic Age (Greek – “Old Stone”) 2.5 million to 10000BCE Hunter Gatherers – no knowledge of farming or raising animalsFire tamed and making of toolsProvided warmth, light, cooking, protection, migration to colder climatesShelter in cavesLate Paleolithic Developments120,000 years ago: Homo sapiens sapiens – “wise human being”Originated in AfricaHunting-gathering societies (Hunting-Foraging Societies)Population growth was slowWomen breastfed infants for several years to limit their own fertilitySignificant equality between the sexes because of common economic contributionsArgument of higher caloric value provided by women’s gathering, more consistent than hunting100,000 years ago: Speech developed Religion: rituals, cave paintings, Goddesses (ex: Venus figurines)Culture was developed= systems of belief that helped explain the environment and set up rules for various kinds of social behaviorGreatest achievement of Paleolithic People= sheer spread of human speciesCalendar designationsBC=Before Christ AD=anno Domini “year of our lord”BCE=Before Common Era CE= Common Era (less Christian centered)Can use any event to designate time EX: Islamic Calendar beginning 622CE14,000 years ago- last ice age ended- human development accelerated12,000-8,000 BCE= Mesolithic/Middle Stone AgeHuman ability to fashion stone tools greatly improvedMore animals domesticated (ex: cows)The Neolithic Revolution c. 10,000- 4000 b.c.e. (“New Stone”) – consequences:Agriculture!Occurred in different times in different places (a primary argument behind Guns, Germs, and Steel.)Neolithic Revolution occurred in different times in different parts of the world9,000BCE- people increasingly depended on harvests led to deliberate planting of seeds ~Systematic AgricultureNew animals domesticated ex: pigs, sheep, goats, cattleDevelopment of agriculture began in the Middle East 10,000 to 8,000BCE “Fertile Crescent”Many exceptions to agricultural societiesAgriculture set the basis for more rapid change in human societiesRevolution b/c of magnitude of change involvedPatriarchy – society dominated by menRise of CitiesEx: Neolithic village Catal Huyuk in Turkey4000BCE- discovery of metal tools in Middle East- first copper to Bronze Age (3000BCE) metal tools and weapons more effective-to Iron Age(1500BCE)Hunting/GatheringNeolithic RevolutionFarmingDomestication of AnimalsImproved toolsMore SedentaryFood SurplusPopulation increaseSpecialization of LaborRise of citiesCivilizationCommon features: cities, writing, formal states: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River basin, ChinaAgriculture encouraged the formation of larger as well as more stable human communitiesSlash and Burn- technique- agricultural but still moved aroundPastoral/ Herding peoples moved in tribal lands with strong kinship ties (domesticated animals, but moved around looking for food)Irrigation devices for fields improved agriculture and irrigation and defense encouraged villagesCatal Huyuk: Turkey- founded 7,000BCEHouses made with sun-dried mud brickSelf-sufficientLarge villages ruled over smaller communities3000BCE Catal Huyuk along the Indus RiverCivilization INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET ***What are the Characteristics of a civilization, and what are some explanations for why Early Civilizations emerged?5 Characteristics of a Civilization: Advanced Cities, Specialized Workers, Complex institutions, Record Keeping, Advanced TechnologyUrban focus – cities, centers for SPICE (Social, Political, Interaction, Cultural, Economic)New Political and Military Structures – government and armies developEconomic Power – classesOrganized Trade – complex materialsReligious Structure – gods crucial to successWriting – kings, priests, merchants, artisansIntellectual Activity-architecture Group WorkTigris-Euphrates CivilizationMesopotamiaIrrigation important- community organized3500BCE developed cuneiformAstronomyNumbers based on 10, 60 and 360ZigguratsEach city had a patron GodReligionSumerian religious notions- ideas of the Gods creation of the earth from water (Origin Story) and the divine punishment of humans through floods (Epic of Gilgamesh), later influence the writers of the Old Testament.Religious ideas of a gloomy cast believed in an afterlife of punishment- original version of concept of hellSumerian city-states with king with divine authorityKings/ Noble class/ priesthood- controlled land worked by slavesSumerians: wheeled carts, fertilizers, silver as money !!!!!Hammurabi’s Code:“When Marduk commanded me to give justice to the people of the land”Harsh punishment to prevent false accusationsUse of ordeal- ex: holy riverClass differences according to social ranking THE ORDEAL CLIPPg 13 Code of Hammurabi- read and answer questionsEgyptian Civilization “ The Gift of the Nile”“The Egyptian Nile, surpasses all the rivers of the world in sweetness of taste, in length of course and usefulness. No other in the world can show such a continuous series of towns and villages along its banks.”Led by king(pharaoh)- God-like statusRuled with Ma’at (responsibility)Kingdom of Kush located to south and eventually invaded Egypt24 hour dayPolytheistic with complex rituals to prepare people for the afterlife (Horus)Heart weighed against featherMummification to preserve bodySarcophagus- so ka (spirit) could find bodyIndian and Chinese River Valley Civilization2500BCE Indus River= Harrapa and Mohenjo-DaroHouses with running water and sewer systemWriting has not yet been decipheredIndo-European migrationChina- along Huanghe (Yellow River)Organized state- regulated irrigation2000BCE- Chinese had advanced technology and elaborate intellectual lifeShang Dynasty: BRONZE CASTINGMandate of Heaven***Why is “CIVILIZATION” a loaded term?Heritage of the River Valley CivilizationsMonument building- invention of the wheel- taming of the horse- alphabets- key math concepts- well organized monarchies and bureaucraciesMost River Valley Civilizations declined by 1000BCEPhoenicians- 1300BCE- developed 22 letter alphabet (predecessor to Greek and Latin)Purple dyeTraders along Mediterranean SeaColonies in North Africa (ex: Carthage)Lydians: introduced coined moneyJews- first clearly developed monotheistic religion- settled near Mediterranean Sea around 1200BCESingle God, guided destinies of Jewish peopleWrote Hebrew Bible (Torah)Basis for development of Christianity and IslamContract between God and Chosen PeopleGod was omnipresent, orderly and justEthical conduct and moral behavior (Ex: 10 Commandments)The First CivilizationsDistinctive culture and political institutions with basic tools of civilization including writing and formal governmentPattern of division among the world’s peoplesCultural DiffusionDuiker and SpeilvogelChapter 1Definition of prehistory- before written recordHominids: Australopithecines –to- Homo erectus- to- Homo sapiens (one group = Neanderthals)-to- Homo sapiens sapiens“out of Africa” theory still most dominant theoryPaleolithic Age- rough equality between the sexesFire about 500,000 years ago and ToolsCave Paintings (art, communication, higher-order thinking skills)Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution 10,000-4000BCEShift from hunting-gathering to systematic agricultureHunting/gathering –to-Neolithic Revolution-to-agriculture-to-domestication of animals-to-food surplus-to-population increase-to-specialization of labor-to-rise of towns and cities.Religion: “earth mothers” / Venus figurines= fertilityCharacteristics of Civilization:1. urban revolution2. New political and military structures3. New social structures based on economic power4. Complexity in a material sense5. Religion6. Writing7. Artistic and intellectual activitySystem of writing vs. Record-KeepingMesopotamiaWalled cities, sun-dried mud bricks, ziggurat, theocracy, social classes (90% of pop.=farmers), slaverySumer (first cities)-to-Akkadians (Sargon)-to- Amorites/Old Babylonians (Hammurabi)Religion: selfish gods and goddesses- humans subservientWriting- Cuneiform- Epic of GilgameshEgyptAnnual flooding of the Nile- cyclical rather than linear progressKingship-divine/ pharaohCouldn’t rule arbitrarily/ set principles= Ma’at spiritual precept that conveyed the ideas of truth & justice but especially right order and harmonyPreparation for afterlife- Osiris/IsisPyramids, hieroglyphicsAmenhotep//AkhenatonHatshepsut-female ruler w/ ceremonial beard- trade, expeditionsPhoeniciansMediterranean Sea, trade and colonization= CarthageAlphabetHebrewsJudaismAbraham- father/covenant with GodMoses- exodus from EgyptCovenants, laws, prophets10 CommandmentsAssyrians (Ashurbanipal) to Chaldeans (Medes)AssyriansClimate of terrorKey Kings:Sennacherib (704-681 BCE)Ashurbanipal (669-626 BCE)ChaldeansNebuchadnezzar II (605-562BCE)Capital at Babylon (“Hanging Gardens”)PersiansCyrus (559-530BCE)Darius (521-486 BCE)Satrapies- road system-communication-10,000 immortalsReligion- Zoroastrianism- struggle between good and evil ................
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