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 Buddhism – Core Concept LinksFundamental Course ConceptsPersonsValues shared in a belief system or ideology is very important in achieving a collective identity for the group of adherents. Commonly held values are expressed in myths, stories and beliefs. For the Collective, Buddhists become the glue that hold the group together (Buddhists support each other in the Sangha). Individuals feel content, fulfilled and ultimately happy as they reach an inner sense-of self that is pure on all facets. It is known that the most perfect way to reach Nirvana (according to Buddhists) was to be lived in the company of monks and nuns (sangha), the third of the Three Jewels. This is where the Ten Precepts of the monks and nuns the 227 practical rules of monastic life (patimokka) could ensure that the Eightfold Path would be lived in as complete and perfect a away as possible. The Sangha provided the model and inspiration for all Buddhists seeking Nirvana. This notion places collective identity at high importance.Society+ Culture Belief systems and ideologies reflect the environment in which they are formed. Within these environments, shared values that underpin belief systems and ideologies arise, adapting to the moral and ethical values that exist within these environments. Therefore, belief systems and ideologies are usually adopted and reformed to suit a society’s original culture. However in some cases, religious values reflect the patriarchal ideals upheld within society to solidify issues in regards to gender and gender roles. In regards to Buddhism, different branches - such as Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism - perceive gender roles differently. Under Theravada Buddhism in Thailand, bhikkunis (females monks) experience gender inequality and this is also reflected in their laws. However, under Mahayana Buddhism in Taiwan, females use Buddhism as a way to exercise their agency, highlighted by the large number of ordained females. THAILAND The Thai government exercises a significant amount of macro institutional power. The Sangha Act (1928) obstructs bhikkhunis from being fully ordained, highlighting the role of institutional power and authority in defining gender roles. The Act also demonstrates the incorporation of religion into the law through the process of bureaucratisation. Writer Kaewta Ketbungkan attributes this to the “Eight Heavy Rule” that establishes “precepts for female monks” to “subordinate female monks to male monks”, by “[barring] them from criticizing male monks”. Because women are perceived as inferior to men, the notion of gender discrimination becomes apparent, as gender inequality is a clear issue. TAIWAN In contrast, Buddhism in Taiwan has flourished as the numbers of bhikkhunis has “outnumbered male monks three times over”. This is attributed to Taiwan’s adoption of Mahayana Buddhism, rather than Theravada Buddhism. In Mahayana Buddhism “women have been fully ordained for the past 2,000 years”. This branch implements a “humanistic Buddhism that better fits the modern world”, giving equal rights for both men and women within the sangha. This highlights the disparities between the branches of Buddhism regarding how they define gender roles, and how Mahayana Buddhism is clearly more accepting of bhikkunis. Evidently, Mahayana Buddhism seems to embrace female members of the sangha by accepting their path to ordainment. EnvironmentSAME AS ABOVE Recently, Buddhists have become more socially and politically aware – focusing on oppression with particular references to the communist oppression in Tibet, which has cause many Buddhist monks to flee the country, increasing awareness of Buddhism in the west and their oppression. Also, environmental and animal rights groups and Green Buddhist movements helping people to take a more active interest in problems of everyday life and as an agent for transforming society (through the self) from non-monastic models of living. Moreover, celebrities such as Lady Gaga and Richard Gere advocate Buddhist teachings.TimeRefer to historical developmentHow Buddhism has changed over time ? the different branches of Buddhism, role of the Dalai Llama, the growth and appeal Forces of globalisation and westernisation over timeEthical issues that arise in contemporary society Context and valuesCan refer to any continuities and changes Gender roles over time Additional course ConceptsPower + Authority Power = ABILITY or capacity to influence or change others to a point (which they can agree or disagree with) Authority = the RIGHT to make decisions/determine/adjudicate/settle issues. It is the LEGIT use of power e.g. governments, legal systems, is a sanctioned right Dalai LamaDalai Lama sets precedent and influential expectationsSets a code of conduct/status quo in regards to peace and conflictInfluential in spreading awareness to impact the worldview of individualsLarge scale power1989 Tibet onwards shaping the worldview of adherents in regards to ethical Issues. Examples of this include; same-sex marriage, abortion and vegetarianism. Buddhist approaches to these issues focus on the intent and value of human existence, rather than what is fundamentally ‘right’ and wrong’. EMPOWERS adherents Thailand – Government enforcing Buddhist laws The Thai government exercises a significant amount of macro institutional power. The Sangha Act (1928) obstructs bhikkhunis from being fully ordained, highlighting the role of institutional power and authority in defining gender rolesGovernments can enshrine laws enforcing Buddhism on population GenderGenderIssue of gender is also contentious ? whether women should be ordained and whether the female sangha is equivalent to the male one Issue in western countries where Buddhism confront the women’s movement fro equality Gender Roles As far as basic Buddhist teaching is concerned ? women and men should be equal. Both are taught the same Dharma, both should pursue the same path and both should reach the same goal of nirvana.Women in Practice in Buddhism In practice, women have largely been denied positions of authority over men. There have even been suggestions that a woman could not reach nirvana without first being reborn as a manThese attitudes are more related to the religious philosophy of a particular society and culture than entrenched in the original teachings.At the time of the Buddha role of women ? domestic one ? reflection of time It has been argued that women were not seen as necessarily inferior to men but differentWomen had little real power inside or outside the home.Men and women generally agreed that the ideal woman was a good wife and mother.If a woman wanted to lead a spiritual life then she had to be;Very single-minded and resistant to all the pressures of socialization that surrounded her although, according to historical records, female ascetic, have existed in most past societies, including Buddhist ones.Female ascetic (abstaining from worldly pleasure e.g. marriage, drinking, sex, technology, materialism,)Mahayana Buddhism They are more conservative and read the text the way it was Mahayana Buddhism in particular has a female deity called Tara ? deity means godess/a divine Who made a vow that "There are many who desire Enlightenment in a man's body, but none who work for the benefit of sentient beings in the body of a woman. There, until samsara is empty, I shall work for the benefit of sentient beings in a women's body." ? ie. Work hard as a woman to reach enlightenment THAILAND The Thai government exercises a significant amount of macro institutional power. The Sangha Act (1928) obstructs bhikkhunis from being fully ordained, highlighting the role of institutional power and authority in defining gender roles. The Act also demonstrates the incorporation of religion into the law through the process of bureaucratisation. Writer Kaewta Ketbungkan attributes this to the “Eight Heavy Rule” that establishes “precepts for female monks” to “subordinate female monks to male monks”, by “[barring] them from criticizing male monks”. Because women are perceived as inferior to men, the notion of gender discrimination becomes apparent, as gender inequality is a clear issue. TAIWAN In contrast, Buddhism in Taiwan has flourished as the numbers of bhikkhunis has “outnumbered male monks three times over”. This is attributed to Taiwan’s adoption of Mahayana Buddhism, rather than Theravada Buddhism. In Mahayana Buddhism “women have been fully ordained for the past 2,000 years”. This branch implements a “humanistic Buddhism that better fits the modern world”, giving equal rights for both men and women within the sangha. This highlights the disparities between the branches of Buddhism regarding how they define gender roles, and how Mahayana Buddhism is clearly more accepting of bhikkunis. Evidently, Mahayana Buddhism seems to embrace female members of the sangha by accepting their path to ordainment. IdentityValues shared in a belief system or ideology are very important in achieving a collective identity for the group of adherents. Commonly held values are expressed in myths, stories and beliefs. For the Collective, Buddhists become the glue that hold the group together (Buddhists support each other in the Sangha). Individuals feel content, fulfilled and ultimately happy as they reach an inner sense-of self that is pure on all facets. It is known that the most perfect way to reach Nirvana (according to Buddhists) was to be lived in the company of monks and nuns (sangha), the third of the Three Jewels. This is where the Ten Precepts of the monks and nuns the 227 practical rules of monastic life (patimokka) could ensure that the Eightfold Path would be lived in as complete and perfect a away as possible. The Sangha provided the model and inspiration for all Buddhists seeking Nirvana. This notion places collective identity at high importance.TechnologiesAnd GlobalisationIntro:Buddhism originated from Nepal in 500BC by Siddhartha Gautama and has since adapted and spread to many countriesThe Middle Way consisting of the 3 Jewels, the 4 noble truths and the Eightfold Path Fundamentally known as a religion of peace having effects on both individual and collective identity due to its worldviewIndividual based ? allows for enlightenment + NirvanaTechnology has led to globalisation allowing for the diffusion and spread of Buddhist values – adapted to modern worldBut in some places, certain values have become diluted Para 1: Communication + Spread to Western Worlds Technology allow for easy spread of doctrines within Tripitaka , Meditation Apps, Smiling Mind apps, appearance on culinary shows such as Gordon Ramsey in a Thai temple Allows for the spreading of worldview of belief system Dalai Lama able to use planes and travel to other countries and engage in foreign affairsEngaged with Barack Obama, appeared on Today Show with Karl Stefanovic Exercises sense of authority and power and is very admired by people across the world – even if they do not believe in Buddhism Soka Gakkai Buddhism in Western world and emergence of different branches in the Western World Sokkai Gakkai may go against doctrine though because they believe that Buddhist temples are merely historical sites ? use technology and newspapers as a means of spreading messages and doctrines Para 2: Engaged Buddhists + Political Dalai Lama + Impact on Peace and Conflict Spread of technology has led to the emergence of politically engaged Buddhist who use vessels of technological communication as a vessel for the projection of their thoughts/messagesE.g. Green Buddhists Buddhist leaders and monks talk about the issue in Tibet, Burma on the BBC website ? increasing activismRichard Gere in his acceptance speech at the Golden Globes talked about the issue of Tibet ? WAS BANNED from China Lady Gaga met with the Dalai Lama ? BANNED FROM CHINA BUT THIS may go against doctrines in the patimonikkaDalai Lama/Buddhist leaders able to spread message on ethical issues Larry King Show on Same-sex marriageBBC on abortionDalai Lama website “14th Dalai Lama” Uses this to comment on ethical issues and warsE.g. his comment on the persecution of Muslims in Burma is that we have to treat them like “brothers and sisters” and he constantly speaks of harbouring “peace” and “harmony” in the world ? ENGAGING followers on different vessels Para 3: Instigates Globalisation ? Impact on Bhutan + “the Cup” The cup set in the Himalayas in Tibet ? group of monks and a monastery ? wants to watch the World cup Content Analysis shows the impact of technology and globalisation on Buddhists communitiesYounger people challenging power and authority within the SanghaMetaphor of the coca cola can an apt metaphor for the impact ? is it good or bad?Good because it allows for modern/western values but bad because of the dilution of traditional values Bhutan In some communities, technology has harboured globalisation for some corrupting Western features such as TV, fast food and an “uncontrolled desire for futile western products” ? over 10 yrs Bhutan has experienced crazy changes This has led to higher crime rates, changed attitudes in relationshipsConflict between older and younger people ? traditional and younger generations exposed to cable TVAdverse effects on countries who withhold traditional Buddhist values and spiritual unity ConclusionImpacted heavily1 in 30 Australian’s identify as BuddhistPositive – spread of religion, easy communication, vessel for projection of peace + ethical issuesBad – contradicts Darma, causes conflict in very strict Buddhist areas, dilution of traditional culture Related Core Study Concepts Values VALUES vs BELIEFSValues refer to principles or standards of behaviour; one’s judgement of what is important in life Beliefs refer to the conviction or acceptance that something exists or is true, especially without proof Affect behaviour and characterAffect morals and values Examples; loyality, fairness, courage, compassion, respect etc. Examples; lying is bad, God created the world, cheating is immoral etc. Related to day to day life Mostly related to religionRole of ValuesOur values are like glue, holding us and our groups together. The stronger our values = the better we hold together as individuals and groups. An individual who holds firmly to the value of honesty will find meaning, purpose and identity, even when others around are practising dishonesty. The group that holds firmly to a religious or ideological value will find meaning, purpose and identity even if they are a minority being persecuted.?Buddhism and Values Values exists within the Eightfold pathRight Knowledge, right purpose, right speech, right action, right living, right effort, right mindfulness, and right meditationBy following the Eightfold Path, anyone cold attain Nirvana – which was the release from all pain and suffering The most important symbol of Buddhism is the “Wheel of Life” which depicts the cycle of birth and life The eight spokes symbolise the Eightfold Path Buddhist teachings and beliefs were recorded in a collected called the Tripitaka Beliefs Story of Siddharth Buddhism legend is all a myth and belief Buddhist philosophy at its core History/LegendBuddhism begins with the Buddha, the first jewel ? a man called Siddhartha GautamaHe showed people;The way to break the cycle of rebirth (samsara) and its bondage to the accumulation of merit through deeds performed (karma) How to work out their own way of enlightenment All this was done through the doctrine (dharma), the second of the Three Jewels, which provided insight into the Four Noble Truths ? which contained the ultimate truth of lifeUnderstanding the Four Noble truths led naturally to an understanding of how we must live if we want to reach NIRVANAThis was the Eightfold Path ? a practical moral strategy that could be used to overcome cravingsCravings were seen as the single greatest source of suffering and woe and the great obstacle on the road to reaching Nirvana Most perfect way to reach this (according to Buddhists) was to;Be lived in the company of monks and nuns (sangha), the third of the Three Jewels. This is where the Ten Precepts of the monks and nuns the 227 practical rules of monastic life (patimokka) could ensure that the Eightfold Path would be lived in as complete and perfect a away as possibleThe Sangha provided the model and inspiration for all Buddhists seeking Nirvana The Four Noble Truths1st Noble Truth: Everything in life is suffering and sorrow2nd Noble Truth: The cause of all this pain is people’s self-centres cravings and desires – people seek pleasure that cannot last and that leads only to rebirth and more suffering 3rd Noble Truth: The way to end all pain is to end all desires4th Noble Truth: People can overcome their desires and attain enlightenment by following the Eightfold PathSymbols Symbols have the ability to culturally unify a group of people through their representation and meaning. Symbols such as places, actions, words, people and rituals are layered with meaning and valuable information for different groups in society. In?Buddhist?symbolism the?lotus?is symbolic of purity of the body, speech, and mind as while rooted in the mud, its?flowers?blossom on long stalks as if floating above the muddy waters of attachment and desire. It is also symbolic of detachment as drops of water easily slide off its petals.Symbols are a very important feature of belief systems as they embody the philosophy of the system. One important symbol in Buddhism is the lotus flower. The lotus flower begins its life in muddy waters and rises to gain purity. This symbol refers to the process of purification of body, speech and mind and the blossoming of wholesome deeds, purity and enlightenment. The lotus flower conveys great meaning in the philosophy of BuddhismSymbolMeaningLotusPurity and enlightenment Mandalla Eternal Harmony Wheel of Dharama (Nepal) Knowledge Conch ShellThe thoughts of Buddha Two Golden Fish Conjugal thoughts of the Buddha Parasol The Crown and protection from the elements Customs Customs: Established ways of acting or cultural practices that are unique to groups in society. Customs have important links to the heritage, values and traditions of peoplePrayingMicro: Helps the individual reach enlightenment Meso: communities pray together at templesMeditationMicro: Helps people reach a state of Nirvana Meso: the core of Buddhist philosophy – trying to teach mindfulness – part of the eightfold pathThe Eight OfferingsMicro: antidote to patter of attachment and greed – individual offering possessions that are values to make them closer to EnlightenmentVisiting Pilgrimage Individual connection to Buddha, important sites, personal strengthening of ones connection to BuddhismWorldview Worldview refers to a particular philosophy of life or conception of the world that is characterised by an organised and accepted set of ideas that attempts to explain the social, cultural, physical and psychological world. Belief systems and ideologies tend to produce worldviews. A worldview is literally a perspective, or ‘take’, on the world brought about by a set of beliefs or ideologies. A major (macro) example is seen in the worldviews of true-believing Christians, Muslims, Jews, Hindus or Buddhists whose beliefs might tell them that their religion is the truest one of all, and that it is the one everyone should follow. For some people, this might be worth? fighting and even dying for. In this case, the worldview, fuelled by their belief system, may be that most of the world has got it wrong and that this must be corrected through missionary endeavours and even conflictREFER TO THE foundations of BuddhismRitual Many RitualsImportant for daily LifeContinuity Precepts and doctrines within Religion Rituals refers to actions or practices that convey meaning or beliefs. These are often associated with significant life cycle events such as birth, coming of age, marriage and death, and are used as a means of perpetuating the belief system.Mandate actions, events, etc. Important for collective, individual, cultural, social identityIS IMPORTANT for culture too Para 1 – Acceptance (Three Jewels) The Three Refuges also known as the Three Jewels ? Devotion/Changing (ritual and custom): I take refuge in the Buddha, I take refuge in the Dharma, I take refuge in the Sangha Signifies adoption of the religionCrucial ? like an inductionIncreases their sense of personal and spiritual identityAlso makes them feel like they belong within a collective groupShapes worldviewAllows them to immerse themselves into religion Para 2 – During the Life Cycle – mandates their micro experience Buddhists do not have special birth or childhood rites. To Buddhists, being able to free themselves from the endless cycle of samsara is their ultimate goal. It is what is true and holy in Buddhism. So, as a child enters adulthood, one must live the life of a monk and take the Three Jewels. Buddhism does its ritual and practices based on their beliefs - the four noble truths and eightfold path, which are considered “ holy and true” according to Nostra Aetate. Death rites are the most important of all their rituals and practices. The state of mind of the person at death is an important influence on the state of rebirth because it determines what the person will come back as if he has not already been liberated. The ceremony for the dead usually includes saying prayers. Theravadins Buddhist follow the Indian custom of burning the body at death. The Buddha’s body was cremated and this set the example for many Buddhists, even in the West. Another ritual that is considered to be holy and true for Buddhism is marriage. Like Christianity, during the marriage ceremony, a scripture is read and the bride and groom would recite the traditional vow.Sets precepts for themCOLLECTTIVE identityGives them precepts etc Para 3 – Praying/Meditation for Enlightenment Praying + meditating helps them reach enlightenmentConnection to god, spiritualityMicro: Helps people reach a state of Nirvana Meso: the core of Buddhist philosophy – trying to teach mindfulness – part of the eightfold pathMicro: Helps the individual reach enlightenment Meso: communities pray together at temples ? COLLECTIVE IDENTITYPhilosophy Like all of the major world religions, at its core, Buddhism is a religion of peace. Buddhism teaches people that the real source of happiness is inner peace. If our mind is peaceful, we shall be happy all the time, regardless of external conditions, but if it is disturbed or troubled in any way, we shall never be happy, no matter how good our external conditions may be. Many Buddhist philosophies within Buddhism contribute to both inner and world peace. The fundamental doctrine of the “The eightfold path” harbours peace within the micro level of society. The path represents a set of stepping stones for reaching Nirvana. It begins by thinking the right thoughts, then leads to the right intentions before suggesting that right speech, conduct and livelihood will follow. It is the Buddhists way of reaching total moral self-control. Moreover, the notion of ‘karma’ contributes to peace as it suggests that deeds occur in a cyclical nature. As a result, Buddhism is known as an extremely peaceful and non-violent religion.Secularisation Secularisation in AustraliaDefinition Secularisation is the process of a society moving away from being shaped by a close alignment with a faith system towards non-religious values and institutions. If you choose to be religious, you might follow a traditional religion or a less formal belief system. Or, you might lean towards ‘non-religious spirituality’. More young people now claim to be spiritual, even if not religious, than in the past. They are also more inclined than their elders to see the close connection between spirituality and their physical and mental wellbeing.?Secularisation in Australia Statistics may indicate that traditional religious affiliation is decliningBut they also indicate that new and different forms of religion are flourishing. The choice to follow a religious or non-religious belief system is one aspect secularisation as experienced in Australia. In that sense, secularisation is not itself a belief system or ideologyBut a value that supports free choice.?Statistics from the 2011 Australian national census:30 per cent of Australians declared themselves to either not believe in god or to have no interest in religion. This is commonly explained by the idea that Australia has undergone secularisation ? moving further away from religious foundationsOver the past 30 or so years, many churches throughout Europe and in countries such as Australia have closed their doors.The process of secularisationChanging nature of Belief Systems and Ideologies ? leniency Belief systems and ideologies have always been part of all societies, ancient and modern, as have worldviews. They are part of what defines a society.In the past, societies tended to have limited belief systems, ideologies and worldviewsIn some traditional societies, only one set of beliefs may have been permitted; everyone had to believe the same thing or they would be excluded or even punished. As societies became larger and more complex, belief systems and ideologies, and their associated worldviews, also became more complex and varied.?Shift from religious belief systems to non-religious belief systems – Multifaith Not all belief systems in Australia or elsewhere are religious. This is another huge change in the way societies define themselves.In the past, whole societies were known as ‘Christian’, ‘Jewish’, ‘Muslim’, ‘Buddhist’, and so on. Over the past 50 years or so, more societies have defined themselves as ‘secular’, ‘multicultural’ or sometimes ‘multifaith’.Central belief system in Australia: Secular: Sense that there is no state religion and laws exist to protect people who choose to follow any religion or no religion at allMulticultural: No one culture (including the belief system of that culture) that has any more rights than any other. Multifaith: Those of all faiths and no faith have equal access to our central belief system.Australian central Beliefs and Values – Today According to Australian Values Education Program (2003-2010)Defined by the values of ‘fair go’, ‘tolerance’, ‘non-discrimination’ and ‘respect’ Australian worldview:Better to live by these values than by those that promote one belief system over others or that bring belief systems into conflict with each other. True meaning of a society being secularised.?Other reasons for Secularisation There is no one reason for the growth of secularisation ReasonExplanationPeople’s greater belief in scienceSince the 19th century has placed pressure on religious ideas about God and Spirituality.Increased wealth and prosperityHave made people less reliant on religion to support them in their strugglesThe apparent failures of religious organisations in matters of justice and abuseHave stretched people’s faith in these organisations and their beliefs.?Rejection of Belief Systems 1 in 3 Australians are not interested in religion or does not believe in a god, compared to fewer than one in 40 people in 1901. BUT these people do not entirely NOT have a belief system Among those who reject formal religion can sometimes be stronger and more fervent than among those who do believe in a god. Sometimes, the ‘non-religious’ can be more religious (in the sense of having a passionate set of beliefs that gives their lives meaning) than the purportedly religious. This is why we?distinguish between belief systems and ideologies.Well-known forms of non-religious belief or ideology include those titled atheism, agnosticism and humanism.?Institutional Power Specific Examples – MACRO 1. Thailand Law Dharma is incorporated into the laws of particular countries e.g. Thailand the Sangha Act 1902. The Sangha Supreme Council of Thailand – highest ranking monks respond to administrative + theological matter 2. Conflict in Tibet vs China Dissenting against repression in Tibet Protesting against China occupation – done by monks self immolation and burning themselves – taken on political role Tibet is ongoing e.g. March 2017 a monk lit himself alight in Aba, Sichuan -3. Buddhist monks killing the Muslim minority in Rohingya;BBC 2013; Here the antagonism is spearheaded by the 969 group, led by a monk, Ashin Wirathu, who was jailed in 2003 for inciting religious hatred. Released in 2012, he has referred to himself bizarrely as "the Burmese Bin Laden".March saw an outbreak of mob violence directed against Muslims in the town of Meiktila, in central Burma, which left at least 40 deadBurmese rulers, known as "kings of righteousness", justified wars in the name of what they called true Buddhist doctrine.-4. Burma Saffron Revolution of 2007 In Burma, monks wielded their moral authority to challenge the military junta and argue for democracy in the Saffron Revolution of 2007. Peaceful protest was the main weapon of choice this time, and monks paid with their lives.-5. Sri Lanka 1983 In 1983, Sri Lanka's ethnic tensions broke out into civil war. Following anti-Tamil pogroms, separatist Tamil groups in the north and east of the island sought to break away from the Sinhalese majority government.Specific Examples – MESOTemples respond to various political conflict differently, depending on country Usually they will not be involved in violence but assist in shelter, food, care Burma: role of temples in supporting/discouraging violence against Rohinaya Muslims -1. “Thailand Authorities end 23-day siege of Dhammakaya, nation’s largest temple” SMH “Authorities ended a 23-day siege of?Thailand's largest?temple, where worshippers and monks defied repeated attempts to arrest a prominent monk wanted on charges of money laundering and accepting stolen assets” ? conflict between the monastery and the government Under a special emergency law, Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha had declared the?temple?a "special control zone", allowing it to be placed under military control ? Authorities are dissenting against the temple/monk through their exercising of institutional power During the tense stand-off monks at times formed human shields to curb police raids ?The monks/worshippers are also dissenting against the government by protecting the monkThe temple's actions were the strongest show of resistance to Mr Prayuth's military government which has acted swiftly against any sign of dissent since the military ousted a democratically-elected government in 2014, after months of political instability ? highlights the fragility of the political dissent Situation highlights the role of institutional power and authority within society as well as the multifaceted issue of dissent that can occur from both sides (the monastery and the government)Specific Examples – MICROBuddhist philosophy discourages individuals response to large scale violence towards the Rohingya monks varies ................
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