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Mr. Fetzner / History 9Name: __________________________Chapter 4 Study Guide Period: _____ Date: _______________Chapter 4 Section 1, 2, & 3: Empire Building (Egypt, Nubia, Assyria, & Persia)A. How did the Egyptian, Nubian, Assyrian, and Persian Empires rise to power?Egypt - (1570 - 1075 B.C.) Strong rulers overthrew invaders (Hyksos) and established The New Kingdom, used new technology (bronze weapons and chariots). Grew wealthy through trade and collecting tribute.Nubia - Prior to 1100 B.C. they were ruled and greatly influenced by Egypt. After 1100 B.C. they gained their independence and began to grow in power and strength through trade. In 751 B.C. Nubia conquered Egypt (threw out the Libyans who had been ruling Egypt). Nubia grew wealthy through trade = $$ & Cultural Diffusion = power and prosperity (jobs and good economy) = rising standard of living = capital ($) for investment = new inventions and technology = good stuff (happy people)!Assyrian: (850 - 612 B.C.): A sophisticated (complex) military organization and state-of-the-art weaponry.The Assyrians came from northern Mesopotamia, their flat, open farmland left them open to invaders and so they developed a strong army in order to defend their homes. Eventually this warrior mentality would lead to conquest.The empire engaged in brutal treatment of its conquered peoples.Kings used harsh taxes as well as military power to control conquered peoples.Persia - 612 B.C. Persia begins bid for Empire by conquering smaller neighbors. Increased power through trade, used tolerance and diplomacy to control territory with a standing army as enforcers.How was the government of these Empires organized?Egypt: Pharaoh ruled with total power - centralized & hereditary (dynastic).Local governors appointed (usually royal family members) by Pharaoh to rule conquered provinces and cities.Standing army of infantry, archers, and charioteers (new tech).Nubia: Ruled by kings who were appointed by nobles (wealthy landowners).An Aristocracy: a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class, or nobility. Since the kings were appointed by the nobles, the real power was in the hands of the nobles, “the power to give is the power the take away.” This is a kind of Decentralized government, where the king is only as powerful as the parts (nobles) let him be. “The parts are stronger than the whole!”A decentralized government is weaker than a centralized in the sense that it cannot act quickly in the face of danger (can’t get people – the nobles in Nubia’s case – to agree on what to do), BUT it usually means more local FREEDOM for the people in the form of less central control over their lives!Why it matters Today: The United States has a centralized government (which means power) but that power means less local freedom. The government likes to interfere and to control your life. Was The U.S. always? (However: without power do you have any freedom?)Assyria: Government was based on a total military model.Well Equipped: armor, helmets, iron swords and spears, shields. (This means that all this equipment will cost big bucks – where will it come from?)High taxes and tribute from conquered people = discontent and potential rebellion! = risky policy = short lived empire! (usually)Well Organized: infantry, archers, spear throwers, cavalry, and sappers a.k.a. engineers (these are the guys that built the 1st pontoon bridges over water, they also built siege engines, such as battering rams, to attack city walls & gates).Showed no Mercy: captured enemy troops were often beheaded because each soldier was given a bounty ($$) for each head they took in battle. Women and children were usually sold into slavery.Control over the Conquered: to keep conquered people from rebelling the Assyrians forced conquered people to move from their traditional homelands to a new place, this discouraged them from rebelling b/c being far away from home they did not feel as strong (They didn’t know the land, neighbors, etc.)Set up Provinces: conquered territory was governed by Assyrian officials who made these provinces dependent territories. Assyrian kings appointed the rulers of the provincesThe Carrot vs. The Stick: “The Carrot:” Assyrians also promised to protect the provinces from attack by any neighboring kingdoms or invaders (carrot = good stuff).Taxes and Tribute: The more land the army conquered the more “booty” the army brought back to the Assyrian treasury. Lesser states (weaker) were forced to pay tribute (big $$$) to ensure “peaceful” relations (protection money).“The Stick”: (Stick = punishment) If a conquered people refused to pay their cities were destroyed and the survivors exiled, or worse.Persia: Ruled by an Emperor (hereditary), who was helped by Satraps (governors) appointed by the Emperor. The Satraps were watched by Inspectors who toured the Empire and reported directly to Emperor. (Centralized Gov’t)Wise and Tolerant rule: Most Persian Emperors honored local customs and Religions, organized provinces around local people’s homeland. This was wise b/c people who are allowed a say in their local affairs are happier and less likely to rebel! First thing U.S. did after liberating Iraq from Saddam was to give local control back to the people! Who were the Empire’s greatest leaders?Egypt: Hatshepsut: (queen) promoted trade (bringing prosperity) waged war, and ruled as a Pharaoh (only men) from 1472 - 1458 B.C.Thutmose III (1458- 1425): great conqueror – of Palestine, Syria, & Nubia – may have murdered his step mom (Hatshepsut) to get throne.Ramses II: Made a treaty of alliance with Hittites in 1285 B.C. This brought great prosperity to Egypt and the 1200’s became a century of great achievements. Nubia: Piankhi: 751 B.C. from Kush (Nubian City) conquered Egypt so he could “preserve” Egyptian culture from the influence of the Libyans. Made an Empire.Assyria: The greatness of Assyrian kings was measured by their success on the battlefield (by war!).Sannacherib - burned 89 cities and 820 villages (including the city of Babylon), he was the ultimate role model for Assyrian leaders: conquer without mercy! Established capital at Nineveh.Esarhaddon: conquered Egypt in 671 B.C. from the Kushites and forced them back up the Nile river to what is today Ethiopia. Ashurbanipal (668 - 627 B.C.) one of the last strong Assyrian kings, prided himself on being able to read many languages and created a great library with over 25,000 clay tablets. When uncovered in the 1800’s these tablets let modern scholars better translate Mesopotamian writing.After Ashurbanipal’s reign, the Assyrian Empire would fall. Persia: Persian king’s greatness was measured by their ability to keep control of diverse groups of people based on their policies which forced and encouraged people to get along with each other!Cyrus (the Great) : Military genius -- began the Persian conquests, great and tolerant ruler – allowed exiled Jews to return to their homeland.Darius: 522 B.C. Conquered more territory but more importantly he institutionalized Cyrus’ ruling style - tolerant rule w/ respect for local customs.Culture & Society:Daily lives: Egypt – social mobility – go up or down based on your talent – If you were competent you would live fairly well. Egypt was the place to be!Nubia – varied greatly depending on wealth – rich copied everything Egyptian, Nubian cities were centers of trade and therefor cultural melting pots.Assyria: prestige was based on military success, good warriors were respected.Persia – people were allowed to keep local ways and customs as long as they paid their taxes and stayed loyal to Emperor. 2. Technology: Egypt: great architectural wonders – temples (Abu Simbel), tombs, mummies.Nubia: used natural resources like iron ore to become great metal workers.Assyria: military technology like engineering (such as pontoon bridges to cross rivers) helped Assyrians overcome obstacles in the way of their conquests. Sophisticated city defenses such as high walls were breached using “sappers” to tunnel under the city walls and make them collapse. Persia: knowledge of architecture, engineering (building roads).Religion: Egypt: positive view of nature (b/c Nile predictable), polytheistic w/ afterlife.Nubia: native tribal religions for commoners but nobility greatly influenced by Egyptian religion. Assyrian gods were harsh and valued combat and war.Persia: Zoroastrian Religion: one god of light (Ahura Mazda) who does battle with Ahriman (sleep) and Satan (evil). All souls judged at the end of time, if good – paradise, if bad – the “fiery pit.” Greatly influenced Christianity.4935855173355522 B.C. Darius of Persia seizes power and rules like Cyrus tolerant 00522 B.C. Darius of Persia seizes power and rules like Cyrus tolerant 897255205105671 B.C. Nubia loses Egypt to Assyria and must retreat back up Nile. 00671 B.C. Nubia loses Egypt to Assyria and must retreat back up Nile. Timeline:-379095144145751 B.C. Piankhi conquers Egypt. 00751 B.C. Piankhi conquers Egypt. 272605570485550 B.C. Cyrus the Great of Persia begins his conquests.00550 B.C. Cyrus the Great of Persia begins his conquests.82105586360004935855863600025736558636000425005510160006840855101600059055101600028784551016000-91440952500456946010160334 - 227 B.C. Persia invaded and conquered by Alexander the Great of Macedonia 00334 - 227 B.C. Persia invaded and conquered by Alexander the Great of Macedonia 5905540005850 B.C. The Assyrian Empire begins.00850 B.C. The Assyrian Empire begins.158305510160612 B.C. Assyrians defeated creating a power vacuum in Middle East 00612 B.C. Assyrians defeated creating a power vacuum in Middle East F. How did the Empires Fall?Egypt: A slow decline after 1200 B.C., weak rulers, technology reduced the effectiveness of natural barriers (deserts), other civilizations begin to challenge power, want wealth of Egypt loses provinces falls to invaders (Libyans).Nubia: 671 B.C. Assyrians conquered Egypt and forced Nubians back up Nile to homeland, ending their empire days.Assyria: 612 B.C. The Assyrian Empire falls when an army of Medes and Chaldeans demolished the capital of Nineveh. Why? Assyrians brutal treatment of conquered peoples eventually came back to haunt them as they were destroyed by neighboring peoples who united together to take them on. Persia: Conquered by Alex the Great due to a weak and arrogant ruler (Darius III).Sometimes when rule is hereditary (passed down from father to son) the successor doesn’t always prove to be the best man for the job! G. Legacy (contributions to later generations)Egypt: Invaders often adopted Egyptian ways and customs (usually vice versa) Great $$ from trade led to many intellectual achievements (architecture and tech) When people have $$ they make and produce all types of good stuff.Nubia: trading center between India, Arabia, Africa, and Egypt Cultural DiffusionAssyria: The Assyrian military, political, and artistic inventions would influence many new Empires in the future. Their harsh treatment of conquered peoples led directly to the Persian Emperors tolerant policies of their conquered peoples. Tactical to practical: war and defense technology often leads to very important civilian inventions. Ex: Better and harder weapons = better tools!Persia: provided the blueprint (the model) for future empires to follow. tolerant rule, respect local customs, do public works - promote education promote trade – the Great Royal Road, standardize coins (worth fixed amount).China: The Warring States Period and Development of Philosophies (Ch 4 Sec 4)The Time of Warring States: the Zhou dynasty lasted for almost 800 years! (1027- 256 B.C.) But the last 500 years or so was a time of warlords when the Zhou kings had little real power (decentralized) and the land was in a constant state of war as warlords (military dictators) fought to gain more power for themselves.Decline: What happened?Invasion: In 771 BC the nomads from the north sacked the Zhou capital (Hao) and killed the Zhou king. Some of the royal family escaped and set up a new “pretend” government farther east in the city of Luoyang.Figureheads: Zhou rulers from this point on had no real power, they were figureheads , allowed to rule (in name) because no one warlord was powerful enough to control all the other warlords. (decentralized government)Warlords: noble families with their own lands gained power as the power of the king declined. They were like kings within their own territory and all craved more power so they were constantly at war with their neighbors. This was the system of Feudalism which would last until Qin Shi Huangdi.Results: What did this constant state of war for 500 years do to the Chinese people?Traditional values collapsed: at the heart of Chinese civilization was a love for order, harmony, and respect for authority. But all this broke down because of the wars which created chaos, arrogance, and defiance.Scholars and Philosophers tried to think of solutions to return to traditional values. This marks the beginnings of the three main Chinese philosophies of Confucianism, Daoism and Legalism.China’s Belief Systems: Confucianism & DaoismConfucianism A. Confucianism is a moral philosophy/religion which believes in:Explaining how the world works - from a humanist point of view, the individual has control over his/her own actions. You are responsible for your own actions!!!! No excuses.Strict Rituals provide structure for daily life. (Rituals are patterns of behavior) Ex: The Five Basic Relationships : 1. Ruler to subject 2. father and son 3. husband and wife 4. older brother and younger brother 5. friend and friend These 5 relationships are based on patriarchy (eldest male in charge) and hierarchy (different levels). Each side has a duty to the other, a mutual obligation. Ex: The ruler was to be kind and virtuous, subjects in return were to be loyal and law-abiding. Ex: Parents care for children, children are to respect their elders When the five relationships are followed a harmonious society exists (everyone gets along).Sacred Texts: Just like the other religions we have studied, Confucianism has certain “holy” books that are important. There are 5 and they are referred to as “The Classics.”History of Confucianism: founded by Confucius: (born in 551 BC He was a teacher of history, music, and morality) He believed that traditional values could be restored if society was organized around the five basic relationships.Confucianism Influences Chinese Society and Government:What is Confucianism?: It’s not technically a religion, its a philosophy of life (rules to live by), based on family relationships.Filial Piety: respect for parents and elders, it is the essential element of the family relationship. All of the people should show filial piety to maintain the proper order in society. When you challenge authority you create conflict! Influence: Confucius influenced some rulers to follow his philosophy about being virtuous (kind, moral, and just). By influencing the rulers he influenced the ruled.A Bureaucracy Develops: a bureaucracy is a trained civil service, or system of government employees.Confucius believed that education of government officials was the key to good government and later Chinese dynasties (the Han Dynasty) would require officials to be trained in the Confucian teachings.Analects: Name given to Confucian writings, written down by his students.Daoism: also spelled Taoism, was founded by a Chinese thinker named Laozi in the 6th century B.C. It emphasized the natural order (nature) over the social order (society).A. Beliefs: The Dao: means “the Way” it is a universal force which guides all things & the source of the universe. People can do little to influence the outcome of events.Wu-Wei: go with the flow - don’t fight against nature.Nature = Harmony: when you fight against nature you start conflicts that you cannot win (because you are a part of nature).The natural order is more important than the social order. This is a nature orientated religion.People must not struggle against nature but follow the Dao (The Way).Goal: to search for knowledge and understanding of nature (Enlightenment).Death: bodily death does not mean the death of the mind. Ancient Daoists believed that immortality was possible but in order to achieve it humans need help in this world - guidance.The quest for immortality brought many innovations to China in medicine and the sciences. Followers of Daoism tended to become scientists so they could learn more about how nature works:Encouraged research in alchemy to find potions to enhance long life longevity led to many “accidental” inventions ex. Gunpowder!!Ch’i your body’s “healthy energy.”Acupuncture: little needles placed at precise pressure points in the body relieves “toxic energy” like bad experiences (stress) that builds up and stops the natural flow of Ch’i throughout the body. 451294530162500Meditation: promotes a healthy spirit like “sitting and forgetting,” letting all your troubles “drift away.” 521208063500The Yin and Yang – The Symbol of DaoismRepresents the creative forces in the universeBoth are needed and are a part of each other.Legalism: Followers of this philosophy believed that efficient and powerful government was the only way to restore order to China (they were opposed to [against] Confucius). This was not considered a religion in China, it was strictly a philosophy. Methods: 1. Use harsh laws to keep the people in line with strict punishments for breaking the law.Controlled ideas as well as actions: free thinkers who criticize government actions are dangerous and cannot be allowed.Ex: Confucian scholars were buried alive for criticizing QinThe Qin Dynasty: When king Zheng (pronounced Jung), a strong warlord from the western state (kingdom) of Qin, ascended to power he was just 13 years old. Over the next 25 years he waged a constant war and united China in 221 BC. He became the “First Emperor” of a united China in over 500 years and changed his name to Qin Shi Huangdi. It is from Qin that the modern name of China originates.Methods: Shi Huangdi was a legalist, he overcame the opposition of the warlords first through war and diplomacy (negotiation) and then concentrated on unifying the still socially divided Empire. Centralized the Government: made the “central” government the most powerful. “strengthened the trunk and weakened the branches.”HOW Shi Huangdi Centralized the gov’t:He forced all the noble families move to the capital city of Luoyang where he could keep and eye on them.He seized all lands and made them into 36 districts (commanderies), each controlled by three trusted officials, one military, one civil, and imperial overseer. They checked each other’s power. Each district had several counties, ruled by a judge, who enforced the laws. He formed an autocracy: a form of government where the ruler has unlimited power and uses that power arbitrarily (based solely on his own judgement)2. Other Accomplishments: a) Built a highway network of over 4000 miles through forced labor (this greatly increased trade and the wealth of the merchant class). b) Set standards for law (everyone treated equal), currency (money) the banliang, weights and measures, and even cart axles (so all wagons would be the same size). c) Started irrigation projects that increased the food supply. d) Dug an inland water system of canals for fast transport of goods. e) Built (connected) The Great Wall : WHY was the Great Wall built? Protection: keep the northern nomadic invaders out of China for good. Keep the army busy, and anyone else who was thinking of rebellion.Symbol of power.Symbolic border of China, inside is civilization, outside is barbarism.Consequences of building the Great Wall:peasants lost 10,000’s (maybe 100,000’s) of their lives completing the project.People were getting upset.Massive cost in resources, and materials.Liabilities (negatives) of the Qin Dynasty: The people hated the government’s harsh laws and high taxes (Legalism).The people felt oppressed and lacked any freedom.The poor were forced into hard labor on government projects (Great Wall).Scholars hated him for stopping free thinking, burning books, and persecuting followers of Confucius (scholars often put to death).The End: After Qin Shi Huangdi’s death his son took over. He was just as cruel but less able and just three years after his father’s death peasants rebelled and overthrew the Qin Dynasty. The Han Dynasty, started by a lowly peasant, would take its place. ................
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