About This Profile - Department of Toxic Substances Control
28575-90297000HaftalikProduct-Chemical Profile for Nail Products Containing Methyl Methacrylate (MMA)Discussion Draft – February 2020right23634700026479501092835004524375111188500390525114998500Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u About This Profile PAGEREF _Toc31227287 \h 5Summary of the Rationale for Product-Chemical Selection PAGEREF _Toc31227288 \h 71Product-Chemical Definitions and Scope PAGEREF _Toc31227289 \h 111.1Scope of Candidate Chemical PAGEREF _Toc31227290 \h 111.2 Scope of Product PAGEREF _Toc31227291 \h 121.3 Chemical and Product Use and Trends PAGEREF _Toc31227292 \h 141.3.1Use of MMA in Personal Care Products PAGEREF _Toc31227293 \h 141.3.2Other uses of MMA PAGEREF _Toc31227294 \h 162Potential Adverse Impacts PAGEREF _Toc31227295 \h 172.1 Physicochemical Properties PAGEREF _Toc31227296 \h 172.2 Fate and Transport PAGEREF _Toc31227297 \h 192.2.1Environmental fate PAGEREF _Toc31227298 \h 192.2.2Other harmful chemicals generated from the Candidate Chemical PAGEREF _Toc31227299 \h 202.2.3Behavior of the Candidate Chemical or its degradation products in the environment PAGEREF _Toc31227300 \h 232.3 Hazard Traits and Environmental or Toxicological Endpoints PAGEREF _Toc31227301 \h 242.4 Related Chemicals and Their Adverse Impacts PAGEREF _Toc31227302 \h 332.4.1Cumulative effects with other chemicals PAGEREF _Toc31227303 \h 332.4.2Structurally or mechanistically similar chemicals PAGEREF _Toc31227304 \h 362.5Populations That May Be Harmed by the Candidate Chemical PAGEREF _Toc31227305 \h 362.5.1Human populations and non-human organisms that may experience adverse impacts from exposure to the Candidate Chemical PAGEREF _Toc31227306 \h 362.5.2 Sensitive subpopulations, species, or environments that have the potential for adverse impacts from exposure to the Candidate Chemical PAGEREF _Toc31227307 \h 373Factors Related to Potential Exposure to the Candidate Chemical in the Priority Product PAGEREF _Toc31227308 \h 403.1Presence and Use Patterns of the Product PAGEREF _Toc31227309 \h 403.1.1Market presence of the product PAGEREF _Toc31227310 \h 403.1.2Intended use of the product PAGEREF _Toc31227311 \h 423.1.3Household and workplace presence of the product and other products containing the Candidate Chemical, and aggregate effects PAGEREF _Toc31227312 \h 443.2 Potentially Exposed Populations and Product-Use Scenarios PAGEREF _Toc31227313 \h 463.2.1Targeted customer base PAGEREF _Toc31227314 \h 463.2.2Use scenarios that may contribute to adverse impacts PAGEREF _Toc31227315 \h 473.3 Exposures to the Candidate Chemical Throughout the Product Life Cycle PAGEREF _Toc31227316 \h 493.3.1Indicators of potential exposures to the Candidate Chemical from the product PAGEREF _Toc31227317 \h 493.3.2Potential exposure to the Candidate Chemical during the product’s life cycle PAGEREF _Toc31227318 \h 513.3.3 Frequency, extent, level, and duration of potential exposure for each use and end-of-life scenario PAGEREF _Toc31227319 \h 513.4 Potential Cases of Exposure to the Candidate Chemical in the Product from Various Life Cycle Segments – Special Situations PAGEREF _Toc31227320 \h 533.5 Factors That May Mitigate or Exacerbate Exposure to the Candidate Chemical PAGEREF _Toc31227321 \h 533.5.1Containment of the Candidate Chemical within the product PAGEREF _Toc31227322 \h 533.5.2Engineering and administrative controls that reduce exposure concerns PAGEREF _Toc31227323 \h 544Adverse Waste and End-of-Life Effects PAGEREF _Toc31227324 \h 585Additional Considerations PAGEREF _Toc31227325 \h 595.1Other Relevant Factors Not Identified by the Regulation PAGEREF _Toc31227326 \h 595.2 Key Data Gaps PAGEREF _Toc31227327 \h 605.3 Conflicting Studies PAGEREF _Toc31227328 \h 606Discussion of Potential for Significant or Widespread Adverse Impacts PAGEREF _Toc31227329 \h 617Alternatives PAGEREF _Toc31227330 \h 657.1 Chemical Alternatives PAGEREF _Toc31227331 \h 657.1.1Chemical Name: Ethyl Methacrylate (EMA) (CAS No. 97-63-2) PAGEREF _Toc31227332 \h 657.2 Non-Chemical alternatives PAGEREF _Toc31227333 \h 667.2.1Discussion of applicability of the non-chemical alternative PAGEREF _Toc31227334 \h 668Other Regulatory Programs PAGEREF _Toc31227335 \h 668.1U.S. Food and Drug Administration PAGEREF _Toc31227336 \h 678.1.1Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act PAGEREF _Toc31227337 \h 678.1.2Fair Packaging and Labeling Act PAGEREF _Toc31227338 \h 688.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency PAGEREF _Toc31227339 \h 688.3 California Division of Occupational Safety and Health PAGEREF _Toc31227340 \h 688.4 California Board of Barbering and Cosmetology PAGEREF _Toc31227341 \h 698.5 California Air Resources Board PAGEREF _Toc31227342 \h 708.6 Other States PAGEREF _Toc31227343 \h 70Acronyms and Abbreviations PAGEREF _Toc31227344 \h 71References PAGEREF _Toc31227345 \h 74Appendix 1 - Report Preparation PAGEREF _Toc31227346 \h 88Appendix 2 - U.S. States Which Have Banned MMA in Professional Cosmetics PAGEREF _Toc31227347 \h 89About This ProfileThe Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) identifies product-chemical combinations for consideration as Priority Products in accordance with the process identified in Article 3 of the Safer Consumer Products (SCP) regulations. DTSC finds methyl methacrylate (MMA) in nail products meets the key prioritization criteria for listing a Priority Product:(1) There must be potential public and/or aquatic, avian, or terrestrial animal or plant organism exposure to the Candidate Chemical(s) in the product; and(2) There must be the potential for one or more exposures to contribute to or cause significant or widespread adverse impacts. Candidate Chemical: A chemical that exhibits a hazard trait and is listed on one or more authoritative lists in the SCP regulationsProduct-Chemical Profile: A report generated by DTSC to explain its determination that a proposed Priority Product meets the SCP regulatory criteria for potential significant or widespread adverse impacts to humans or the environmentPriority Product: A product-chemical combination as identified in regulation by DTSC that has the potential to contribute to significant or widespread adverse impacts to humans or the environmentCandidate Chemical: A chemical that exhibits a hazard trait and is listed on one or more authoritative lists in the SCP regulationsProduct-Chemical Profile: A report generated by DTSC to explain its determination that a proposed Priority Product meets the SCP regulatory criteria for potential significant or widespread adverse impacts to humans or the environmentPriority Product: A product-chemical combination as identified in regulation by DTSC that has the potential to contribute to significant or widespread adverse impacts to humans or the environmentThe SCP regulations allow DTSC to use a narrative standard to show how these criteria are met. This Product-Chemical Profile (Profile) provides that narrative, demonstrating that the regulatory criteria have been met and serving as the basis for Priority Product rulemaking. The Profile does not provide a comprehensive assessment of all available literature on adverse impacts and exposure for MMA or nail products. DTSC will finalize this Profile after considering public comments and may then start the rulemaking process. If this Priority Product regulation is adopted, the responsible entities must follow the reporting requirements pursuant to the SCP regulations. Readers should consider the following: This Profile is not a regulatory document and does not impose any regulatory requirements.The Profile summarizes information compiled by DTSC as of February 2020.DTSC requests that stakeholders provide data on the chemical and product described in this document to assist us in the discernment process that may lead to our regulatory proposal. Written comments can be submitted using our information management system, CalSAFER, prior to March 20, 2020. By proposing to list this product-chemical combination as a Priority Product containing a Chemical of Concern, DTSC is not asserting that the product cannot be used safely. The proposal indicates only that there is a potential for exposure of people or the environment to the Chemical of Concern in the Priority Product, that such exposure has the potential to cause or contribute to significant or widespread adverse impacts, and that safer alternatives should be explored. Summary of the Rationale for Product-Chemical SelectionMethyl methacrylate (MMA) is a monomer used in the preparation of acrylic nails and nail coatings including nail polishes and gel nail products. It is a liquid at room temperature and readily volatilizes into air. MMA exhibits several health hazard traits and appears on one of the 23 authoritative lists that make up the Candidate Chemicals List in the Safer Consumer Product (SCP) regulations. People who use MMA-containing nail products may be exposed to and harmed by MMA. For this reason, DTSC proposes to identify nail coatings and acrylic nails containing MMA as a Priority Product with a Chemical of Concern. Approximately 100 million women use nail products in the United States each year, and annual sales of retail nail products exceed $1 billion. Products that may contain MMA such as acrylic nail products and nail polishes represent almost 62 percent of total nail product sales in the United States. Sensitive subpopulations, including children and pregnant women, may be exposed to MMA and other potentially harmful chemicals by using these nail products. A study found that 45 percent of children younger than 5 years old use nail polish, and this increases to 79 percent for children over the age of 5. The primary exposure route from nail products is vapor inhalation. People who apply MMA-containing nail products at home may experience the same, or higher, exposures as nail technicians.The primary exposure route from nail products is vapor inhalation. People who apply MMA-containing nail products at home may experience the same, or higher, exposures as nail technicians.People who apply MMA-containing nail products at home may experience the same, or higher, exposures as nail technicians who use methacrylate-containing products at work. Several factors may increase home users’ exposures. Home environments may have relatively poor ventilation and consumers are not trained on the safe use of these products, which are generally not labeled with information on exposure potential. Consumers may also apply them frequently, since doing so is more convenient and affordable than visiting a salon for nail services. There are no minimum age limits for purchasing or using MMA-containing retail nail products, and they are sometimes purchased by adolescents, who may understand the exposure potentials even less than adults.The primary exposure route of MMA from nail products is vapor inhalation. MMA can also be absorbed from nail products dermally through direct skin contact. Exposure can also occur from accidental ingestion and hand-to-mouth behavior especially in children. In the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, 769 exposures related to acrylic nails that may contain MMA were recorded in 1991 through 1993 and 54.7 percent of the emergency department visits involved children younger than 6 years old. Eighty nine percent of these incidents occurred at the child’s own home. In a survey conducted among pregnant women in New York City from 2003 through 2006, 69 percent of the participants said they used nail products at some point throughout their pregnancy.Exposure to MMA has the potential to cause or contribute to adverse human health impacts, including:Dermal toxicity. MMA exposure is linked to skin irritation and inflammation, nail damage, nail discoloration, infection, redness, and pain.Respiratory toxicity. MMA exposure has been shown to harm the respiratory tract. One study found acrylate and methacrylate concentrations above 90 percent in some samples of ultraviolet (UV)-curing nail polishes (i.e., UV gels) for home use that may contain MMA as an ingredient. Severe skin reactions and allergic contact dermatitis were observed in 7 study participants, ranging in age from 15 to 41 years old, who used acrylate or methacrylate-containing products. Sixty-five additional study participants, including nail technicians who had used methacrylate-containing nail polishes at home and in salons reported hand eczema; itching and pain in the fingers; permanent nail damage; and eczema on the lips, throat, and around the eyes. Another study documented allergic contact dermatitis, pain in fingers, and eczema in 4 female patients between ages of 35 to 65 years old who had used UV gel nail polish kits at home; 3 out of 4 patients had positive patch tests for methacrylates, including MMA, and all 4 patients had positive patch tests for acrylates.MMA’s metabolites also have potential adverse impacts. Two of them, formaldehyde and methanol, are Candidate Chemicals. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) identify formaldehyde as a carcinogen, and OEHHA identifies methanol as a developmental toxicant on the Proposition 65 list.Despite regulatory actions prohibiting MMA, MMA continues to be detected in indoor air in nail salons.Despite regulatory actions prohibiting MMA, MMA continues to be detected in indoor air in nail salons.In the early 1970s, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) removed the nail products that contain 100 percent MMA from the market and, in 2015, California’s Board of Barbering and Cosmetology (BBC) prohibited the use of MMA-containing nail products with any MMA concentration in licensed hair and nail salons and cosmetology schools. Despite these regulatory actions, MMA continues to be detected in indoor air in nail salons, sometimes above occupational exposure limits. There are several possible sources of this MMA. Retail nail products that contain less than 100 percent MMA are being legally sold in the market. In some cases, clients may bring MMA-containing retail products into nail salons to be applied by their technicians. In others, salons may have continued using MMA-containing professional-use nail products despite the 2015 BBC ban in California. Another possible source may be nail products formulated with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), which have been found to contain residual, unreacted MMA. The Nail Manufacturers Council reported that residual MMA in PMMA-containing products can be up to 1.5 percent of the total PMMA content in the product. The use of a nail product in a salon with PMMA as a listed ingredient containing MMA as a residual is a legal use of an MMA-containing nail salon product.MMA has been detected in retail nail products for home use; thus, nail product consumers, pregnant women and their fetuses, infants, and children are at risk of being exposed to MMA from nail products that are intended for home use. In addition, MMA has been detected in salon indoor air; therefore, nail technicians may be exposed to MMA at work. Nail technicians working while pregnant or bringing their children to work may expose them to MMA vapors in salon indoor air. Moreover, pregnant customers receiving nail services in salons risk exposing their fetuses and customers bringing their children to the salon may expose them to MMA. Due to physiological differences, infants and children are more susceptible to adverse impacts from MMA exposure than adults. Despite the MMA ban in California nail salons, customers may bring MMA-containing retail products into nail salons and salon owners may still purchase MMA from other states or overseas. For instance, according to a survey conducted in 2019, salon owners reported that MMA can still be purchased from Colorado nail supply stores despite the MMA ban in Colorado. Similarly, despite the MMA ban in New York and New Jersey, MMA was detected in salons according to a study performed in 2019. In addition, MMA may be a residual or MMA may be released as a result of depolymerization of PMMA in nail products containing PMMA. Therefore, nail technicians are still at risk of being occupationally exposed to MMA. Further, nail industry workers’ exposure to chemicals is an environmental justice issue. In California, most nail technicians are Vietnamese immigrants of low socioeconomic status and are often women of childbearing age.The FDA does not have the authority to require safety testing of cosmetics, and there is no approval process for cosmetics products prior to sale in the U.S. (except for color additives). Even after the FDA’s action, there is no restriction on the use of MMA in other cosmetic products or on the sale of retail nail products with MMA concentrations lower than 100 percent. Many such products exist, as illustrated by the recent recall of products with more than 90 percent MMA in Europe, due to the implementation of Cosmetics Regulation 1223/2009/EC in 2013. Moreover, there is no regulation addressing MMA release as a result of depolymerization of PMMA or MMA as a residual from PMMA-containing nail products.Based on these factors, DTSC has determined that MMA-containing nail products may contribute to or cause significant and widespread adverse impacts to nail industry workers, women, infants, children, and environmental justice communities; thus, DTSC proposes to identify nail products containing MMA as a Priority Product. Product-Chemical Definitions and ScopeThis section introduces the Candidate Chemical(s) and the product that constitute the proposed product-chemical combination.1.1Scope of Candidate ChemicalMethyl Methacrylate, Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number: 80-62-6Systematic IUPAC name: methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NCBI</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>395</RecNum><DisplayText>(NCBI 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>395</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516638792">395</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NCBI</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Methyl Methacrylate. PubChem Open Chemistry Database. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)</title></titles><number>November 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(NCBI 2017). Other names:Methyl 2-methylpropenoateMethyl methacrylate monomerMMAMethacrylic acid methyl ester ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sigma-Aldrich</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>396</RecNum><DisplayText>(Sigma-Aldrich 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>396</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516638800">396</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sigma-Aldrich</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Product Comparison Guide. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><number>November 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Sigma-Aldrich 2017)2-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-propeneCH2=C(CH3)COOCH3Molecular Formula: C5H8O2 MMA is a clear, colorless, highly flammable, and volatile liquid monomer which has a strong fruity odor ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tomenson</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>397</RecNum><DisplayText>(Tomenson et al. 2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>397</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516638801">397</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tomenson, J. A.</author><author>Carpenter, A. V.</author><author>Pemberton, M. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>ICI Epidemiology Unit, PO Box 13, The Heath, Runcorn, Cheshire, WA7 4QF, UK. john_tomenson@causation.co.uk</auth-address><titles><title>Critical review of the epidemiology literature on the potential cancer risks of methyl methacrylate</title><secondary-title>Int Arch Occup Environ Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int Arch Occup Environ Health</full-title></periodical><pages>603-612</pages><volume>78</volume><number>8</number><edition>2005/07/22</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylates/toxicity</keyword><keyword>Cause of Death</keyword><keyword>Cohort Studies</keyword><keyword>Colorectal Neoplasms/chemically induced/mortality</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylate/*toxicity</keyword><keyword>Neoplasms/*chemically induced/*mortality</keyword><keyword>Occupational Diseases/*chemically induced/*mortality</keyword><keyword>Respiratory Tract Neoplasms/chemically induced/mortality</keyword><keyword>Risk</keyword><keyword>Stomach Neoplasms/chemically induced/mortality</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0340-0131 (Print)
0340-0131 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16034639</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Tomenson et al. 2005). MMA is not known to occur naturally ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>IARC</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>542</RecNum><DisplayText>(IARC 1994)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>542</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516836945">542</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>IARC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 60. Some Industrial Chemicals. Methyl Methacylate</title></titles><pages>445-474</pages><dates><year>1994</year></dates><publisher>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(IARC 1994). Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1. Chemical structure of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NCBI</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>395</RecNum><DisplayText>(NCBI 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>395</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516638792">395</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NCBI</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Methyl Methacrylate. PubChem Open Chemistry Database. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)</title></titles><number>November 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(NCBI 2017).MMA is commercially produced through acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) (see Figure 2). The ACH process is performed by condensation of acetone and hydrogen cyanide. The cyanohydrin is hydrolyzed in the presence of?sulfuric acid (H2SO4)?to a?sulfate ester?of methacrylamide and?methanolysis?of this ester produces?ammonia bisulfate?(NH4HSO4) and MMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Almazán-Sánchez</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>436</RecNum><DisplayText>(Almazán-Sánchez et al. 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>436</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734097">436</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Almazán-Sánchez, Perla Tatiana</author><author>Linares-Hernández, Ivonne</author><author>Martínez-Miranda, Verónica</author><author>Lugo-Lugo, Violeta</author><author>Guadalupe Fonseca-Montes de Oca, R. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Wastewater treatment of methyl methacrylate (MMA) by Fenton's reagent and adsorption</title><secondary-title>Catalysis Today</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Catalysis Today</full-title></periodical><pages>39-48</pages><volume>220-222</volume><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>09205861</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.cattod.2013.09.006</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Almazán-Sánchez et al. 2014). General SynthesisFigure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2. General synthesis of MMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Almazán-Sánchez</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>436</RecNum><DisplayText>(Almazán-Sánchez et al. 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>436</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734097">436</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Almazán-Sánchez, Perla Tatiana</author><author>Linares-Hernández, Ivonne</author><author>Martínez-Miranda, Verónica</author><author>Lugo-Lugo, Violeta</author><author>Guadalupe Fonseca-Montes de Oca, R. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Wastewater treatment of methyl methacrylate (MMA) by Fenton's reagent and adsorption</title><secondary-title>Catalysis Today</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Catalysis Today</full-title></periodical><pages>39-48</pages><volume>220-222</volume><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>09205861</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.cattod.2013.09.006</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Almazán-Sánchez et al. 2014).MMA monomers polymerize (i.e., combine to form polymer chains) to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resins in the presence of heat to yield highly transparent, strong, and durable materials ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>IHS Markit</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>457</RecNum><DisplayText>(IHS Markit 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>457</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746723">457</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>IHS Markit,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Chemical Economics Handbook. Methyl Methacrylate.</title></titles><number>June 2017</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(IHS Markit 2016).MMA is listed as a Candidate Chemical based on the following:Identified as a toxic air contaminant by the California Air Resources Board ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>CARB</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>99</RecNum><DisplayText>(CARB 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>99</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453475">99</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>CARB</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toxic Air Contaminant Identification List. California Air Resources Board (CARB), California Environmental Protection Agency</title></titles><number>July 2017</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(CARB 2011).1.2 Scope of ProductThe scope of this proposal covers nail coatings and acrylic nails containing MMA.“Nail coating” means any clear or colored paint, polish, lacquer, enamel, or gel product marketed or sold for application to fingernails or toenails. Subproducts include nail polishes, lacquers, enamels, base coats, undercoats, top coats, gel nails, gel nail polishes, Shellac, hard gels, nail art products, and airbrush nail art paints. “Nail polish” is a varnish or paint applied to the fingernails or toenails to color them or make them shiny."Lacquer" or "enamel" is a coating that dries by means of solvent evaporation. “Base coat” or “undercoat” is a clear or milky-colored coating that is used before applying other coatings to the nail. It may be marketed for strengthening or protecting the nail, restoring moisture to the nail, or helping other coatings to adhere to the nail.“Top coat” is used after applying other coatings to the nail. It may be marketed for the use of protecting underlying coatings or to add shine, gloss, or matte to the nail.“Gel” or “UV gel” or “nail gel” is a pre-mixed coating that is hardened using an ultraviolet (UV) or light-emitting diode (LED) lamp.“Gel nail polish” or “gel polish” is a gel varnish coating with a look and feel similar to UV gel but which may not require UV or LED lamp heat to dry. Gel polish typically contains color but can also be a clear nail coating.“Shellac” is the brand name for a nail product created by Creative Nail Design. It is a hybrid which is a combination of nail polish and gel. Shellac is applied directly onto natural nails, and it is cured through UV light.“Hard gel” is a nail enhancement that can be sculpted and shaped like acrylic nails but hardens through UV or LED light rather than through evaporating solvents.“Nail art” means any technique of decorative art applied to fingernails and/or toenails including various overlays of nail polish, UV gel, or hybrid coatings like Shellac or airbrush paint. This definition only includes nail art that falls within the definition of “nail coatings.”“Airbrush nail art paint” is a coating that is sprayed onto the nail by a device using compressed air. This product may also be labeled as ink, polish, paint, or pigment for airbrush nail art.“Acrylic nails” are artificial nails that are sold in two separate parts: an acrylic powder and a liquid acrylic monomer (sometimes labeled “acrylic liquid” or “liquid”). The powder and liquid are combined immediately prior to application to the nail.Nail coatings include, but are not limited to, products that can be categorized as Global Product Classification (GPC) used by the following codes ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>GS1</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>170</RecNum><DisplayText>(GS1 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>170</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508516144">170</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>GS1 </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Global Product Classification (GPC)</title></titles><number>October 2017 - February 2018</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(GS1 2017):Segment: 53000000 – Beauty/Personal Care/HygieneFamily: 53160000 – Cosmetics/FragrancesClass: 53161200 – Nail Cosmetic/Care ProductsBrick: 10000360 – Cosmetics – Nails (nail coatings)Brick: 10000359 – Nails – False Attribute: 20000292 – Type of False NailsValue: 30000720 – COMBINATIONValue: 30003886 – FALSE NAILSValue: 30004464 – FALSE NAILS ACRYLIC MASSValue: 30004466 – FALSE NAILS UV GELAttribute: 20000794 – Type of MaterialValue: 30004418 – ACRYLICValue: 30004342 – UV ACTIVATED GEL1.3 Chemical and Product Use and TrendsMMA is a high production volume chemical and approximately 1 to 5 billion pounds per year of MMA are produced in the United States ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>U.S.?EPA</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>206</RecNum><DisplayText>(U.S.?EPA 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>206</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509579940">206</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S.?EPA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>U.S. EPA ChemView, Chemical Data Reporting. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)</title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(U.S.?EPA 2018). In 2016, approximately 80 to 85 percent of MMA was used worldwide for residential and commercial construction, remodeling, automotive applications, and manufacture of equipment ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>IHS Markit</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>457</RecNum><DisplayText>(IHS Markit 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>457</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746723">457</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>IHS Markit,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Chemical Economics Handbook. Methyl Methacrylate.</title></titles><number>June 2017</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(IHS Markit 2016). MMA producers use 50 to 60 percent of their production mainly for PMMA resins and surface coatings. The United States is reported to be the largest MMA consumer in the world. MMA consumption is predicted to grow at an average annual rate of 3 percent from 2015 to 2020 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>IHS Markit</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>457</RecNum><DisplayText>(IHS Markit 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>457</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746723">457</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>IHS Markit,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Chemical Economics Handbook. Methyl Methacrylate.</title></titles><number>June 2017</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(IHS Markit 2016). The global market for MMA is expected to exceed 4.8 million metric tons (10.6 billion pounds) by 2020 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Global Industry Analysts Inc.</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>512</RecNum><DisplayText>(Global Industry Analysts Inc. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>512</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516832286">512</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Global Industry Analysts Inc.,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Global Methyl Methacrylate Market, Trends, Drivers & Projections</title></titles><number>June 2017</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Global Industry Analysts Inc. 2016). 1.3.1Use of MMA in Personal Care ProductsMMA is used in some professional and retail nail polishes, gel nail products, and acrylic nails. In cosmetics, MMA polymerizes to PMMA to help fill in wrinkles and provides a gliding application ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FutureDerm</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>510</RecNum><DisplayText>(FutureDerm 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>510</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516832276">510</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FutureDerm</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>What is Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) and Why is it in Beauty Products?</title><secondary-title></secondary-title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(FutureDerm 2011). PMMA also provides hydration as a lubrication enhancer in cosmetics ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FutureDerm</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>510</RecNum><DisplayText>(FutureDerm 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>510</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516832276">510</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FutureDerm</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>What is Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) and Why is it in Beauty Products?</title><secondary-title></secondary-title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(FutureDerm 2011). Cosmetic products including nail products produced or distributed for retail sale to consumers for their personal care are required to bear an ingredient declaration according to the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>21 C.F.R. § 701.3</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1085</RecNum><DisplayText>(21 C.F.R. § 701.3 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1085</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1567616424">1085</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>21 C.F.R. § 701.3,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Food and Drugs Chapter I, Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Subchapter G, Cosmetics, Part 701, Subpart A, Section 701.3</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(21 C.F.R. § 701.3 2018). Retail product ingredients may be listed on the folding carton or box wrapping if the immediate container is packaged. Therefore, customers purchasing retail products may or may not see the ingredients if the folding carton or box wrapping has been removed when they are purchasing the products. Cosmetic products that are not typically distributed for retail sale (e.g., nail products used by professionals on customers at their work places) are exempt from ingredient declaration requirement and these products are not sold to consumers at professional establishments or workplaces ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FDA</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1080</RecNum><DisplayText>(FDA 2018a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1080</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1557355139">1080</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FDA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Cosmetics Labeling Regulations. U.S. Food and Drug Adminstration (FDA)</title></titles><number>May 2019</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(FDA 2018a).Because product labeling is inconsistent and new requirements have yet to take effect, DTSC has been unable to determine the extent to which formulations of nail products intended for professional salon use differ from those intended/packaged for retail sale. Starting in 2020, professional products will be required to list chemical ingredients (see section 5.1 for details of California Assembly Bill 2775 (2018)). Professional salon products versus retail home use products containing MMA may or may not have similar product formulations. MMA in Acrylic NailsOutside of California, MMA is still legal for use in the preparation of acrylic nails in salons. In California, MMA has been replaced by ethyl methacrylate (EMA), although some California salons may continue to illegally use MMA to prepare acrylic nails. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Nails Magazine 1991; Woolf and Shaw 1998). Next, methacrylic acid is applied to the natural nail surface as a primer. Liquid MMA is then mixed with a powder of methacrylate esters and PMMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Becker</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>446</RecNum><DisplayText>(Becker et al. 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>446</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734149">446</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Becker, L. C.</author><author>Bergfeld, W. F.</author><author>Belsito, D. V.</author><author>Hill, R. A.</author><author>Klaassen, C. D.</author><author>Liebler, D. C.</author><author>Marks, J. G., Jr.</author><author>Shank, R. C.</author><author>Slaga, T. J.</author><author>Snyder, P. W.</author><author>Andersen, F. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 1101 17th Street, NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC 20036, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Final report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel safety assessment of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), methyl methacrylate crosspolymer, and methyl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer</title><secondary-title>Int J Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>54S-65S</pages><volume>30</volume><number>3 Suppl</number><edition>2011/08/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylic Resins/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Structure</keyword><keyword>Polymers/adverse effects/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Polymethyl Methacrylate/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Toxicity Tests</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1092-874X (Electronic)
1091-5818 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21772027</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1091581811407352</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Becker et al. 2011). During the application process, MMA polymerizes on the natural nail surface to form the acrylic nail. PMMA powder contains a heat sensitive initiator (typically benzoyl peroxide). The heat of the room and heat of client’s hand are sufficient to start the polymerization reaction of MMA on the natural nail surface in the presence of daylight PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CZWNrZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Becker et al. 2011; Erdmann et al. 2001). In the application of acrylic nails, PMMA is used as an inert carrier for MMA to polymerize on the nail surface ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Becker</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>446</RecNum><DisplayText>(Becker et al. 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>446</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734149">446</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Becker, L. C.</author><author>Bergfeld, W. F.</author><author>Belsito, D. V.</author><author>Hill, R. A.</author><author>Klaassen, C. D.</author><author>Liebler, D. C.</author><author>Marks, J. G., Jr.</author><author>Shank, R. C.</author><author>Slaga, T. J.</author><author>Snyder, P. W.</author><author>Andersen, F. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 1101 17th Street, NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC 20036, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Final report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel safety assessment of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), methyl methacrylate crosspolymer, and methyl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer</title><secondary-title>Int J Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>54S-65S</pages><volume>30</volume><number>3 Suppl</number><edition>2011/08/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylic Resins/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Structure</keyword><keyword>Polymers/adverse effects/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Polymethyl Methacrylate/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Toxicity Tests</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1092-874X (Electronic)
1091-5818 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21772027</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1091581811407352</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Becker et al. 2011). PMMA also serves as a thickening agent for placement and shaping of liquid MMA, by creating a powder slurry on the nail surface during the acrylic nail process ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Becker</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>446</RecNum><DisplayText>(Becker et al. 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>446</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734149">446</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Becker, L. C.</author><author>Bergfeld, W. F.</author><author>Belsito, D. V.</author><author>Hill, R. A.</author><author>Klaassen, C. D.</author><author>Liebler, D. C.</author><author>Marks, J. G., Jr.</author><author>Shank, R. C.</author><author>Slaga, T. J.</author><author>Snyder, P. W.</author><author>Andersen, F. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 1101 17th Street, NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC 20036, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Final report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel safety assessment of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), methyl methacrylate crosspolymer, and methyl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer</title><secondary-title>Int J Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>54S-65S</pages><volume>30</volume><number>3 Suppl</number><edition>2011/08/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylic Resins/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Structure</keyword><keyword>Polymers/adverse effects/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Polymethyl Methacrylate/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Toxicity Tests</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1092-874X (Electronic)
1091-5818 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21772027</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1091581811407352</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Becker et al. 2011). The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Panel concluded that, after polymerization of MMA to PMMA, there is a possibility of depolymerization of PMMA to release MMA or unreacted, residual MMA being present within and on the final product (Quint 2013).The polymerization of MMA occurs on the nail protein (i.e., keratin). Keratin has amine, carboxyl, thiol, and hydroxyl functional groups, that can form active sites where MMA can bond and polymerize. The functional groups of keratin favor polymerization reaction of MMA to PMMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Martínez-Hernández</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>545</RecNum><DisplayText>(Martínez-Hernández et al. 2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>545</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516853313">545</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Martínez-Hernández, A. L. </author><author>Velasco-Santos, C.</author><author>de Icaza, M.</author><author>Casta?o, V. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Grafting of methyl methacrylate onto natural keratin</title><secondary-title>e-Polymers</secondary-title><alt-title>epoly</alt-title></titles><volume>3</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><isbn>2197-4586</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Martínez-Hernández et al. 2003); thus, MMA can strongly bond to the natural nail and polymerize on the nail surface during the application of acrylic nails. After the polymerization process is completed, up to 1.5 percent of the MMA may remain unreacted in acrylic nail products according to the Nail Manufacturers Council report ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Becker</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>446</RecNum><DisplayText>(Becker et al. 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>446</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734149">446</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Becker, L. C.</author><author>Bergfeld, W. F.</author><author>Belsito, D. V.</author><author>Hill, R. A.</author><author>Klaassen, C. D.</author><author>Liebler, D. C.</author><author>Marks, J. G., Jr.</author><author>Shank, R. C.</author><author>Slaga, T. J.</author><author>Snyder, P. W.</author><author>Andersen, F. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 1101 17th Street, NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC 20036, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Final report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel safety assessment of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), methyl methacrylate crosspolymer, and methyl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer</title><secondary-title>Int J Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>54S-65S</pages><volume>30</volume><number>3 Suppl</number><edition>2011/08/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylic Resins/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Structure</keyword><keyword>Polymers/adverse effects/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Polymethyl Methacrylate/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Toxicity Tests</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1092-874X (Electronic)
1091-5818 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21772027</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1091581811407352</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Becker et al. 2011). Exposure to methacrylate monomers including MMA during the acrylic nail application process may cause allergic contact dermatitis in people receiving acrylic nail services ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Arora</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>439</RecNum><DisplayText>(Arora and Tosti 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>439</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734112">439</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Arora, H.</author><author>Tosti, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Safety and efficacy of nail products</title><secondary-title>Cosmetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cosmetics</full-title></periodical><pages>1-19</pages><volume>4</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2079-9284</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3390/cosmetics4030024</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Arora and Tosti 2017). In addition, methacrylate monomers including MMA may cause sensitization when the monomers are not completely polymerized during acrylic nail services ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Arora</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>439</RecNum><DisplayText>(Arora and Tosti 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>439</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734112">439</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Arora, H.</author><author>Tosti, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Safety and efficacy of nail products</title><secondary-title>Cosmetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cosmetics</full-title></periodical><pages>1-19</pages><volume>4</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2079-9284</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3390/cosmetics4030024</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Arora and Tosti 2017).MMA in Gel Nail ProductsGel nail products are reported to contain MMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Quint</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>570</RecNum><DisplayText>(Quint 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>570</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854282">570</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Quint, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Health Hazards of Polymethylmethacrylate and Other Acrylate Polymers and Monomers in Acrylic Paints and Gel Nails</title></titles><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Quint 2013). MMA and PMMA are typically pre-mixed with an initiator and stabilizer (typically hydroquinone); the polymerization reaction is initiated by photo-bonding with the person’s hand placed under UV radiation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Erdmann</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>506</RecNum><DisplayText>(Erdmann et al. 2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>506</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516831807">506</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Erdmann, S. M.</author><author>Sachs, B.</author><author>Merk, H. F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Dermatology and Allergology University Hospital of RWTH Aachen 52074 Aachen Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Adverse reactions to sculptured nails</title><secondary-title>Allergy</secondary-title><alt-title>Allergy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Allergy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Allergy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>581-2</pages><volume>56</volume><number>6</number><edition>2001/06/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0105-4538 (Print)
0105-4538</isbn><accession-num>11421911</accession-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(Erdmann et al. 2001). In gel nail products, MMA is used to enhance cross-linking and to reduce viscosity ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Schoon</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>633</RecNum><DisplayText>(Schoon and Baran 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>633</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1517509024">633</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Schoon, D.</author><author>Baran, R.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Baran, R.</author><author>Maibach, H. I.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Cosmetics for Abnormal and Pathological Nails</title><secondary-title>Textbook of Cosmetic Dermatology. Fifth Edition</secondary-title></titles><edition>5th</edition><section>276-286</section><dates><year>2017</year></dates><pub-location>Boca Raton, FL</pub-location><publisher>CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> 31, 2018</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(Schoon and Baran 2017).MMA in Nail PolishesThe Environmental Working Group’s (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database reported 24 nail polishes contain MMA as an ingredient ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EWG</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>173</RecNum><DisplayText>(EWG 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>173</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508523789">173</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EWG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Working Group's (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database</title></titles><number>April 2019</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(EWG 2019). Moreover, Mintel’s Global New Products Database identifies 4 MMA-containing nail polishes that have been introduced to the U.S. retail market, and 19 worldwide, since 2010 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mintel</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>428</RecNum><DisplayText>(Mintel 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>428</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516732762">428</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mintel</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mintel's Global New Products Database</title></titles><number>January 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Mintel 2018). However, Mintel and EWG’s databases include only retail nail products. Therefore, there could be professional MMA-containing nail polishes being sold in the market. Nail polishes containing MMA are applied to natural nails in daylight and air dried on the natural nail. DTSC does not have information on the function of MMA in nail polishes.1.3.2Other uses of MMAIndustrial UseThe primary use of MMA is to produce a variety of resins and plastics. In the presence of heat, MMA polymerizes to PMMA, which is widely used for producing acrylic polymers ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>IHS Markit</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>457</RecNum><DisplayText>(IHS Markit 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>457</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746723">457</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>IHS Markit,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Chemical Economics Handbook. Methyl Methacrylate.</title></titles><number>June 2017</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(IHS Markit 2016). PMMA has high transparency, strength, and durability. In 2014, U.S. PMMA production was 214.6 kilotons, and 55 percent of this PMMA was used to make: extruded sheets for light-emitting diode (LED) screens, decorative interiors, solar panels, building facades, and visual marketing communication displays ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Grand View Research</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>616</RecNum><DisplayText>(Grand View Research 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>616</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1517251564">616</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Grand View Research,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Market Research Report, U.S. Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Market Analysis by Product, by Application, and Segment Forecasts to 2022</title></titles><number>June 2017</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Grand View Research 2015). Additional applications of PMMA are summarized in Table 1.MMA is also combined with other acrylates to make surface coating resins, lacquers, and emulsion polymers ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EC</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>490</RecNum><DisplayText>(EC 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825720">490</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>European Union Risk Assesment Report. Methyl Methacrylate. CAS No. 80-62-6. EINECS No. 201-297-1</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>European Commission (EC), European Chemicals Bureau</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EC 2002).Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1. Applications of PMMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Global Industry Analysts Inc.</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>512</RecNum><DisplayText>(Global Industry Analysts Inc. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>512</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516832286">512</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Global Industry Analysts Inc.,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Global Methyl Methacrylate Market, Trends, Drivers & Projections</title></titles><number>June 2017</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Global Industry Analysts Inc. 2016)acrylic sheetsleather coatingsfloor polishesacrylic moldingspaper coatingstextile finishesextrusion powdersinksmobile phone screensplumbing fixturesadhesivestelevision and video equipmentoutdoor lightingsealantsliquid crystal display screens and monitorsMedical and Dentistry UseMMA is polymerized to PMMA and used in prosthetic devices and dialyzers (i.e., artificial kidneys) for hemodialysis for kidney patients ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Becker</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>446</RecNum><DisplayText>(Becker et al. 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>446</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734149">446</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Becker, L. C.</author><author>Bergfeld, W. F.</author><author>Belsito, D. V.</author><author>Hill, R. A.</author><author>Klaassen, C. D.</author><author>Liebler, D. C.</author><author>Marks, J. G., Jr.</author><author>Shank, R. C.</author><author>Slaga, T. J.</author><author>Snyder, P. W.</author><author>Andersen, F. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 1101 17th Street, NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC 20036, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Final report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel safety assessment of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), methyl methacrylate crosspolymer, and methyl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer</title><secondary-title>Int J Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>54S-65S</pages><volume>30</volume><number>3 Suppl</number><edition>2011/08/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylic Resins/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Structure</keyword><keyword>Polymers/adverse effects/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Polymethyl Methacrylate/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Toxicity Tests</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1092-874X (Electronic)
1091-5818 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21772027</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1091581811407352</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Becker et al. 2011). PMMA is also used as ceramic filler for tooth fillings or cement for hip and knee replacements PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5VLlMuIEVQQTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTg8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (IARC 1994; NTP 1986; U.S. EPA 1998), in orthotic shoe inserts ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NIOSH</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>514</RecNum><DisplayText>(NIOSH 1982)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>514</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516832291">514</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NIOSH</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Health Hazard Evaluation Report. HETA 82-271-1198</title></titles><dates><year>1982</year></dates><publisher>National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(NIOSH 1982), and in soft contact lenses ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EC</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>490</RecNum><DisplayText>(EC 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825720">490</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>European Union Risk Assesment Report. Methyl Methacrylate. CAS No. 80-62-6. EINECS No. 201-297-1</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>European Commission (EC), European Chemicals Bureau</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EC 2002). Other Cosmetic UseMMA is crosslinked with glycol dimethacrylate and used in cosmetics as a film former (to promote water resistance and product longevity) and a thickening agent (to increase viscosity) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Becker</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>446</RecNum><DisplayText>(Becker et al. 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>446</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734149">446</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Becker, L. C.</author><author>Bergfeld, W. F.</author><author>Belsito, D. V.</author><author>Hill, R. A.</author><author>Klaassen, C. D.</author><author>Liebler, D. C.</author><author>Marks, J. G., Jr.</author><author>Shank, R. C.</author><author>Slaga, T. J.</author><author>Snyder, P. W.</author><author>Andersen, F. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 1101 17th Street, NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC 20036, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Final report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel safety assessment of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), methyl methacrylate crosspolymer, and methyl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer</title><secondary-title>Int J Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>54S-65S</pages><volume>30</volume><number>3 Suppl</number><edition>2011/08/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylic Resins/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Structure</keyword><keyword>Polymers/adverse effects/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Polymethyl Methacrylate/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Toxicity Tests</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1092-874X (Electronic)
1091-5818 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21772027</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1091581811407352</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Becker et al. 2011). MMA is also polymerized to PMMA which acts as a lubrication enhancer in cosmetics to help fill in wrinkles and provides a gliding application ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FutureDerm</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>510</RecNum><DisplayText>(FutureDerm 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>510</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516832276">510</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FutureDerm</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>What is Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) and Why is it in Beauty Products?</title><secondary-title></secondary-title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(FutureDerm 2011). The Personal Care Products Council reported PMMA is used in 892 different cosmetic products including 304 eye products, 369 makeup products (including 60 lipsticks), and 198 other types of leave-on products ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Becker</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>446</RecNum><DisplayText>(Becker et al. 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>446</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734149">446</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Becker, L. C.</author><author>Bergfeld, W. F.</author><author>Belsito, D. V.</author><author>Hill, R. A.</author><author>Klaassen, C. D.</author><author>Liebler, D. C.</author><author>Marks, J. G., Jr.</author><author>Shank, R. C.</author><author>Slaga, T. J.</author><author>Snyder, P. W.</author><author>Andersen, F. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 1101 17th Street, NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC 20036, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Final report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel safety assessment of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), methyl methacrylate crosspolymer, and methyl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer</title><secondary-title>Int J Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>54S-65S</pages><volume>30</volume><number>3 Suppl</number><edition>2011/08/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylic Resins/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Structure</keyword><keyword>Polymers/adverse effects/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Polymethyl Methacrylate/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Toxicity Tests</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1092-874X (Electronic)
1091-5818 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21772027</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1091581811407352</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Becker et al. 2011). Potential Adverse ImpactsThis section summarizes findings related to the potential adverse impacts of the Candidate Chemical as described in the SCP regulations. The emphasis of the adverse impact factors is to characterize the Candidate Chemical’s toxicity and physical properties, and its mobility in the environment. The findings for this Candidate Chemical relate to the potential for one or more exposures described in Section 3 to contribute to or cause significant or widespread adverse impacts. Further clarification of each adverse impact factor is included below.2.1 Physicochemical PropertiesReference: California Code of Regulations title 22, section 69503.3(a)(1)(D).Physicochemical properties can be helpful in predicting a chemical’s behavior. A chemical’s behavior in humans, wildlife, ecosystems, and the environment may indicate potential adverse public health and environmental impacts.Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 2. Physical and chemical properties of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>HSDB</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>539</RecNum><DisplayText>(HSDB 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>539</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516836927">539</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>HSDB</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Methyl Methacrylate. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)</title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(HSDB 2010)Property Value ColorColorless Physical state Liquid Molecular weight 100.13 g/molDensity at 25 °C 0.9337 g/cm3Melting point -47.55 °C Boiling point 100.5 °C Vapor density 3.45 (air = 1) Vapor pressure at 25 °C 38.5 mm HgHenry's law constant at 25 °C3.2 x 10-4 atm.m3/molHeat of vaporization at 100.5 °C36.0 kJ/mol Odor Acrid, fruity, sulfur-like, sweet, and sharpOdor threshold in air0.05 or 0.21 ppmWater solubility at 20 °C 1.57 x 104 mg/LSolubilitySoluble in methyl ethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, esters, chloroform, and aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Miscible with ethanol, ethyl ether, and acetone.Log octanol-water partition coefficient (Log Kow) 1.38Log organic carbon-water partition coefficient (Log Koc) Estimated range 0.95 to 2.0Surface tension 0.028 N/m at 20 °CAutoignition temperature435 °C (815 °F)Flashpoint 10 °C (50 °F; open cup)Lower explosive limit (LEL)1.7 % by volume in airUpper explosive limit (UEL)8.2 % by volume in airConversion factor ppm (v/v) to mg/m3 in air 1 ppm = 4.1 mg/m32.2 Fate and Transport2.2.1Environmental fateReference: California Code of Regulations title 22, section 69503.3(a)(1)(E).Environmental fate describes a chemical’s mobility in environmental media, transformation (physical, chemical, or biological), or accumulation in the environment or biota. A chemical’s environmental fate in air, water, soil, and living organisms relates to its exposure potential hazard traits, as defined in the California Code of Regulations, Title 22, Chapter 54. See Table 2 in section 2.1 for physicochemical properties.The majority of MMA (98 percent) is emitted to air, and small amounts are released into water and soil ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Government of Canada</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>453</RecNum><DisplayText>(Government of Canada 1993)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>453</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746702">453</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Government of Canada,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Priority Substances List Assessment Report. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1993</year></dates><publisher>Government of Canada, Environment Canada, Health Canada</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Government of Canada 1993) as a result of MMA’s physicochemical properties. MMA readily biodegrades in water ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EC</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>490</RecNum><DisplayText>(EC 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825720">490</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>European Union Risk Assesment Report. Methyl Methacrylate. CAS No. 80-62-6. EINECS No. 201-297-1</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>European Commission (EC), European Chemicals Bureau</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EC 2002) and has a short half-life in the atmosphere ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>WHO</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>595</RecNum><DisplayText>(WHO 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516855371">595</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WHO</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 4. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>World Health Organization (WHO)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(WHO 1998). MMA released from nail products is not expected to bioconcentrate ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>WHO</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>595</RecNum><DisplayText>(WHO 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516855371">595</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WHO</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 4. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>World Health Organization (WHO)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(WHO 1998) or bioaccumulate ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EC</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>490</RecNum><DisplayText>(EC 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825720">490</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>European Union Risk Assesment Report. Methyl Methacrylate. CAS No. 80-62-6. EINECS No. 201-297-1</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>European Commission (EC), European Chemicals Bureau</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EC 2002).MMA does not bind strongly to soil; therefore, it may migrate through soil and into groundwater ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Australian Government</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>441</RecNum><DisplayText>(Almazán-Sánchez et al. 2014; Australian Government 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>441</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734121">441</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australian Government,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>National Pollution Inventory. Methyl Methacrylate. Australian Government, Department of Environment and Energy</title></titles><number>October 23, 2017</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>án-Sánchez</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>436</RecNum><record><rec-number>436</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734097">436</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Almazán-Sánchez, Perla Tatiana</author><author>Linares-Hernández, Ivonne</author><author>Martínez-Miranda, Verónica</author><author>Lugo-Lugo, Violeta</author><author>Guadalupe Fonseca-Montes de Oca, R. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Wastewater treatment of methyl methacrylate (MMA) by Fenton's reagent and adsorption</title><secondary-title>Catalysis Today</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Catalysis Today</full-title></periodical><pages>39-48</pages><volume>220-222</volume><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>09205861</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.cattod.2013.09.006</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Almazán-Sánchez et al. 2014; Australian Government 2016). While MMA can migrate into groundwater ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Almazán-Sánchez</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>436</RecNum><DisplayText>(Almazán-Sánchez et al. 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>436</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734097">436</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Almazán-Sánchez, Perla Tatiana</author><author>Linares-Hernández, Ivonne</author><author>Martínez-Miranda, Verónica</author><author>Lugo-Lugo, Violeta</author><author>Guadalupe Fonseca-Montes de Oca, R. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Wastewater treatment of methyl methacrylate (MMA) by Fenton's reagent and adsorption</title><secondary-title>Catalysis Today</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Catalysis Today</full-title></periodical><pages>39-48</pages><volume>220-222</volume><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>09205861</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.cattod.2013.09.006</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Almazán-Sánchez et al. 2014), DTSC does not anticipate that MMA-containing nail products contribute significantly to this exposure pathway. In summary, MMA is not persistent in the environment and is degraded in air (its primary release media), as well as water bodies, and is not expected to accumulate in soil ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>WHO</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>595</RecNum><DisplayText>(WHO 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516855371">595</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WHO</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 4. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>World Health Organization (WHO)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(WHO 1998).AirBased on an estimated vapor pressure of 38.5 mm Hg at 25 °C and as a function of MMA’s physical properties, MMA readily volatilizes into the ambient atmosphere ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>WHO</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>595</RecNum><DisplayText>(HSDB 2010; WHO 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516855371">595</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WHO</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 4. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>World Health Organization (WHO)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516836927">539</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>HSDB</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Methyl Methacrylate. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)</title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(HSDB 2010; WHO 1998). MMA has a short half-life in the atmosphere, estimated as less than 5 hours in summer to a few days in winter as reported in Toronto, Canada ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Government of Canada</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>453</RecNum><DisplayText>(Government of Canada 1993)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>453</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746702">453</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Government of Canada,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Priority Substances List Assessment Report. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1993</year></dates><publisher>Government of Canada, Environment Canada, Health Canada</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Government of Canada 1993). Vapor-phase MMA degrades in the atmosphere by reacting with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals, with an estimated half-life of 21 hours ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EC</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>490</RecNum><DisplayText>(EC 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825720">490</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>European Union Risk Assesment Report. Methyl Methacrylate. CAS No. 80-62-6. EINECS No. 201-297-1</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>European Commission (EC), European Chemicals Bureau</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EC 2002). Vapor-phase MMA also degrades by reacting with atmospheric ozone, with an estimated half-life of 1 day ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EC</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>490</RecNum><DisplayText>(EC 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825720">490</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>European Union Risk Assesment Report. Methyl Methacrylate. CAS No. 80-62-6. EINECS No. 201-297-1</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>European Commission (EC), European Chemicals Bureau</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EC 2002). MMA is not expected to degrade by direct photolysis ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Government of Canada</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>453</RecNum><DisplayText>(Government of Canada 1993)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>453</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746702">453</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Government of Canada,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Priority Substances List Assessment Report. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1993</year></dates><publisher>Government of Canada, Environment Canada, Health Canada</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Government of Canada 1993).SoilMMA is expected to have high mobility in soil, based on its estimated log Koc values of 0.95 to 2.0 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>HSDB</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>539</RecNum><DisplayText>(HSDB 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>539</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516836927">539</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>HSDB</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Methyl Methacrylate. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)</title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(HSDB 2010). Due to its high vapor pressure (38.5 mm Hg at 25 °C) and weak adsorption to soil, MMA is expected to volatilize rapidly from soil ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>WHO</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>595</RecNum><DisplayText>(WHO 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516855371">595</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WHO</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 4. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>World Health Organization (WHO)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(WHO 1998) and readily migrate into groundwater ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Almazán-Sánchez</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>436</RecNum><DisplayText>(Almazán-Sánchez et al. 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>436</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734097">436</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Almazán-Sánchez, Perla Tatiana</author><author>Linares-Hernández, Ivonne</author><author>Martínez-Miranda, Verónica</author><author>Lugo-Lugo, Violeta</author><author>Guadalupe Fonseca-Montes de Oca, R. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Wastewater treatment of methyl methacrylate (MMA) by Fenton's reagent and adsorption</title><secondary-title>Catalysis Today</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Catalysis Today</full-title></periodical><pages>39-48</pages><volume>220-222</volume><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>09205861</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.cattod.2013.09.006</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Almazán-Sánchez et al. 2014). A study of the biodegradation of nonvolatilized MMA in soil by microorganisms showed that the majority of MMA in soil was degraded within 28 days ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>HRC</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>534</RecNum><DisplayText>(EC 2002; HRC 1993)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>534</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516836900">534</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>HRC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Metabolism of Methyl Methacrylate in Soil Under Aerobic Conditions</title></titles><dates><year>1993</year></dates><publisher>Huntington Research Centre Ltd. (HRC)</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>EC</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>490</RecNum><record><rec-number>490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825720">490</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>European Union Risk Assesment Report. Methyl Methacrylate. CAS No. 80-62-6. EINECS No. 201-297-1</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>European Commission (EC), European Chemicals Bureau</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EC 2002; HRC 1993). WaterMMA is water soluble (1.57 x 104 mg/L) and can volatilize from water when it is exposed to air, as indicated by the Henry’s law constant of 3.2 x 10-4 atm.m3/mol. The log Kow value of 1.38 indicates MMA’s affinity for water compared to organic matter found in soils or sediment ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>HSDB</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>539</RecNum><DisplayText>(HSDB 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>539</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516836927">539</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>HSDB</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Methyl Methacrylate. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)</title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(HSDB 2010). Hydrolysis of MMA is not significant at neutral or acidic pH ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Government of Canada</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>453</RecNum><DisplayText>(Government of Canada 1993)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>453</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746702">453</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Government of Canada,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Priority Substances List Assessment Report. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1993</year></dates><publisher>Government of Canada, Environment Canada, Health Canada</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Government of Canada 1993). The hydrolysis half-life of MMA significantly decreases when moving from neutral (pH 7) to basic environments (pH > 7) as indicated by estimated half-life values of 3.9 years at pH 7 and 14.4 days at pH 9 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ib3dhcmQ8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTkxPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Ellington et al. 1987; Government of Canada 1993; Howard 1989; Howard 1991). These estimates were confirmed experimentally, with findings of a hydrolysis half-life of 143 minutes (2.4 hours) at pH 11 and 1,600 days (4.4 years) at pH 7 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EC</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>490</RecNum><DisplayText>(Archer 1990; EC 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825720">490</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>European Union Risk Assesment Report. Methyl Methacrylate. CAS No. 80-62-6. EINECS No. 201-297-1</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>European Commission (EC), European Chemicals Bureau</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Archer</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>1023</RecNum><record><rec-number>1023</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1531342763">1023</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Archer, G</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>U.S. Methacrylate Producers Association (MPA), Washington D.C., Unpublished Study: A Hydrolysis Study of 14C-Methyl methacrylate. [As described in EC 2002]</title></titles><dates><year>1990</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Archer 1990; EC 2002). Biodegradation of MMA appears to contribute significantly to the removal of MMA from the aqueous environment under aerobic conditions PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Eb3VnbGFzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5MjwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Douglas and Bell 1992; EC 2002; Sasaki 1978). The aqueous aerobic degradation half-life of MMA is estimated as 1 to 4 weeks ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>WHO</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>595</RecNum><DisplayText>(Howard 1989; WHO 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516855371">595</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WHO</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 4. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>World Health Organization (WHO)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1517251570">621</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Howard, P. H., ed.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals. Volume I. Large Production and Priority Pollutants.</title></titles><section>402–407</section><dates><year>1989</year></dates><pub-location>Chelsea, MI [As described in Government of Canada 1993]</pub-location><publisher>CRC Press, Lewis Publishers</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Howard 1989; WHO 1998). A log Kow of 1.38 and an estimated bioconcentration factor of 3 indicates that MMA has a low likelihood to bioconcentrate in the fatty tissues of aquatic organisms ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Government of Canada</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>453</RecNum><DisplayText>(Government of Canada 1993; HSDB 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>453</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746702">453</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Government of Canada,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Priority Substances List Assessment Report. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1993</year></dates><publisher>Government of Canada, Environment Canada, Health Canada</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516836927">539</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>HSDB</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Methyl Methacrylate. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)</title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Government of Canada 1993; HSDB 2010).2.2.2Other harmful chemicals generated from the Candidate ChemicalReference: California Code of Regulations title 22, Section 69503.3(a)(1)(G).A Candidate Chemical may degrade, form reaction products, or metabolize into other chemicals that have one or more hazard traits. These metabolites, degradation products, and reaction products (which may or may not be Candidate Chemicals) may cause different adverse impacts from those of the parent chemical. In some cases, a Candidate Chemical’s degradation or reaction products or metabolites may have the same hazard trait, and may be more potent or more environmentally persistent, or both, than the parent chemical. In such cases, adverse impacts may be more severe, or may continue long after, the Candidate Chemical's release to the environment.MetabolismAs reported in a review by PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGUgQXV0aG9yWWVhcj0iMSI+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb3JhazwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA Borak et al. (2011), the reactivity of MMA is responsible for its toxicity as an irritant and a sensitizer. The electrophilic index value for MMA is low (0.85) compared to known respiratory sensitizer chemicals PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb3JhazwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Borak et al. 2011); thus, MMA is not considered as a strong respiratory sensitizer. Formaldehyde and methanol form during MMA metabolism in mammals. Formaldehyde and methanol are also Candidate Chemicals.Formaldehyde and methanol form during MMA metabolism in mammals. Formaldehyde and methanol are also Candidate Chemicals.The metabolism of MMA yields the intermediate methacrylic acid, which is reported to cause respiratory irritation and cytotoxicity (i.e., toxicity to cells) PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb3JhazwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Borak et al. 2011). Formaldehyde and methanol also form during MMA metabolism in mammals. Formaldehyde is a Candidate Chemical (DTSC 2018), and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), National Toxicology Program (NTP), and Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) identify it as a carcinogen PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5JQVJDPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMjwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (IARC 2012; NTP 2016; OEHHA 1988). Methanol is also a Candidate Chemical ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>DTSC</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>218</RecNum><DisplayText>(DTSC 2018a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>218</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509744213">218</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>DTSC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Candidate Chemical Database. Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC), California Environmental Protection Agency</title></titles><number>August 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(DTSC 2018a), and OEHHA identifies it as a developmental toxicant on the Proposition 65 list ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>OEHHA</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>606</RecNum><DisplayText>(OEHHA 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>606</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516857328">606</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>OEHHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity (Prop 65 List). Methanol. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHAA)</title></titles><number>December 2017</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(OEHHA 2012).The main pathway for MMA metabolism in mammals is shown in Figure 3. MMA is converted by serum esterase-catalyzed hydrolysis to methacrylic acid and methanol (a developmental toxicant). Methacrylic acid is transformed to methyl malonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) and then to succinyl-CoA. Succinyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, oxidizes, and forms carbon dioxide (CO2). Methanol is transformed to formaldehyde (a carcinogen) then to formic acid. Formic acid breaks down into CO2 and water (H2O) PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb3JhazwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Borak et al. 2011; Corkill et al. 1976; U.S. EPA 1998). A second metabolic pathway for MMA is conjugation with glutathione that occurs spontaneously and enzymatically yielding thioethers and mercapturic acids PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb3JhazwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Borak et al. 2011). In an in vitro study, the half-life of MMA in human blood, following serum esterase-catalyzed hydrolysis, was estimated to be 20 to 40 minutes PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5VLlMuIEVQQTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTg8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Borak et al. 2011).Reaction of MMA in AirMMA is mainly released to ambient air and breaks down to pyruvic acid, methyl pyruvate, epoxides, and formaldehyde in air within a couple of days ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Australian Government</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>441</RecNum><DisplayText>(Australian Government 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>441</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734121">441</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australian Government,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>National Pollution Inventory. Methyl Methacrylate. Australian Government, Department of Environment and Energy</title></titles><number>October 23, 2017</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Australian Government 2016). MMA reacts with hydroxyl radicals in ambient air and produces methyl pyruvate and formaldehyde ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Blanco</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>449</RecNum><DisplayText>(Blanco et al. 2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>449</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734165">449</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Blanco, M. B.</author><author>Teruel, M. A.</author><author>Bejan, I.</author><author>Barnes, I.</author><author>Wiesen, P.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Barnes I.</author><author>Kharytonov M. M. </author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Methyl Methacrylate in the Atmosphere: OH- and Cl-Initiated Oxidation in the Gas Phase</title><secondary-title>Simulation and Assessment of Chemical Processes in a Multiphase Environment. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security</secondary-title></titles><pages>485–494</pages><dates><year>2008</year></dates><pub-location>Dordrecht, Netherlands </pub-location><publisher>Springer</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Blanco et al. 2008). The proposed reaction mechanism of MMA with hydroxyl radicals is shown in Figure 4 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Blanco</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>449</RecNum><DisplayText>(Blanco et al. 2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>449</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734165">449</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Blanco, M. B.</author><author>Teruel, M. A.</author><author>Bejan, I.</author><author>Barnes, I.</author><author>Wiesen, P.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Barnes I.</author><author>Kharytonov M. M. </author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Methyl Methacrylate in the Atmosphere: OH- and Cl-Initiated Oxidation in the Gas Phase</title><secondary-title>Simulation and Assessment of Chemical Processes in a Multiphase Environment. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security</secondary-title></titles><pages>485–494</pages><dates><year>2008</year></dates><pub-location>Dordrecht, Netherlands </pub-location><publisher>Springer</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Blanco et al. 2008). One of the products formed in this reaction is formaldehyde. As noted above, formaldehyde is a Candidate Chemical (DTSC 2018), and IARC, NTP, and OEHHA identify it as a carcinogen ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>IARC</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>541</RecNum><DisplayText>(IARC 2012; OEHHA 1988)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>541</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516836940">541</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>IARC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. List of Classifications, Volumes 120. Formaldehyde.</title></titles><number>December 2017</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1533065872">700</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>OEHHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity (Prop 65 List). Formaldehyde. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHAA)</title></titles><number>December 2017</number><dates><year>1988</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(IARC 2012; OEHHA 1988). Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 4. The proposed reaction mechanism for reaction of MMA with hydroxyl radicals in the air ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Blanco</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>449</RecNum><DisplayText>(Blanco et al. 2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>449</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734165">449</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Blanco, M. B.</author><author>Teruel, M. A.</author><author>Bejan, I.</author><author>Barnes, I.</author><author>Wiesen, P.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Barnes I.</author><author>Kharytonov M. M. </author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Methyl Methacrylate in the Atmosphere: OH- and Cl-Initiated Oxidation in the Gas Phase</title><secondary-title>Simulation and Assessment of Chemical Processes in a Multiphase Environment. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security</secondary-title></titles><pages>485–494</pages><dates><year>2008</year></dates><pub-location>Dordrecht, Netherlands </pub-location><publisher>Springer</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Blanco et al. 2008).MMA can react with other volatile substances in the air, which contributes to formation of photochemical smog ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Australian Government</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>441</RecNum><DisplayText>(Australian Government 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>441</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734121">441</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australian Government,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>National Pollution Inventory. Methyl Methacrylate. Australian Government, Department of Environment and Energy</title></titles><number>October 23, 2017</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Australian Government 2016). Photochemical smog is a harmful mixture of gases resulting in ground-level ozone. Exposure to photochemical smog can cause respiratory tract problems such as nose and throat irritation, coughing, painful breathing, and premature aging of the lungs in humans. Moreover, high levels of ground-level ozone can damage agricultural crops and vegetation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>CCME</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>712</RecNum><DisplayText>(CCME 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>712</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1519928465">712</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>CCME</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>NOx/VOC Smog Fact Sheet. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME)</title></titles><number>February 2018</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(CCME 2011). 2.2.3Behavior of the Candidate Chemical or its degradation products in the environment Reference: California Code of Regulations title 22, section 69503.3(b)(4)(H).The Candidate Chemical and/or its degradation products can migrate into or distribute across different environmental media. These chemicals may persist or bioaccumulate in these environmental media or in biological tissues. MMA rapidly degrades across all environmental media and is not expected to accumulate in biological systems or persist in the environment ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EC</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>490</RecNum><DisplayText>(EC 2002; WHO 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825720">490</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>European Union Risk Assesment Report. Methyl Methacrylate. CAS No. 80-62-6. EINECS No. 201-297-1</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>European Commission (EC), European Chemicals Bureau</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>WHO</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>595</RecNum><record><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516855371">595</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WHO</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 4. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>World Health Organization (WHO)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(EC 2002; WHO 1998). Volatilization to air is the predominant pathway for MMA release to the environment from the use of nail products ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ford</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>175</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ford 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>175</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508529760">175</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ford, Anne Rochon </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>“Overexposed, Underinformed”: Nail Salon Workers and Hazards to Their Health / A Review of the Literature. National Network on Environments and Women’s Health (NNEWH)</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ford 2014). While MMA is readily volatilized, it is not expected to be persistent in air ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>WHO</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>595</RecNum><DisplayText>(WHO 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516855371">595</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WHO</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 4. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>World Health Organization (WHO)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(WHO 1998). During daylight hours, MMA readily degrades in the atmosphere by reacting with hydroxyl radicals, which results in a short, estimated half-life of 21 hours ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EC</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>490</RecNum><DisplayText>(EC 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825720">490</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>European Union Risk Assesment Report. Methyl Methacrylate. CAS No. 80-62-6. EINECS No. 201-297-1</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>European Commission (EC), European Chemicals Bureau</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EC 2002). Further, vapor-phase MMA also degrades by reacting with atmospheric ozone, with an estimated half-life of 1 day ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EC</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>490</RecNum><DisplayText>(EC 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825720">490</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>European Union Risk Assesment Report. Methyl Methacrylate. CAS No. 80-62-6. EINECS No. 201-297-1</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>European Commission (EC), European Chemicals Bureau</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EC 2002). As reviewed by ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>EC</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>490</RecNum><DisplayText>EC (2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825720">490</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>European Union Risk Assesment Report. Methyl Methacrylate. CAS No. 80-62-6. EINECS No. 201-297-1</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>European Commission (EC), European Chemicals Bureau</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>EC (2002), biodegradability tests show that MMA readily biodegrades in water. The biodegradation of MMA in soil by microorganisms depends on pH, cation exchange capacity, and organic carbon content of the soil. One study indicated that the majority of non-volatilized MMA was biodegraded by soil microorganisms within 28 days ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EC</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>490</RecNum><DisplayText>(EC 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825720">490</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>European Union Risk Assesment Report. Methyl Methacrylate. CAS No. 80-62-6. EINECS No. 201-297-1</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>European Commission (EC), European Chemicals Bureau</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EC 2002). MMA has a longer half-life in water than in air, which leads to a higher estimated relative proportion in water than air ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>WHO</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>595</RecNum><DisplayText>(WHO 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516855371">595</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WHO</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 4. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>World Health Organization (WHO)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(WHO 1998). The bioaccumulation of MMA in fish is negligible ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>WHO</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>595</RecNum><DisplayText>(WHO 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516855371">595</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WHO</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 4. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>World Health Organization (WHO)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(WHO 1998). MMA does not bind strongly to soil or sediment particles; therefore, MMA can readily migrate into groundwater PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BdXN0cmFsaWFuIEdvdmVybm1lbnQ8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVh
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Almazán-Sánchez et al. 2014; Australian Government 2016; EC 2002). 2.3 Hazard Traits and Environmental or Toxicological EndpointsReference: California Code of Regulations title 22, Section 69503.3(a)(1)(A). The hazard traits and environmental or toxicological endpoints summarized in this section are defined in the SCP regulations sections 69501.1(a)(36) and (33), respectively, both of which refer to the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment’s (OEHHA) Green Chemistry Hazard Trait regulations (California Code of Regulations, Title 22, Chapter 54). These include exposure potential, toxicological, and environmental hazard traits.Dermatotoxicity (California Code of Regulations title 22, section 69403.2)In the 1970s, the FDA received reports of injuries – including dermatitis, fingernail damage, and nail deformity – resulting from exposure to MMA in nail products. In response, the FDA removed nail products containing 100 percent MMA from the market through court proceedings ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FDA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>95</RecNum><DisplayText>(FDA 2017b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>95</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453475">95</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FDA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nail Care Products. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</title></titles><number>February 2018</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(FDA 2017b).The FDA received injury reports of dermatitis, fingernail damage, and nail deformity due to MMA exposure from nail products and removed nail products containing 100 percent MMA from the market.The FDA received injury reports of dermatitis, fingernail damage, and nail deformity due to MMA exposure from nail products and removed nail products containing 100 percent MMA from the market.MMA is a recognized skin sensitizer and can cause severe skin irritation. Skin sensitization has been observed in animals exposed to MMA, and MMA is recognized as a skin irritant in humans with the capacity to produce sensitization in susceptible individuals PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XSE88L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk4PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Borak et al. 2011; WHO 1998). Health Canada issued an advisory to cosmetics users of the adverse impacts of MMA, including skin rash, itching, and small oozing blisters on skin and nail beds ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Government of Alberta</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>476</RecNum><DisplayText>(Government of Alberta 2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>476</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746867">476</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Government of Alberta,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Occupational Health and Safety Bulletin. Use of Methyl Methacrylate Containing Products for Fingernail Sculpting</title></titles><number>June, 2017</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Government of Alberta 2003). MMA monomer is a skin sensitizer that causes severe allergic reactions, including neuropathy, and permanent fingernail loss ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Arora</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>439</RecNum><DisplayText>(Arora and Tosti 2017; Fisher 1980b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>439</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734112">439</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Arora, H.</author><author>Tosti, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Safety and efficacy of nail products</title><secondary-title>Cosmetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cosmetics</full-title></periodical><pages>1-19</pages><volume>4</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2079-9284</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3390/cosmetics4030024</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Fisher</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>660</RecNum><record><rec-number>660</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518210688">660</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fisher, A. A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Permanent loss of finger nails from sensitization and reaction to acrylic in a preparation designed to make artificial nails</title><secondary-title>J Dermatol Surg Oncol.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Dermatol Surg Oncol.</full-title></periodical><pages>70-71</pages><volume>6</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1980</year></dates><isbn>1524-4725</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Arora and Tosti 2017; Fisher 1980b). MMA used in acrylic nails is known to cause contact dermatitis, skin infection around the fingers, and brittle, peeling nails (Freeman et al. 1995). Eyelid and face dermatitis can be caused by airborne methacrylate dusts ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Freeman</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>523</RecNum><DisplayText>(Freeman et al. 1995)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>523</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516832915">523</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Freeman, S.</author><author>Lee, M. S.</author><author>Gudmundsen, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Skin and Cancer Foundation, Darlinghurst, Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Adverse contact reactions to sculptured acrylic nails: 4 case reports and a literature review</title><secondary-title>Contact Dermatitis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Contact Dermatitis</full-title><abbr-1>Contact dermatitis</abbr-1></periodical><pages>381-385</pages><volume>33</volume><number>6</number><edition>1995/12/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Beauty Culture</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Cross-Linking Reagents/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Contact/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Occupational/etiology</keyword><keyword>Facial Dermatoses/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Fingers/innervation</keyword><keyword>Hand Dermatoses/*chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Methacrylates/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylate</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylates/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Nail Diseases/*chemically induced</keyword><keyword>*Nails</keyword><keyword>Paresthesia/chemically induced</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0105-1873 (Print)
0105-1873</isbn><accession-num>8706394</accession-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(Freeman et al. 1995). Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), swelling, nail dystrophy, and slight separation of nails from the nail bed have been reported in people with acrylic nails, particularly those made using methacrylate monomers including MMA PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Bcm9yYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Arora and Tosti 2017; Chou et al. 2017; Froines and Garabrant 1986). The incidence of allergic contact dermatitis from MMA exposure has increased in nail technicians and their customers as artificial nails have become more common ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Spencer</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>962</RecNum><DisplayText>(Spencer et al. 2016; Zaragoza-Ninet et al. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>962</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153344">962</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Spencer, Ashley</author><author>Gazzani, Paul</author><author>Thompson, Donna A</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Acrylate and methacrylate contact allergy and allergic contact disease: a 13‐year review</title><secondary-title>Contact Dermatitis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Contact Dermatitis</full-title><abbr-1>Contact dermatitis</abbr-1></periodical><pages>157-164</pages><volume>75</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1600-0536</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Zaragoza-Ninet</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>939</RecNum><record><rec-number>939</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153260">939</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zaragoza-Ninet, V.</author><author>Encinas, R. B.</author><author>Vilata-Corell, J. J.</author><author>Pérez-Ferriols, A.</author><author>Sierra-Talamantes, C.</author><author>Esteve-Martínez, A.</author><author>de la Cuadra-Oyanguren, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Allergic contact dermatitis due to cosmetics: A clinical and epidemiological study in a tertiary hospital</title><secondary-title>Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition)</full-title></periodical><pages>329-336</pages><volume>107</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1578-2190</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Spencer et al. 2016; Zaragoza-Ninet et al. 2016). Dermatitis caused by MMA in nail products is demonstrated by multiple case studies: ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Le</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>713</RecNum><DisplayText>Le et al. (2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>713</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1519929280">713</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Le, Q.</author><author>Cahill, J.</author><author>Palmer-Le, A.</author><author>Nixon, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Skin & Cancer Foundation Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>The rising trend in allergic contact dermatitis to acrylic nail products</title><secondary-title>Australas J Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Australas J Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>The Australasian journal of dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>221-223</pages><volume>56</volume><number>3</number><edition>2015/03/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Beauty Culture</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Nails</keyword><keyword>Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Resins, Plant/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0004-8380</isbn><accession-num>25752641</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/ajd.12311</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>Le et al. (2015) described the cases of three nail technicians who experienced hand dermatitis including rashes and painful cracking of skin after applying acrylic and gel nail products; all three tested positive for allergic reactions to monomers, such as MMA and ethyl methacrylate. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Rajan</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>717</RecNum><DisplayText>Rajan et al. (2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>717</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1519934036">717</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rajan, S. O. D.</author><author>Chowdhury, M. M. </author><author>Wilkinson, S. M.</author><author>Reckling, C.</author><author>Shah, A.</author><author>Johnston, G. A. </author><author>Bourke, J. F. </author><author>Green, C.</author><author>Ghaffar, S. A. </author><author>Buckley, D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Contact allergy to (meth)acrylates: A U.K. multicentre study</title><secondary-title>Contact Dermatitis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Contact Dermatitis</full-title><abbr-1>Contact dermatitis</abbr-1></periodical><pages>41-42</pages><volume>75</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Rajan et al. (2016) reported that 21 of 53 occupational cases of acrylate allergy were from use of nail-related cosmetics, and 51 percent of 908 patients exhibited allergy to MMA, as indicated by skin patch test results. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Kie?-?wierczyńska</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>925</RecNum><DisplayText>Kie?-?wierczyńska et al. (2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>925</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153239">925</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kie?-?wierczyńska, Marta</author><author>?wierczyńska-Machura, Dominika</author><author>Chomiczewska-Skóra, Dorota</author><author>Kr?cisz, Beata</author><author>Walusiak-Skorupa, Jolanta</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Screening survey of ocular, nasal, respiratory and skin symptoms in manicurists in Poland</title><secondary-title>Int J Occ Med and Environ Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Occ Med and Environ Health</full-title></periodical><pages>887-896</pages><volume>30</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>1896-494X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Kie?-?wierczyńska et al. (2017) performed surveys and patch tests of nail technicians in 150 nail salons in Poland, and nail technicians reported ocular, nasal, respiratory, and skin irritation upon exposure to methacrylates. This study reported that acrylic nail products containing methacrylates showed higher percentage of skin and mucosal irritation compared to non-acrylic products ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kie?-?wierczyńska</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>925</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kie?-?wierczyńska et al. 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>925</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153239">925</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kie?-?wierczyńska, Marta</author><author>?wierczyńska-Machura, Dominika</author><author>Chomiczewska-Skóra, Dorota</author><author>Kr?cisz, Beata</author><author>Walusiak-Skorupa, Jolanta</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Screening survey of ocular, nasal, respiratory and skin symptoms in manicurists in Poland</title><secondary-title>Int J Occ Med and Environ Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Occ Med and Environ Health</full-title></periodical><pages>887-896</pages><volume>30</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>1896-494X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Kie?-?wierczyńska et al. 2017).A 31-year-old nail technician developed occupational hand eczema upon exposure to methacrylate monomers and showed positive patch test results to MMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Zheleva</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>932</RecNum><DisplayText>(Zheleva and Darlenski 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>932</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153260">932</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zheleva, Denitza</author><author>Darlenski, Razvigor</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Occupational fingertip eczema from acrylates in a manicurist</title><secondary-title>Our Dermatology Online</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Our Dermatology Online</full-title></periodical><pages>204-206</pages><volume>6</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>2081-9390</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Zheleva and Darlenski 2015). The nail technician’s condition improved when she was off work and was advised to change her occupation by her physician ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Zheleva</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>932</RecNum><DisplayText>(Zheleva and Darlenski 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>932</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153260">932</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zheleva, Denitza</author><author>Darlenski, Razvigor</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Occupational fingertip eczema from acrylates in a manicurist</title><secondary-title>Our Dermatology Online</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Our Dermatology Online</full-title></periodical><pages>204-206</pages><volume>6</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>2081-9390</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Zheleva and Darlenski 2015). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Erdmann</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>506</RecNum><DisplayText>Erdmann et al. (2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>506</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516831807">506</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Erdmann, S. M.</author><author>Sachs, B.</author><author>Merk, H. F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Dermatology and Allergology University Hospital of RWTH Aachen 52074 Aachen Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Adverse reactions to sculptured nails</title><secondary-title>Allergy</secondary-title><alt-title>Allergy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Allergy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Allergy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>581-2</pages><volume>56</volume><number>6</number><edition>2001/06/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0105-4538 (Print)
0105-4538</isbn><accession-num>11421911</accession-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>Erdmann et al. (2001) described cases of dermatitis in nail salon workers following acrylic nail application. In one case, a 26-year-old female nail technician who had been applying acrylic nails over a three-year timeframe developed dermatitis of her nail folds and fingertips ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Erdmann</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>506</RecNum><DisplayText>(Erdmann et al. 2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>506</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516831807">506</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Erdmann, S. M.</author><author>Sachs, B.</author><author>Merk, H. F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Dermatology and Allergology University Hospital of RWTH Aachen 52074 Aachen Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Adverse reactions to sculptured nails</title><secondary-title>Allergy</secondary-title><alt-title>Allergy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Allergy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Allergy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>581-2</pages><volume>56</volume><number>6</number><edition>2001/06/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0105-4538 (Print)
0105-4538</isbn><accession-num>11421911</accession-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(Erdmann et al. 2001). In another case, a 52-year-old female nail technician developed dermatitis affecting her fingertips, nail folds, and eyelids, and noticed that her face and neck were irritated after filing acrylic nails of clients ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Erdmann</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>506</RecNum><DisplayText>(Erdmann et al. 2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>506</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516831807">506</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Erdmann, S. M.</author><author>Sachs, B.</author><author>Merk, H. F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Dermatology and Allergology University Hospital of RWTH Aachen 52074 Aachen Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Adverse reactions to sculptured nails</title><secondary-title>Allergy</secondary-title><alt-title>Allergy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Allergy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Allergy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>581-2</pages><volume>56</volume><number>6</number><edition>2001/06/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0105-4538 (Print)
0105-4538</isbn><accession-num>11421911</accession-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(Erdmann et al. 2001). Both nail technicians were found to be hypersensitive to MMA as proven by skin patch tests ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Erdmann</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>506</RecNum><DisplayText>(Erdmann et al. 2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>506</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516831807">506</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Erdmann, S. M.</author><author>Sachs, B.</author><author>Merk, H. F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Dermatology and Allergology University Hospital of RWTH Aachen 52074 Aachen Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Adverse reactions to sculptured nails</title><secondary-title>Allergy</secondary-title><alt-title>Allergy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Allergy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>Allergy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>581-2</pages><volume>56</volume><number>6</number><edition>2001/06/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0105-4538 (Print)
0105-4538</isbn><accession-num>11421911</accession-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(Erdmann et al. 2001). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Freeman</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>523</RecNum><DisplayText>Freeman et al. (1995)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>523</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516832915">523</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Freeman, S.</author><author>Lee, M. S.</author><author>Gudmundsen, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Skin and Cancer Foundation, Darlinghurst, Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Adverse contact reactions to sculptured acrylic nails: 4 case reports and a literature review</title><secondary-title>Contact Dermatitis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Contact Dermatitis</full-title><abbr-1>Contact dermatitis</abbr-1></periodical><pages>381-385</pages><volume>33</volume><number>6</number><edition>1995/12/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Beauty Culture</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Cross-Linking Reagents/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Contact/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Occupational/etiology</keyword><keyword>Facial Dermatoses/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Fingers/innervation</keyword><keyword>Hand Dermatoses/*chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Methacrylates/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylate</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylates/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Nail Diseases/*chemically induced</keyword><keyword>*Nails</keyword><keyword>Paresthesia/chemically induced</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0105-1873 (Print)
0105-1873</isbn><accession-num>8706394</accession-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>Freeman et al. (1995) described the case of a 53-year-old female who developed blisters, red skin, edema (i.e., fluid buildup which causes swollen tissue), and dermatitis on her fingertips and around her nail folds after having acrylic nails applied. She had a positive reaction to MMA in skin patch testing PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GcmVlbWFuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Freeman et al. 1995).A 31-year-old female who applied acrylic nails for 18 months developed nail fold dermatitis, and she was positive for MMA reaction in skin patch testing ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Freeman</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>523</RecNum><DisplayText>(Freeman et al. 1995)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>523</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516832915">523</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Freeman, S.</author><author>Lee, M. S.</author><author>Gudmundsen, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Skin and Cancer Foundation, Darlinghurst, Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Adverse contact reactions to sculptured acrylic nails: 4 case reports and a literature review</title><secondary-title>Contact Dermatitis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Contact Dermatitis</full-title><abbr-1>Contact dermatitis</abbr-1></periodical><pages>381-385</pages><volume>33</volume><number>6</number><edition>1995/12/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Beauty Culture</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Cross-Linking Reagents/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Contact/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Occupational/etiology</keyword><keyword>Facial Dermatoses/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Fingers/innervation</keyword><keyword>Hand Dermatoses/*chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Methacrylates/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylate</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylates/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Nail Diseases/*chemically induced</keyword><keyword>*Nails</keyword><keyword>Paresthesia/chemically induced</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0105-1873 (Print)
0105-1873</isbn><accession-num>8706394</accession-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(Freeman et al. 1995). Fisher et al. described the cases of four patients who became sensitized to MMA. All four individuals, who were exposed to liquid MMA monomer and polymethyl methacrylate polymer in sculptured artificial nails, reported contact dermatitis and other nail toxicity including pain, swelling, and discoloration ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Fisher</Author><Year>1957</Year><RecNum>654</RecNum><DisplayText>(Fisher et al. 1957)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>654</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1535654725">654</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fisher, A. A.</author><author>Franks, A.</author><author>Glick, H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Allergic sensitization of the skin and nails to acrylic plastic nails</title><secondary-title>J Allergy</secondary-title><alt-title>The Journal of Allergy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>The Journal of allergy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>J Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>The Journal of allergy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>84-88</pages><volume>28</volume><number>1</number><edition>1957/01/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylic Resins/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>*Dermatitis</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Contact/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Nail Diseases</keyword><keyword>*Nails</keyword><keyword>Paronychia/*etiology</keyword><keyword>*Plastics</keyword><keyword>*Skin</keyword><keyword>*ACRYLIC RESINS/injurious effects</keyword><keyword>*DERMATITIS, CONTACT/etiology and pathogenesis</keyword><keyword>*NAILS/diseases</keyword><keyword>*PARONYCHIA/etiology and pathogenesis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1957</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-8707 (Print)
0021-8707 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>13398244</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Fisher et al. 1957). They developed brittle nails, skin infections, subungual pain, dermatitis, and/or had their nails separate from the nail beds ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Fisher</Author><Year>1957</Year><RecNum>654</RecNum><DisplayText>(Fisher et al. 1957)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>654</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1535654725">654</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fisher, A. A.</author><author>Franks, A.</author><author>Glick, H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Allergic sensitization of the skin and nails to acrylic plastic nails</title><secondary-title>J Allergy</secondary-title><alt-title>The Journal of Allergy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>The Journal of allergy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>J Allergy</full-title><abbr-1>The Journal of allergy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>84-88</pages><volume>28</volume><number>1</number><edition>1957/01/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylic Resins/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>*Dermatitis</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Contact/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Nail Diseases</keyword><keyword>*Nails</keyword><keyword>Paronychia/*etiology</keyword><keyword>*Plastics</keyword><keyword>*Skin</keyword><keyword>*ACRYLIC RESINS/injurious effects</keyword><keyword>*DERMATITIS, CONTACT/etiology and pathogenesis</keyword><keyword>*NAILS/diseases</keyword><keyword>*PARONYCHIA/etiology and pathogenesis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1957</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-8707 (Print)
0021-8707 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>13398244</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Fisher et al. 1957).Other MMA-containing products have also been linked to dermatitis:A 51-year-old female who wore hearing aids developed dermatitis in her external auditory canals. The body of the hearing aids was made with MMA and she was positive for MMA reaction in skin patch testing ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Marshall</Author><Year>1978</Year><RecNum>643</RecNum><DisplayText>(Marshall et al. 1978)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>643</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1517512301">643</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Marshall, M.</author><author>Guill, A.</author><author>Odom, R. B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Hearing aid dermatitis</title><secondary-title>Arch Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Arch Dermatol</full-title><abbr-1>Archives of dermatology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1050-1051</pages><volume>114</volume><number>7</number><edition>1978/07/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Dermatitis, Contact/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Ear Canal</keyword><keyword>Ear, External</keyword><keyword>Eczema/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Hearing Aids/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Patch Tests</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1978</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0003-987X (Print)
0003-987X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>686724</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Marshall et al. 1978).A series of reports concerning surgeons or nurses exposed to MMA in bone cement describe contact dermatitis and paresthesia (i.e., burning or prickling sensation) of the finger tips PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GaXNoZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTc5PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Darre et al. 1983; Fisher 1979; Fries et al. 1975). Swelling, redness, pain, and a burning or prickling sensation of the fingers have also been reported in similar exposure scenarios PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GaXNoZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTgwPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Fisher 1980a; Fisher 1980b). Dental personnel and orthopedic surgeons developed contact dermatitis after working with MMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Scolnick</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>652</RecNum><DisplayText>(Scolnick and Collins 1986)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>652</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518202576">652</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Scolnick, B.</author><author>Collins, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Systemic reaction to methylmethacrylate in an operating room nurse</title><secondary-title>J Occup Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Occup Med</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association</abbr-1></periodical><pages>196-198</pages><volume>28</volume><number>3</number><edition>1986/03/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Contact/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Exfoliative/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Dyspnea/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylate</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Occupational Diseases/*chemically induced</keyword><keyword>*Operating Room Nursing</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1986</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0096-1736 (Print)
0096-1736 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>2939206</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Scolnick and Collins 1986). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Kanerva</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>665</RecNum><DisplayText>Kanerva et al. (1993)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>665</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1535654725">665</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kanerva, Lasse</author><author>Estiander, Tuula</author><author>Jolanki, Riitta</author><author>Tarvainijn, Kyllikki</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by exposure to acrylates during work with dental prostheses</title><secondary-title>Contact Dermatitis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Contact Dermatitis</full-title><abbr-1>Contact dermatitis</abbr-1></periodical><pages>268-275</pages><volume>28</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>allergic contact dermatitis</keyword><keyword>acrylates</keyword><keyword>methyl methacrylate</keyword><keyword>dimethacrylates</keyword><keyword>light-cured acrylates</keyword><keyword>2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate</keyword><keyword>formaldehyde</keyword><keyword>glutaraldehyde</keyword><keyword>rubber chemicals</keyword><keyword>occupational</keyword><keyword>dental prosthetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1993</year></dates><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><isbn>1600-0536</isbn><urls><related-urls><url> et al. (1993) describe the cases of four patients, a dentist and three dental technicians who developed allergic contact dermatitis from working with dental prostheses; all four subjects demonstrated an MMA allergy as shown by positive skin patch tests. Similar reports of contact dermatitis with positive skin patch test reactions to MMA have been reported by multiple authors describing other exposure scenarios PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGUgRXhjbHVkZVllYXI9IjEiPjxBdXRob3I+TmVhbGV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFll
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Conde-Salazar et al. 1986; Grimalt and Romaguera 1975; Marshall et al. 1978; Meding and Ringdahl 1992; Nealey and Del Rio).Other occupational case studies also demonstrate that MMA is a skin sensitizer:Dental workers who experienced skin sensitization from MMA exposure showed positive skin patch tests for MMA allergy PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LYW5lcnZhPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk4OTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Farli et al. 1990; Guerra et al. 1993; Kanerva et al. 1988; Kanerva et al. 1989). A 31-year-old female who worked as a nurse showed skin sensitivity and skin redness when she was exposed to orthopedic cement used for total hip replacement. The orthopedic cement contained 97 percent MMA, and symptoms of skin redness and skin sensitivity disappeared when she was off work ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Scolnick</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>652</RecNum><DisplayText>(Scolnick and Collins 1986)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>652</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518202576">652</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Scolnick, B.</author><author>Collins, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Systemic reaction to methylmethacrylate in an operating room nurse</title><secondary-title>J Occup Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Occup Med</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association</abbr-1></periodical><pages>196-198</pages><volume>28</volume><number>3</number><edition>1986/03/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Contact/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Exfoliative/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Dyspnea/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylate</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Occupational Diseases/*chemically induced</keyword><keyword>*Operating Room Nursing</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1986</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0096-1736 (Print)
0096-1736 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>2939206</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Scolnick and Collins 1986).Skin irritation and sensitization from MMA exposure have also been demonstrated in animal studies:Rabbits exposed to high concentrations of MMA on the skin displayed evidence of skin irritation and sensitization ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>U.S. EPA</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>486</RecNum><DisplayText>(U.S. EPA 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>486</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825701">486</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S. EPA,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toxicological Review of Methyl Methacrylate (CAS No. 80-62-6) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(U.S. EPA 1998). Repeated exposure of human volunteers confirmed this observation PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYXZlbGllcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5ODE8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA Betts et al. (2006) demonstrated that MMA has the potential to induce skin sensitization in mice.Guinea pigs developed strong skin irritation when exposed to MMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NTP</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>563</RecNum><DisplayText>(NTP 1986)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>563</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854106">563</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NTP</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Methyl Methacrylate (CAS No. 80-62-6) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F</style><style face="subscript" font="default" size="100%">1</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Mice (Inhalation Studies). Technical Report Series No. 314. NIH Publication No. 87-2570</style></title></titles><dates><year>1986</year></dates><publisher>National Toxicology Program (NTP)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(NTP 1986).PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGUgQXV0aG9yWWVhcj0iMSI+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb3JhazwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA Borak et al. (2011) summarized multiple skin sensitization studies in guinea pigs and mice after exposure to MMA. Methacrylates have a high degree of cross-sensitivity; exposure to one type of methacrylate can sensitize a person to other methacrylate compounds ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Arora</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>439</RecNum><DisplayText>(Arora and Tosti 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>439</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734112">439</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Arora, H.</author><author>Tosti, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Safety and efficacy of nail products</title><secondary-title>Cosmetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cosmetics</full-title></periodical><pages>1-19</pages><volume>4</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2079-9284</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3390/cosmetics4030024</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Arora and Tosti 2017). For example, when someone has a tendency to develop contact dermatitis from MMA in acrylic nails, a hypersensitivity reaction may develop when exposed to MMA from a different source, such as a dental crown ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Arora</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>439</RecNum><DisplayText>(Arora and Tosti 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>439</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734112">439</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Arora, H.</author><author>Tosti, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Safety and efficacy of nail products</title><secondary-title>Cosmetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cosmetics</full-title></periodical><pages>1-19</pages><volume>4</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2079-9284</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3390/cosmetics4030024</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Arora and Tosti 2017). One case reported that a dentist, with decades of experience, developed dermatitis after the application of acrylic nails with MMA and her dermatitis resolved after removing the artificial nails, but returned when she resumed her work in dentistry and was exposed to methacrylate monomers at work PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Bcm9yYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Arora and Tosti 2017; Macedo et al. 1995). In another case, a woman with long-term acrylic nail use developed allergic contact dermatitis due to methacrylate sensitivity. After having a temporary dental crown placed on a tooth, she developed erythema (i.e., skin reddening), swelling, and itching of the mouth and lips; and, thus showed cross-sensitivity to methacrylates from dental materials. This same woman also later developed a rash along her vulva, perineum, and inner thighs after using incontinency pads which had polyacrylates listed as an ingredient PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Bcm9yYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Arora and Tosti 2017; Giroux and Pratt 2002). Additionally, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Panel concluded that after polymerization of MMA to PMMA, there is a possibility of unreacted residual MMA being present within and on the final product. This residual MMA migrates out and can cause allergic contact dermatitis ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Quint</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>570</RecNum><DisplayText>(Quint 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>570</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854282">570</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Quint, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Health Hazards of Polymethylmethacrylate and Other Acrylate Polymers and Monomers in Acrylic Paints and Gel Nails</title></titles><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Quint 2013).Respiratory Toxicity (California Code of Regulations title 22, section 69403.15)The California Air Resources Board (CARB) identifies MMA as a toxic air contaminant based on its respiratory toxicity ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>CARB</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>99</RecNum><DisplayText>(CARB 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>99</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453475">99</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>CARB</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toxic Air Contaminant Identification List. California Air Resources Board (CARB), California Environmental Protection Agency</title></titles><number>July 2017</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(CARB 2011). MMA inhalation is known to cause respiratory irritation, and respiratory system toxicity forms the basis for health protective thresholds established by both the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). MMA is a nose, throat, and respiratory irritant ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Government of Alberta</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>476</RecNum><DisplayText>(Government of Alberta 2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>476</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746867">476</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Government of Alberta,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Occupational Health and Safety Bulletin. Use of Methyl Methacrylate Containing Products for Fingernail Sculpting</title></titles><number>June, 2017</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Government of Alberta 2003). The U.S. EPA derived an inhalation reference concentration (RfC) of 0.7 mg/m3 for MMA following assessment of several key animal studies, and the WHO has relied upon the same data to derive a tolerable inhalation concentration of 0.2 mg/m3 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>U.S. EPA</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>486</RecNum><DisplayText>(U.S. EPA 1998; WHO 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>486</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825701">486</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S. EPA,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toxicological Review of Methyl Methacrylate (CAS No. 80-62-6) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516855371">595</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WHO</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 4. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>World Health Organization (WHO)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(U.S. EPA 1998; WHO 1998). MMA is identified as an occupational asthmagen by the Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics (AOEC) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Quint</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>578</RecNum><DisplayText>(Quint et al. 2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>578</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854336">578</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Quint, J.</author><author>Beckett, W. S.</author><author>Campleman, S. L.</author><author>Sutton, P.</author><author>Prudhomme, J.</author><author>Flattery, J.</author><author>Harrison, R.</author><author>Cowan, B.</author><author>Kreutzer, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>California Department of Public Health, Occupational Health Branch, Richmond, California 94804, USA. juliaquint@</auth-address><titles><title>Primary prevention of occupational asthma: Identifying and controlling exposures to asthma-causing agents</title><secondary-title>Am J Ind Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Ind Med</full-title></periodical><pages>477-491</pages><volume>51</volume><number>7</number><edition>2008/05/07</edition><keywords><keyword>Air Pollutants, Occupational/analysis/*classification</keyword><keyword>Allergens/analysis/*classification</keyword><keyword>Asthma/*prevention & control</keyword><keyword>Germany</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Occupational Diseases/*prevention & control</keyword><keyword>Occupational Exposure/*prevention & control</keyword><keyword>Practice Guidelines as Topic</keyword><keyword>Primary Prevention</keyword><keyword>United Kingdom</keyword><keyword>United States</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1097-0274 (Electronic)
0271-3586 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18459148</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Quint et al. 2008). However, MMA is not listed as an occupational asthmagen by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), the United Kingdom Health and Safety Commission (UK HSC), or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)’s National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). This difference in designation of MMA as an occupational asthmagen is likely due to regulatory agencies having different criteria in identifying and controlling exposures to substances that cause occupational asthma ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Quint</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>578</RecNum><DisplayText>(Quint et al. 2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>578</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854336">578</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Quint, J.</author><author>Beckett, W. S.</author><author>Campleman, S. L.</author><author>Sutton, P.</author><author>Prudhomme, J.</author><author>Flattery, J.</author><author>Harrison, R.</author><author>Cowan, B.</author><author>Kreutzer, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>California Department of Public Health, Occupational Health Branch, Richmond, California 94804, USA. juliaquint@</auth-address><titles><title>Primary prevention of occupational asthma: Identifying and controlling exposures to asthma-causing agents</title><secondary-title>Am J Ind Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Ind Med</full-title></periodical><pages>477-491</pages><volume>51</volume><number>7</number><edition>2008/05/07</edition><keywords><keyword>Air Pollutants, Occupational/analysis/*classification</keyword><keyword>Allergens/analysis/*classification</keyword><keyword>Asthma/*prevention & control</keyword><keyword>Germany</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Occupational Diseases/*prevention & control</keyword><keyword>Occupational Exposure/*prevention & control</keyword><keyword>Practice Guidelines as Topic</keyword><keyword>Primary Prevention</keyword><keyword>United Kingdom</keyword><keyword>United States</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1097-0274 (Electronic)
0271-3586 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18459148</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Quint et al. 2008). Respiratory tract irritation has been observed in workers following short-term peak MMA exposures (e.g., MMA concentrations continued to increase above 1000 parts per million (ppm) for 10 to 20 minutes after mixing bone cement) PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb3JhazwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Borak et al. 2011). MMA has been linked to occupational asthma in nail technicians.MMA has been linked to occupational asthma in nail technicians.Further, MMA has been linked to occupational asthma in nail technicians:In nail technicians, worsening of pre-existing asthma, new-onset asthma, and rhinitis have been observed PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Bcm9yYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Arora and Tosti 2017; Sauni et al. 2008). One case study conducted from 1996 to 2001 reported six of nine occupational asthma cases in beauticians were attributed to acrylate-containing acrylic nail applications ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kwok</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>949</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kwok et al. 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>949</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153285">949</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kwok, C.</author><author>Money, A.</author><author>Carder, M.</author><author>Turner, S.</author><author>Agius, R.</author><author>Orton, D.</author><author>Wilkinson, M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Cases of occupational dermatitis and asthma in beauticians that were reported to The Health and Occupation Research (THOR) network from 1996 to 2011</title><secondary-title>Clin Exp Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Exp Dermatol</full-title></periodical><pages>590-595</pages><volume>39</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1365-2230</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Kwok et al. 2014). MMA exposure has been inconclusively linked to asthma in other occupations:As reviewed in PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGUgQXV0aG9yWWVhcj0iMSI+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb3JhazwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA Borak et al. (2011), 19 case reports described workers exposed to MMA in which their clinical symptoms included asthma, laryngitis (i.e., inflammation of the vocal cords), and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (i.e., inflammation of lung tissue). However, these workers were exposed to mixtures of chemicals along with MMA, and it is unclear that occupational asthma was solely related to MMA exposure PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb3JhazwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Borak et al. 2011).Several case studies reported respiratory symptoms in humans including chest tightness, difficulty breathing, coughing, and wheezing from occupational exposure to MMA PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5VLlMuIEVQQTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTg8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Lozewicz et al. 1985; Pickering et al. 1986; Savonius et al. 1993; U.S. EPA 1998). Studies are inconclusive on whether MMA is a respiratory sensitizer: ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Lozewicz</Author><Year>1985</Year><RecNum>677</RecNum><DisplayText>Lozewicz et al. (1985)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>677</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518215698">677</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lozewicz, S.</author><author>Davison, A. G.</author><author>Hopkirk, A.</author><author>Burge, P. S.</author><author>Boldy, D. A. R.</author><author>Riordan, J. F.</author><author>McGivern, D. V.</author><author>Platts, B. W.</author><author>Davies, D.</author><author>Newman Taylor, A. J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Occupational asthma due to methyl methacrylate and cyanoacrylates</title><secondary-title>Thorax</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Thorax</full-title></periodical><pages>836-839</pages><volume>40</volume><number>11</number><section>836</section><dates><year>1985</year></dates><isbn>0040-6376</isbn><urls><related-urls><url> et al. (1985) described respiratory sensitization associated with MMA exposure in a dental assistant and a railway cable joiner. A case report of delayed asthmatic response following exposure to MMA also indicates MMA may be a respiratory sensitizer ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pickering</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>686</RecNum><DisplayText>(Pickering et al. 1986)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>686</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518720933">686</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pickering, C. A.</author><author>Bainbridge, D.</author><author>Birtwistle, I. H.</author><author>Griffiths, D. L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Occupational asthma due to methyl methacrylate in an orthopaedic theatre sister</title><secondary-title>Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)</full-title></periodical><pages>1362-1363</pages><volume>292</volume><number>6532</number><edition>1986/05/24</edition><keywords><keyword>Asthma/*chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Bone Cements</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>*Nursing</keyword><keyword>Occupational Diseases/*chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Orthopedics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1986</year><pub-dates><date>May 24</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0267-0623 (Print)
0267-0623 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>3085848</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Pickering et al. 1986). Several larger reports and studies have evaluated the potential for MMA-related respiratory sensitization with no confirmatory results PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Nb25yb2U8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTgxPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (EC 2002; Jedrychowski 1982; Jedrychowski and Fonte 1984; Lindemann 1991; Monroe et al. 1981; U.S. EPA 1998).Multiple inhalation studies in animals demonstrate that MMA is a respiratory tract irritant:Prolonged exposure to MMA results in adverse lung effects, including edema (i.e., fluid buildup which causes swollen tissue), discharge of blood, and tissue death PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BeWRpbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDI8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Aydin et al. 2002). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Chan</Author><Year>1988</Year><RecNum>727</RecNum><DisplayText>Chan et al. (1988)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>727</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1520024377">727</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chan, P. C.</author><author>Eustis, S. L.</author><author>Huff, J. E.</author><author>Haseman, J. K.</author><author>Ragan, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.</auth-address><titles><title>Two-year inhalation carcinogenesis studies of methyl methacrylate in rats and mice: inflammation and degeneration of nasal epithelium</title><secondary-title>Toxicology</secondary-title><alt-title>Toxicology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Toxicology</full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Toxicology</full-title></alt-periodical><pages>237-252</pages><volume>52</volume><number>3</number><edition>1988/11/30</edition><keywords><keyword>Administration, Inhalation</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Body Weight/drug effects</keyword><keyword>*Carcinogens</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Lung/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylate</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylates/administration & dosage/*toxicity</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Nasal Mucosa/*drug effects/pathology</keyword><keyword>Nasal Septum/drug effects/pathology</keyword><keyword>Rats</keyword><keyword>Rats, Inbred F344</keyword><keyword>Rhinitis/*chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Sex Factors</keyword><keyword>Species Specificity</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1988</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 30</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0300-483X (Print)
0300-483x</isbn><accession-num>3188037</accession-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>Chan et al. (1988) also observed inflammation and deterioration of the olfactory epithelium of MMA-exposed male and female rats as well as inflammation, hyperplasia, and cytoplasmic inclusions in the respiratory epithelium, and deterioration of the olfactory epithelium in male and female mice. Pulmonary edema, emphysema, and complete or partial lung collapse were previously reported in a rhesus monkey that was exposed accidentally to MMA PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BeWRpbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDI8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Aydin et al. 2002; Kessler et al. 1977). In animal studies performed on mice, rats, dogs, and hamsters, MMA-induced respiratory irritation and cell toxicity were demonstrated. High dose MMA inhalation exposure was toxic to tissue inside the nasal cavity, leading to inflammatory cell infiltration, tissue deterioration and withering, and other abnormal tissue changes PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb3JhazwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Borak et al. 2011; Chan et al. 1988; Hext et al. 2001; Mainwaring et al. 2001). As reviewed in ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Tansy</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>724</RecNum><DisplayText>Tansy and Kendall (1979)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>724</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1520022578">724</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tansy, M. F.</author><author>Kendall, F. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Update on the toxicity of inhaled methyl methacrylate vapor</title><secondary-title>Drug Chem Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Drug Chem Toxicol</full-title><abbr-1>Drug and chemical toxicology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>315-30</pages><volume>2</volume><number>4</number><edition>1979/01/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Body Weight/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Central Nervous System/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Gases</keyword><keyword>Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Lethal Dose 50</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylates/blood/*toxicity</keyword><keyword>Teratogens</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1979</year></dates><isbn>0148-0545 (Print)
0148-0545</isbn><accession-num>396147</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3109/01480547909016027</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>Tansy and Kendall (1979), the appearance of focal lesions of the tracheas of rats and frogs demonstrated respiratory irritation after MMA exposure. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Hazleton Laboratories</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>1006</RecNum><DisplayText>Hazleton Laboratories (1979)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1006</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1526684433">1006</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hazleton Laboratories,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A Two-Year Vapor Inhalation Safety Evaluation Study in Rats: Methyl Methacrylate, Final Report. Vienna, VA. Project No. 417-354</title></titles><dates><year>1979</year></dates><publisher>Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc. [As described in U.S. EPA 1998]</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Hazleton Laboratories (1979) observed deterioration of the olfactory epithelium in rats following MMA exposure. Rats in all exposure groups (low, middle, and high-exposure groups were exposed to mean MMA concentrations of 25, 99.79, and 396.07 ppm, respectively) exhibited rhinitis and inflammation of the nasal tissues; the authors did not find a clear exposure-response trend. Hazleton Laboratories concluded that this lack of dose-dependence indicated the results may not be treatment-related ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hazleton Laboratories</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>1006</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hazleton Laboratories 1979)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1006</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1526684433">1006</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hazleton Laboratories,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A Two-Year Vapor Inhalation Safety Evaluation Study in Rats: Methyl Methacrylate, Final Report. Vienna, VA. Project No. 417-354</title></titles><dates><year>1979</year></dates><publisher>Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc. [As described in U.S. EPA 1998]</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Hazleton Laboratories 1979). When stored tissue samples from this study were re-examined later, due to initial study did not examine low and middle dose exposed nasal tissues, dose-dependent inflammation of tissue in the respiratory tract and severe damage to nasal cells were observed; U.S. EPA used the published results to derive a RfC for MMA inhalation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>U.S. EPA</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>486</RecNum><DisplayText>(Lomax 1992; U.S. EPA 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>486</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825701">486</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S. EPA,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toxicological Review of Methyl Methacrylate (CAS No. 80-62-6) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518214196">671</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lomax, L. G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Histopathologic evaluation of the nasal cavities from Fisher 344 rats exposed to methyl methacrylate vapor for two years. Rohm and Haas Company. Spring House, PA. [As described in U.S. EPA 1998]</title></titles><dates><year>1992</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Lomax 1992; U.S. EPA 1998). Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity (California Code of Regulations title 22, sections 69402.5 and 69402.3)CARB designates MMA as a toxic air contaminant and identifies reported pregnancy complications in female workers and sexual disorders in both sexes chronically exposed to MMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>CARB</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1071</RecNum><DisplayText>(CARB 1997)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1071</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1543601797">1071</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>CARB</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Methyl Methacrylate Fact Sheet</title></titles><number>August 2018</number><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(CARB 1997). Developmental toxicity in the form of early fetal death, reduced fetal weight, and altered crown-rump length were noted in mice, and the doses administered were also toxic to the mothers in the study ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nicholas</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>679</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nicholas et al. 1979)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>679</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518216255">679</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nicholas, C. A.</author><author>Lawrence, W. H.</author><author>Autian, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity from maternal inhalation of methyl methacrylate monomer in rats</title><secondary-title>Toxicol Appl Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Toxicol Appl Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>451-458</pages><volume>50</volume><number>3</number><edition>1979/09/30</edition><keywords><keyword>Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/epidemiology/etiology</keyword><keyword>Air/analysis</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Body Weight/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Embryo, Mammalian/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Feeding Behavior/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Fetus/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Gestational Age</keyword><keyword>Lethal Dose 50</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylates/analysis/*toxicity</keyword><keyword>Pregnancy</keyword><keyword>Rats</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1979</year><pub-dates><date>Sep 30</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0041-008X (Print)
0041-008X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>516058</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>(79)90398-3</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Nicholas et al. 1979). Failed pregnancies and skeletal abnormalities were seen in rat offspring exposed to MMA via inhalation, yet the dose was also maternally toxic ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>ICI</Author><Year>1977</Year><RecNum>678</RecNum><DisplayText>(ICI 1977; U.S. EPA 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>678</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518216062">678</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>ICI </author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Hodge, M. C. E.</author><author>Palmer, S. [As described in U.S. EPA 1998]</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Methyl methacrylate monomer. Teratogenicity studies in the rat. Report CTL/P/316. ICI, Macclesfield, Cheshire. </title></titles><dates><year>1977</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>U.S. EPA</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>486</RecNum><record><rec-number>486</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825701">486</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S. EPA,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toxicological Review of Methyl Methacrylate (CAS No. 80-62-6) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(ICI 1977; U.S. EPA 1998). Study data supports the potential for MMA developmental toxicity at doses that are maternally toxic. Rats exposed to 16 percent MMA in drinking water for 8 months showed a 60 percent increase in their testosterone levels, thus MMA interfered with the testosterone hormonal equilibrium ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Fakhouri</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>521</RecNum><DisplayText>(Fakhouri et al. 2008a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>521</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1535654725">521</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fakhouri, J.</author><author>Aftimos, G.</author><author>Hilal, G.</author><author>Sarkis, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Saint-Joseph University, Department of Removable Prosthodontis, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon. jihad.fakhouri@usj.edu.lb</auth-address><titles><title>The effects of methyl methacrylate monomer on testosterone level in male rats. An experimental study</title><secondary-title>J Med Liban</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Med Liban</full-title><abbr-1>Le Journal medical libanais. The Lebanese medical journal</abbr-1></periodical><pages>11-15</pages><volume>56</volume><number>1</number><edition>2008/01/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Administration, Oral</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Bone Cements/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Infertility, Male/blood/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylate/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity</keyword><keyword>Rats</keyword><keyword>Testosterone/*blood</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Jan-Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0023-9852 (Print)
0023-9852 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19534085</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Fakhouri et al. 2008a). Seven out of ten male rats exposed to 32 percent MMA in drinking water for 8 months showed partial seminal vesicle atrophy (i.e., degeneration of tube-like glands in the male reproductive system), suggesting this could be a direct effect of MMA on testosterone levels or its possible action on other organs involved in testosterone metabolism ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Fakhouri</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>522</RecNum><DisplayText>(Fakhouri et al. 2008b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>522</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1535654725">522</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fakhouri, J.</author><author>Sarkis, R.</author><author>Chababi-Atallah, M.</author><author>Aftimos, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Saint-Joseph University, Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon. jihad.fakhouri@usj.edu.lb</auth-address><titles><title>Toxic effects of methyl methacrylate monomer on male genital tissues. In vitro study in rats</title><secondary-title>J Med Liban</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Med Liban</full-title><abbr-1>Le Journal medical libanais. The Lebanese medical journal</abbr-1></periodical><pages>22-26</pages><volume>56</volume><number>1</number><edition>2008/01/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Atrophy</keyword><keyword>Bone Cements/*toxicity</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Epididymis/drug effects/pathology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylate/*toxicity</keyword><keyword>Rats</keyword><keyword>Seminal Vesicles/*drug effects/pathology</keyword><keyword>Testis/*drug effects/pathology</keyword><keyword>Testosterone/blood</keyword><keyword>Vas Deferens/drug effects/pathology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Jan-Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0023-9852 (Print)
0023-9852 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19534087</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Fakhouri et al. 2008b).Neurotoxicity (California Code of Regulations title 22, section 69403.11)CARB designates MMA as a toxic air contaminant and identifies symptoms including headaches, paresthesia, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and irritability following chronic MMA exposure ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>CARB</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1071</RecNum><DisplayText>(CARB 1997)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1071</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1543601797">1071</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>CARB</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Methyl Methacrylate Fact Sheet</title></titles><number>August 2018</number><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(CARB 1997). MMA can cause drowsiness, dizzy spells, and trembling of hands ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Government of Alberta</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>476</RecNum><DisplayText>(Government of Alberta 2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>476</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746867">476</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Government of Alberta,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Occupational Health and Safety Bulletin. Use of Methyl Methacrylate Containing Products for Fingernail Sculpting</title></titles><number>June, 2017</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Government of Alberta 2003). Short term exposures to MMA in the workplace, in both the manufacturing and use of the chemical, have resulted in reported nervous system toxicity. Headaches and sweating were reported in a case of a worker mixing methyl methacrylate in the manufacture of cables ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lozewicz</Author><Year>1985</Year><RecNum>677</RecNum><DisplayText>(Lozewicz et al. 1985)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>677</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518215698">677</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lozewicz, S.</author><author>Davison, A. G.</author><author>Hopkirk, A.</author><author>Burge, P. S.</author><author>Boldy, D. A. R.</author><author>Riordan, J. F.</author><author>McGivern, D. V.</author><author>Platts, B. W.</author><author>Davies, D.</author><author>Newman Taylor, A. J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Occupational asthma due to methyl methacrylate and cyanoacrylates</title><secondary-title>Thorax</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Thorax</full-title></periodical><pages>836-839</pages><volume>40</volume><number>11</number><section>836</section><dates><year>1985</year></dates><isbn>0040-6376</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Lozewicz et al. 1985). General peripheral neuropathy has been reported following MMA exposures in dental technicians after other potential causes were ruled out PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Eb25hZ2h5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5MTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Donaghy et al. 1991; Sadoh et al. 1999).Other central nervous system (CNS) symptoms have been reported after MMA exposure. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Karpov</Author><Year>1953</Year><RecNum>706</RecNum><DisplayText>Karpov (1953)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>706</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1519428170">706</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Karpov, B. D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The effect of small concentrations of methyl methacrylate vapors on the inhibition and stimulation processes of the cortex of the brain</title><secondary-title>Trud Leningr Sanit Gig Med lnst</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Trud Leningr Sanit Gig Med lnst</full-title></periodical><pages>43-48 [As described in EC 2002]</pages><volume>74</volume><dates><year>1953</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Karpov (1953) reported that workers exposed to MMA in the range of 25-75 ppm developed irritability, headache, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Another study indicated that worker exposure to 4 ppm MMA may result in loss of appetite and nausea PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CbGFnb2RhdGluPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk3NjwvWWVh
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Blagodatin et al. 1976). Workers exposed to MMA have reportedly developed memory loss, sleep disturbance, lightheadedness, difficulty concentrating at work, and other CNS symptoms PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Eb2JyaW5za2lqPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk3MDwvWWVh
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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Eb2JyaW5za2lqPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk3MDwvWWVh
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Bigambo 2017; Blagodatin et al. 1976; Dobrinskij 1970; Raines 1957).Ocular Toxicity (California Code of Regulations title 22, Section 69403.12) MMA is an eye irritant ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Government of Alberta</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>476</RecNum><DisplayText>(Government of Alberta 2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>476</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746867">476</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Government of Alberta,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Occupational Health and Safety Bulletin. Use of Methyl Methacrylate Containing Products for Fingernail Sculpting</title></titles><number>June, 2017</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Government of Alberta 2003). Studies show eye irritation in rabbits occurs after repeated MMA exposure PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYXN0ZWxsaW5vPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk2OTwvWWVh
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Castellino and Colicchio 1969; Cavelier et al. 1981). Direct injection of high concentrations of MMA into the anterior chamber of the eye produced significant toxicity such as corneal edema, corneal neovascularization, iris atrophy, and cataract formation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Holyk</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>683</RecNum><DisplayText>(Holyk and Eifrig 1979)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>683</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518217342">683</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Holyk, P. R.</author><author>Eifrig, D. E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effects of monomeric methylmethacrylate on ocular tissues</title><secondary-title>Am J Ophthalmol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Ophthalmol</full-title></periodical><pages>385-395</pages><volume>88</volume><number>3 Pt 1</number><edition>1979/09/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Anterior Chamber/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Cataract/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Cornea/blood supply</keyword><keyword>Corneal Diseases/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Edema/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Eye/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Hyperemia/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Iris/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylates/*toxicity</keyword><keyword>Rabbits</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1979</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Elsevier</publisher><isbn>0002-9394 (Print)
0002-9394 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>484667</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>(79)90638-X</electronic-resource-num><access-date>2018/02/09</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(Holyk and Eifrig 1979).2.4 Related Chemicals and Their Adverse Impacts2.4.1Cumulative effects with other chemicalsReference: California Code of Regulations title 22, section 69503.3(a)(1)(C).Cumulative effects occur from cumulative exposures to the Candidate Chemical and other chemicals with similar hazard traits or endpoints.A home exposure study conducted in Sweden showed acrylate or methacrylate-containing ultraviolet (UV)-curing nail polishes (i.e., UV gel) that may include MMA as an ingredient caused severe skin reactions and allergic contact dermatitis in 7 consumers between the ages of 15 to 41 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dahlin</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>948</RecNum><DisplayText>(Dahlin et al. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>948</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153285">948</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dahlin, Jakob</author><author>Berne, Berit</author><author>Dunér, Kari</author><author>Hosseiny, Sara</author><author>Matura, Mihály</author><author>Nyman, Gunnar</author><author>Tammela, Monica</author><author>Isaksson, Marléne</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Several cases of undesirable effects caused by methacrylate ultraviolet‐curing nail polish for non‐professional use</title><secondary-title>Contact Dermatitis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Contact Dermatitis</full-title><abbr-1>Contact dermatitis</abbr-1></periodical><pages>151-156</pages><volume>75</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1600-0536</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Dahlin et al. 2016). Although the acrylate concentrations were not provided on the UV-curing polishes used by consumers, it has been reported that acrylate or methacrylate concentrations can be above 90 percent for the UV-curing polishes that were being sold for home use ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dahlin</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>948</RecNum><DisplayText>(Dahlin et al. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>948</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153285">948</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dahlin, Jakob</author><author>Berne, Berit</author><author>Dunér, Kari</author><author>Hosseiny, Sara</author><author>Matura, Mihály</author><author>Nyman, Gunnar</author><author>Tammela, Monica</author><author>Isaksson, Marléne</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Several cases of undesirable effects caused by methacrylate ultraviolet‐curing nail polish for non‐professional use</title><secondary-title>Contact Dermatitis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Contact Dermatitis</full-title><abbr-1>Contact dermatitis</abbr-1></periodical><pages>151-156</pages><volume>75</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1600-0536</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Dahlin et al. 2016). In addition, 65 consumers including nail technicians who used these methacrylate-containing nail polishes at home and in salons reported hand eczema, itching and pain in the fingers, permanent nail damage, and eczema on the lips, throat, and around the eyes due to incomplete curing of UV-curing nail polish by UV LED lamp ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dahlin</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>948</RecNum><DisplayText>(Dahlin et al. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>948</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153285">948</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dahlin, Jakob</author><author>Berne, Berit</author><author>Dunér, Kari</author><author>Hosseiny, Sara</author><author>Matura, Mihály</author><author>Nyman, Gunnar</author><author>Tammela, Monica</author><author>Isaksson, Marléne</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Several cases of undesirable effects caused by methacrylate ultraviolet‐curing nail polish for non‐professional use</title><secondary-title>Contact Dermatitis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Contact Dermatitis</full-title><abbr-1>Contact dermatitis</abbr-1></periodical><pages>151-156</pages><volume>75</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1600-0536</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Dahlin et al. 2016). 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Gatica-Ortega et al. 2018). Although there are limited home exposure studies in literature, numerous salon indoor air and salon worker exposure studies are available in literature. Since nail products that may contain MMA are used both in salons and at home, salon exposure studies will be helpful to estimate exposure from MMA-containing products at home. Despite the MMA ban, salon owners can still purchase MMA from nail supply stores. High MMA concentrations were detected at a salon that was offering artificial nail services on the test day.Despite the MMA ban, salon owners can still purchase MMA from nail supply stores. High MMA concentrations were detected at a salon that was offering artificial nail services on the test day.Nail salon workers are chronically exposed to several different chemicals simultaneously. A 2019 study by Lamplugh et al. measured personal exposures of salon workers to MMA with concentrations in the range of 70 to 1100 parts per billion (ppb) in 2 out of 6 salons; which exceeded the RfC for MMA (approximately 171 ppb) in several measurements PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MYW1wbHVnaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTk8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Lamplugh et al. 2019). Another 2019 study conducted in New York, New Jersey, and Philadelphia nail salons collected personal chemical exposure measurements from 100 salon workers at 25 nail salons; at 24 of the 25 nail salons, MMA was detected with mean concentrations in the range of 0.049 to 21.52 ppm and a mean value of 39.45 ppm which exceeded the RfC for MMA (approximately 0.171 ppm) in several measurements PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTk8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Ma et al. 2019; U.S. EPA 1998). This study reported a mean MMA concentration of 941.25 ppm at 1 of the 25 salons tested, which was an exceptionally high concentration compared to the other 24 salons tested ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ma</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>1084</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ma et al. 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1084</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1566500525">1084</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ma, G. X.</author><author>Wei, Z.</author><author>Husni, R.</author><author>Do, P.</author><author>Zhou, K.</author><author>Rhee, J.</author><author>Tan, Y.</author><author>Navder, K.</author><author>Yeh, M. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. grace.ma@temple.edu.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA. grace.ma@temple.edu.
Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
Hunter College, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Characterizing Occupational Health Risks and Chemical Exposures Among Asian Nail Salon Workers on the East Coast of the United States</title><secondary-title>J Community Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Community Health</full-title></periodical><edition>2019/07/13</edition><keywords><keyword>Chemical exposure</keyword><keyword>Health disparities</keyword><keyword>Health risks</keyword><keyword>Nail salon</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 11</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-3610 (Electronic)
0094-5145 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>31297649</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Ma et al. 2019). The salon with the 941.25 ppm MMA concentration was offering application of artificial nail services on the test day, which required the use of acrylic monomer that contains MMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ma</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>1084</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ma et al. 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1084</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1566500525">1084</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ma, G. X.</author><author>Wei, Z.</author><author>Husni, R.</author><author>Do, P.</author><author>Zhou, K.</author><author>Rhee, J.</author><author>Tan, Y.</author><author>Navder, K.</author><author>Yeh, M. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. grace.ma@temple.edu.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA. grace.ma@temple.edu.
Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
Hunter College, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Characterizing Occupational Health Risks and Chemical Exposures Among Asian Nail Salon Workers on the East Coast of the United States</title><secondary-title>J Community Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Community Health</full-title></periodical><edition>2019/07/13</edition><keywords><keyword>Chemical exposure</keyword><keyword>Health disparities</keyword><keyword>Health risks</keyword><keyword>Nail salon</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 11</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-3610 (Electronic)
0094-5145 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>31297649</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Ma et al. 2019). This study reported that, despite the MMA ban in New York and New Jersey, MMA was still detected in these salons. According to the survey conducted in this study, salon owners reported MMA can still be purchased from Colorado nail supply stores despite the MMA ban in Colorado PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MYW1wbHVnaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTk8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Lamplugh et al. 2019). A study conducted in 7 Boston nail salons with 10 nail technicians measured MMA concentrations of maximum 0.51 ppm with an average concentration of 0.046 ppm in technicians’ breathing zone and maximum 0.63 ppm with an average concentration of 0.05 ppm in salon indoor air PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DZWJhbGxvczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTk8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Ceballos et al. 2019). This study claimed the sources of MMA detected in salons were nail polishes, gel polishes, and acrylic nail products PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DZWJhbGxvczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTk8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Ceballos et al. 2019).A 2011 study of California nail salons demonstrated that MMA volatilizes from nail products to indoor air by measuring an average MMA concentration of 0.54 ppm (2.2 mg/m3) in indoor air. This study also measured a total concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (e.g., toluene, ethyl acetate, and isopropyl acetate) ranging from 3 to 25 mg/m3 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Quach et al. 2011). Nail salon workers in this study reported a range of health problems, including headaches and eye, nose, and throat irritation PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Quach et al. 2011). Further, a study of Los Angeles nail salons ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nguyen</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nguyen 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453516">125</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nguyen, C.</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>Zhu, Y.</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Indoor air quality of nail salons in the greater Los Angeles area: Assessment of chemical and particulate matter exposures and ventilation</title><secondary-title>Environmental Health Sciences</secondary-title></titles><pages>45</pages><volume>Master of Science</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Los Angeles</pub-location><publisher>UCLA</publisher><work-type>Thesis UCLA</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Nguyen 2016), conducted after MMA was banned in salons, reported average concentrations of acetone, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and MMA as much as six times higher than those measured in other nail salon indoor air studies in Alameda County, California PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Quach et al. 2011) and Salt Lake City, Utah ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Alaves</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>127</RecNum><DisplayText>(Alaves et al. 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453555">127</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alaves, V. M.</author><author>Sleeth, D. K.</author><author>Thiese, M. S.</author><author>Larson, R. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>a Salt Lake Valley Health Department, Environmental Health Division , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Characterization of indoor air contaminants in a randomly selected set of commercial nail salons in Salt Lake County, Utah, USA</title><secondary-title>Int J Environ Health Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Environ Health Res</full-title></periodical><pages>419-433</pages><volume>23</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Air Pollutants, Occupational/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Air Pollution, Indoor/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Environmental Monitoring</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Formaldehyde/analysis</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Occupational Exposure</keyword><keyword>Utah</keyword><keyword>Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1369-1619 (Electronic)
0960-3123 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>23286453</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Alaves et al. 2013). Moreover, nail salons in Los Angeles that did not operate mechanical ventilation systems during data collection had much higher VOC concentrations ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nguyen</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nguyen 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453516">125</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nguyen, C.</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>Zhu, Y.</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Indoor air quality of nail salons in the greater Los Angeles area: Assessment of chemical and particulate matter exposures and ventilation</title><secondary-title>Environmental Health Sciences</secondary-title></titles><pages>45</pages><volume>Master of Science</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Los Angeles</pub-location><publisher>UCLA</publisher><work-type>Thesis UCLA</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Nguyen 2016). See Table 3. Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 3. Average VOC concentrations from indoor air studies of nail salon studies which used various types of ventilation.StudyMMA (ppm)Acetone (ppm)IPA(ppm)Ventilation Type ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nguyen</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nguyen 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453516">125</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nguyen, C.</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>Zhu, Y.</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Indoor air quality of nail salons in the greater Los Angeles area: Assessment of chemical and particulate matter exposures and ventilation</title><secondary-title>Environmental Health Sciences</secondary-title></titles><pages>45</pages><volume>Master of Science</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Los Angeles</pub-location><publisher>UCLA</publisher><work-type>Thesis UCLA</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Nguyen 2016)3.3717.504.59No mechanical ventilationPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Quach et al. 2011)0.543.100.82Table ventilator or table or ceiling fan ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Alaves</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>127</RecNum><DisplayText>(Alaves et al. 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453555">127</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alaves, V. M.</author><author>Sleeth, D. K.</author><author>Thiese, M. S.</author><author>Larson, R. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>a Salt Lake Valley Health Department, Environmental Health Division , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Characterization of indoor air contaminants in a randomly selected set of commercial nail salons in Salt Lake County, Utah, USA</title><secondary-title>Int J Environ Health Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Environ Health Res</full-title></periodical><pages>419-433</pages><volume>23</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Air Pollutants, Occupational/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Air Pollution, Indoor/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Environmental Monitoring</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Formaldehyde/analysis</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Occupational Exposure</keyword><keyword>Utah</keyword><keyword>Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1369-1619 (Electronic)
0960-3123 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>23286453</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Alaves et al. 2013)0.876.100.77Direct exhaust ventilation (e.g., ceiling fans or downdraft nail table)Methacrylates including MMA and nail glue that are used in the preparation of acrylic nails and UV gels weaken the natural nail and deform the nail bed ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Arora</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>439</RecNum><DisplayText>(Arora and Tosti 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>439</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734112">439</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Arora, H.</author><author>Tosti, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Safety and efficacy of nail products</title><secondary-title>Cosmetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cosmetics</full-title></periodical><pages>1-19</pages><volume>4</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2079-9284</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3390/cosmetics4030024</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Arora and Tosti 2017). When MMA is applied to the natural nail, MMA attaches to the functional groups (i.e., amide, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, and hydroxyl groups) on the nail protein (i.e., keratin) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Martínez-Hernández</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>545</RecNum><DisplayText>(Martínez-Hernández et al. 2003; Misra et al. 1991)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>545</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516853313">545</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Martínez-Hernández, A. L. </author><author>Velasco-Santos, C.</author><author>de Icaza, M.</author><author>Casta?o, V. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Grafting of methyl methacrylate onto natural keratin</title><secondary-title>e-Polymers</secondary-title><alt-title>epoly</alt-title></titles><volume>3</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><isbn>2197-4586</isbn><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516853902">553</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Misra, B. N.</author><author>Chauhan, G. S.</author><author>Rawat, B. R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Grafting onto wool. XXVIII. Effects of acids on gamma-radiation induced graft copolymerization of ethylmethacrylate onto wool fiber</title><secondary-title>J App Sci</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J App Sci</full-title></periodical><pages>3223-3227</pages><volume>42</volume><dates><year>1991</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Martínez-Hernández et al. 2003; Misra et al. 1991). Thus, the bonding of MMA on the nail protein may cause the deformation of nail bed during the application of acrylic nails and UV gels that contain MMA as an ingredient. Acrylic nail tips can be attached to the natural nail with the application of nail glue ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Arora</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>439</RecNum><DisplayText>(Arora and Tosti 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>439</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734112">439</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Arora, H.</author><author>Tosti, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Safety and efficacy of nail products</title><secondary-title>Cosmetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cosmetics</full-title></periodical><pages>1-19</pages><volume>4</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2079-9284</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3390/cosmetics4030024</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Arora and Tosti 2017). Nail glues contain ethyl cyanoacrylate, hydroquinone, or organic sulfonic acid ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Arora</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>439</RecNum><DisplayText>(Arora and Tosti 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>439</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734112">439</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Arora, H.</author><author>Tosti, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Safety and efficacy of nail products</title><secondary-title>Cosmetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cosmetics</full-title></periodical><pages>1-19</pages><volume>4</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2079-9284</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3390/cosmetics4030024</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Arora and Tosti 2017). Nail glue causes degradation of the nail matrix leading to roughness and loss of uniformity of the nails ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Arora</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>439</RecNum><DisplayText>(Arora and Tosti 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>439</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734112">439</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Arora, H.</author><author>Tosti, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Safety and efficacy of nail products</title><secondary-title>Cosmetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cosmetics</full-title></periodical><pages>1-19</pages><volume>4</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2079-9284</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3390/cosmetics4030024</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Arora and Tosti 2017). 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Pinteala et al. 2017). The strong bonding of MMA to the natural nail bed may cause the nail bed to be removed under extreme pressure, and there is a potential for nail infections to occur from breaking of the natural nail ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>BBC</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>1076</RecNum><DisplayText>(BBC 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1076</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1543601828">1076</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>BBC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Industry Bulletin - 8/6/2014 - Methyl Methacrylate Monomer (MMA). California Board of Barbering and Cosmetology (BBC)</title></titles><number>September 2018</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(BBC 2014). Both MMA and the nail glue used to apply acrylic nails are potentially flammable (see Table 1 in section 2.1) PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5OSkRPSDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDI8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Kelemen et al. 2016; NJDOH 2002b). Artificial nails burn to completion once ignited; even when the source of ignition is removed, a burning acrylic nail is difficult to extinguish ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Vanover</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1088</RecNum><DisplayText>(Vanover et al. 1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1088</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1571081996">1088</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vanover, William G.</author><author>Woods, Jason L.</author><author>Allin, Shawn B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Synthetic Fingernails as a Fire Hazard in the Chemistry Laboratory</title><secondary-title>Journal of Chemical Education</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Chemical Education</full-title></periodical><pages>1521-1522</pages><volume>76</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>1999/11/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>American Chemical Society</publisher><isbn>0021-9584</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Vanover et al. 1999). In one case study a 64-year-old female’s acrylic nail caught fire when she lit her cigarette, causing a full-thickness burn along her thumb that required debridement and reconstruction ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Arnaout</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>438</RecNum><DisplayText>(Arnaout et al. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>438</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734106">438</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Arnaout, A.</author><author>Cubitt, J.</author><author>Nguyen, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>The Welsh Burns and Plastics Centre, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, Wales.</auth-address><titles><title>Beware flammable fingernails. Case report: synthetic fingernails result in full thickness burn and terminalisation</title><secondary-title>Ann Burns Fire Disasters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Ann Burns Fire Disasters</full-title></periodical><pages>144-145</pages><volume>29</volume><number>2</number><edition>2017/02/06</edition><keywords><keyword>acrylic</keyword><keyword>flammable</keyword><keyword>methyl-cyanoacrylates</keyword><keyword>nail adhesive</keyword><keyword>nail glue</keyword><keyword>synthetic nails</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Jun 30</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1592-9558 (Print)
1592-9558 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>28149238</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Arnaout et al. 2016). Moreover, nail glue used with acrylic nails can react exothermically with cotton clothing, due to the cellulose and extensive hydroxyl groups in the cotton ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Arora</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>439</RecNum><DisplayText>(Arora and Tosti 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>439</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734112">439</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Arora, H.</author><author>Tosti, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Safety and efficacy of nail products</title><secondary-title>Cosmetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cosmetics</full-title></periodical><pages>1-19</pages><volume>4</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2079-9284</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3390/cosmetics4030024</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Arora and Tosti 2017). In one documented case, nail glue fell on cotton pants, exothermically reacting with cellulose and hydroxyl groups in the cotton; the cotton pants reached temperatures above 60 °C (140 °F), which is hot enough to cause skin damage ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kelemen</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1087</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kelemen et al. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1087</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1571081790">1087</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kelemen, N.</author><author>Karagergou, E.</author><author>Jones, S. L.</author><author>Morritt, A. N.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>The Burns Unit, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK.
The Burns Unit, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK. Electronic address: andrew.morritt@sth.nhs.uk.</auth-address><titles><title>Full thickness burns caused by cyanoacrylate nail glue: A case series</title><secondary-title>Burns</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Burns</full-title></periodical><pages>e51-54</pages><volume>42</volume><number>4</number><edition>2016/01/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Adhesives/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Burns/*etiology/surgery</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>*Clothing</keyword><keyword>*Cosmetics</keyword><keyword>*Cotton Fiber</keyword><keyword>Cyanoacrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Debridement</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Skin Transplantation</keyword><keyword>Trauma Severity Indices</keyword><keyword>*Acrylic nails</keyword><keyword>*Artificial nails</keyword><keyword>*Burn</keyword><keyword>*Cyanoacrylate</keyword><keyword>*Nail glue</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1879-1409 (Electronic)
0305-4179 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>26777605</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Kelemen et al. 2016). Three case reports documented full thickness burn of inner thighs and legs when 11, 15, and 16 year-old girls accidentally spilled nail glue on their cotton pants during artificial nail application ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kelemen</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1087</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kelemen et al. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1087</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1571081790">1087</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kelemen, N.</author><author>Karagergou, E.</author><author>Jones, S. L.</author><author>Morritt, A. N.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>The Burns Unit, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK.
The Burns Unit, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK. Electronic address: andrew.morritt@sth.nhs.uk.</auth-address><titles><title>Full thickness burns caused by cyanoacrylate nail glue: A case series</title><secondary-title>Burns</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Burns</full-title></periodical><pages>e51-54</pages><volume>42</volume><number>4</number><edition>2016/01/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Adhesives/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Burns/*etiology/surgery</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>*Clothing</keyword><keyword>*Cosmetics</keyword><keyword>*Cotton Fiber</keyword><keyword>Cyanoacrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Debridement</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Skin Transplantation</keyword><keyword>Trauma Severity Indices</keyword><keyword>*Acrylic nails</keyword><keyword>*Artificial nails</keyword><keyword>*Burn</keyword><keyword>*Cyanoacrylate</keyword><keyword>*Nail glue</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1879-1409 (Electronic)
0305-4179 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>26777605</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Kelemen et al. 2016).2.4.2Structurally or mechanistically similar chemicalsReference: California Code of Regulations title 22, section 69503.3(a)(3).Some chemicals may lack sufficient data to definitively establish presence or absence of harm. In such cases, DTSC may also consider data from other chemicals closely related structurally to the Candidate Chemical to identify potential public health and environmental impacts.DTSC is not basing its proposal on this factor.2.5Populations That May Be Harmed by the Candidate Chemical2.5.1Human populations and non-human organisms that may experience adverse impacts from exposure to the Candidate Chemical Reference: California Code of Regulations title 22, section 69503.3(a)(1)(F).This section identifies specific populations of humans and environmental organisms that may be harmed if exposed to the Candidate Chemical, based on the hazard traits identified in section 2.3 and the type of exposures (e.g., single, intermittent, or chronic).See section 2.3, section 2.4, section 3.2, and section 3.3 for additional information.MMA has the potential to contribute to or cause adverse impacts to humans. Some of the retail nail products used at home may contain MMA; therefore, nail product consumers, who include children and pregnant women, may be exposed to MMA at home. In addition, some populations are chronically exposed to MMA, such as nail industry workers and some sensitive subpopulations are exposed to MMA, such as pregnant women, fetuses, infants, children, and adolescents. Despite the MMA ban in salons in California, nail industry workers may be exposed to MMA from retail products brought into salons by customers. Further, they may be exposed to MMA as a result of depolymerization of PMMA to release MMA or MMA as a residual from PMMA-containing nail products. Nail salon customers, nail product consumers, and their fetuses, infants, and children may potentially be exposed to MMA from nail products both at home and in salons. Nail salon customers and nail product consumers may experience inhalation, dermal, and/or oral MMA exposure. Infants and children who accompany their parents to work at nail salons, or who use nail products themselves at home or in salons may also be exposed to MMA in nail products. 2.5.2 Sensitive subpopulations, species, or environments that have the potential for adverse impacts from exposure to the Candidate ChemicalReference: California Code of Regulations title 22, sections 69503.3(a)(1)(F) and 69503.3(a)(2).Sensitive subpopulations, environmentally sensitive habitats, endangered and threatened species, and impaired environments have special consideration as they may be more vulnerable than the general population. Sensitive subpopulations that may be impacted by exposure to MMA from nail products include nail industry workers, pregnant women (including their fetuses), infants, children, and adolescents. Infants and children are especially vulnerable to MMA exposure from nail products if they use nail products themselves or accompany their parents to work at a nail salon. They are a sensitive subpopulation because of their increased ingestion and inhalation rates per unit of body weight, rapid development, immature physiological ability to detoxify environmental contaminants, and behavioral characteristics that predispose them to increased exposures to environmental contaminants ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>U.S.?EPA</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>207</RecNum><DisplayText>(U.S.?EPA 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>207</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509651386">207</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S.?EPA,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition</title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><pub-location>Washington, DC</pub-location><publisher>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)</publisher><isbn>EPA/600/R-09/052F</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(U.S.?EPA 2011). Further, studies demonstrate that infants and children have differences in metabolic enzyme levels, including differences in several phase II detoxification enzymes, as compared to adults PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MZWVkZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk3PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Leeder and Kearns 1997; Nakajima et al. 1992; Vieira et al. 1996). Other studies show that infants and children have higher brain mass per unit of body weight, higher cerebral blood flow per unit of brain weight, and higher breathing rates per unit of body weight than adults ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Miller</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>296</RecNum><DisplayText>(Miller et al. 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>296</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1510595681">296</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Miller, Mark D.</author><author>Marty, Melanie A.</author><author>Arcus, Amy </author><author>Brown, Joseph</author><author>Morry, David</author><author>Sandy, Martha </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Differences between children and adults: Implications for risk assessment at California EPA</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Toxicology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Toxicology</full-title></periodical><pages>403-418</pages><volume>21</volume><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/1091581029009663</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Miller et al. 2002). These differences result in greater sensitivity to infants and children and increased likelihood or severity of adverse impacts.Nail product consumers, who include children and pregnant women, may be exposed to MMA at home. Wu et al. in 2010 found in California, 45 percent of girls 5 years old and younger use nail polish, and this increases to 79 percent for girls over 5 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wu</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wu et al. 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509483619">202</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wu, X. M.</author><author>Bennett, D. H.</author><author>Ritz, B.</author><author>Cassady, D. L.</author><author>Lee, K.</author><author>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Usage pattern of personal care products in California households</title><secondary-title>Food Chem Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Food Chem Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>3109-3119</pages><volume>48</volume><number>11</number><edition>2010/08/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Factors</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>Child, Preschool</keyword><keyword>*Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>*Environmental Monitoring</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Interviews as Topic</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-6351 (Electronic)
0278-6915 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20696198</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Wu et al. 2010). In this study, nail product use by parents and children in the same household suggested that either parents use nail products on their children or that parental use patterns influence those of their children, resulting in exposure to chemicals in the products ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wu</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wu et al. 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509483619">202</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wu, X. M.</author><author>Bennett, D. H.</author><author>Ritz, B.</author><author>Cassady, D. L.</author><author>Lee, K.</author><author>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Usage pattern of personal care products in California households</title><secondary-title>Food Chem Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Food Chem Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>3109-3119</pages><volume>48</volume><number>11</number><edition>2010/08/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Factors</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>Child, Preschool</keyword><keyword>*Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>*Environmental Monitoring</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Interviews as Topic</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-6351 (Electronic)
0278-6915 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20696198</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Wu et al. 2010). A survey conducted among pregnant women in New York City in 2003 through 2006 reported that 69 percent of the participants claimed use of nail products at some point throughout their pregnancy PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5KdXN0PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMDwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Just et al. 2010). Some of these retail nail products used at home may contain MMA, however DTSC does not have sales volume data or home exposure data for retail nail products containing MMA in California.In an older study of exposure cases recorded in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System from 1991 through 1993, Woolf et al. reported that 769 exposure cases were related to artificial nail preparations that may have included MMA as an ingredient, and 54.7 percent of the emergency department visits involved children younger than 6 years old PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Xb29sZjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTg8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Woolf and Shaw 1998). Fifty-nine percent of these artificial nail preparation exposures were dermal, 19 percent were ingestion, and 6 percent were ocular and dermal. Eighty nine percent of the nail product exposures occurred at the child’s own home from acrylate-containing retail products which may have included MMA as an ingredient PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Xb29sZjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTg8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Woolf and Shaw 1998). Acrylic nail products, nail polishes, and gel nail products that contain MMA are still being sold in both retail stores and local beauty supply stores in California as shown by the Environmental Working Group’s (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database and Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) received from San Francisco Department of Environment ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EWG</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>173</RecNum><DisplayText>(EWG 2019; SF Environment 2017b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>173</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508523789">173</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EWG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Working Group's (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database</title></titles><number>April 2019</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> Environment</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>684</RecNum><record><rec-number>684</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518720932">684</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>SF Environment,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Email communication from Megan Kalsman of San Francisco Department of the Environment (SF Environment) to Dicle Yardimci of DTSC on July 5, 2017</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EWG 2019; SF Environment 2017b). Therefore, nail product consumers including sensitive subpopulations such as pregnant women and children that use these MMA-containing products are exposed to MMA in California. A study showed acrylate or methacrylate containing UV-curing retail nail polishes that may contain MMA as an ingredient with concentrations of acrylates and methacrylates that can be above 90 percent were being sold for home use in Sweden ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dahlin</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>948</RecNum><DisplayText>(Dahlin et al. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>948</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153285">948</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dahlin, Jakob</author><author>Berne, Berit</author><author>Dunér, Kari</author><author>Hosseiny, Sara</author><author>Matura, Mihály</author><author>Nyman, Gunnar</author><author>Tammela, Monica</author><author>Isaksson, Marléne</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Several cases of undesirable effects caused by methacrylate ultraviolet‐curing nail polish for non‐professional use</title><secondary-title>Contact Dermatitis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Contact Dermatitis</full-title><abbr-1>Contact dermatitis</abbr-1></periodical><pages>151-156</pages><volume>75</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1600-0536</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Dahlin et al. 2016). In this study, 7 out of 8 consumers between ages of 15 to 41 were patch-tested positive that applied these acrylate or methacrylate-containing nail polishes at home reported severe skin reactions and showed allergic contact dermatitis to acrylate or methacrylate-based ingredients in the nail polish ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dahlin</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>948</RecNum><DisplayText>(Dahlin et al. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>948</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153285">948</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dahlin, Jakob</author><author>Berne, Berit</author><author>Dunér, Kari</author><author>Hosseiny, Sara</author><author>Matura, Mihály</author><author>Nyman, Gunnar</author><author>Tammela, Monica</author><author>Isaksson, Marléne</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Several cases of undesirable effects caused by methacrylate ultraviolet‐curing nail polish for non‐professional use</title><secondary-title>Contact Dermatitis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Contact Dermatitis</full-title><abbr-1>Contact dermatitis</abbr-1></periodical><pages>151-156</pages><volume>75</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1600-0536</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Dahlin et al. 2016). In addition, 65 consumers including nail technicians who used these acrylate or methacrylate-containing nail polishes at home and in salons, respectively; reported hand eczema, itching and pain in the fingers, permanent nail damage, and eczema on the lips, throat, and around the eyes ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dahlin</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>948</RecNum><DisplayText>(Dahlin et al. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>948</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153285">948</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dahlin, Jakob</author><author>Berne, Berit</author><author>Dunér, Kari</author><author>Hosseiny, Sara</author><author>Matura, Mihály</author><author>Nyman, Gunnar</author><author>Tammela, Monica</author><author>Isaksson, Marléne</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Several cases of undesirable effects caused by methacrylate ultraviolet‐curing nail polish for non‐professional use</title><secondary-title>Contact Dermatitis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Contact Dermatitis</full-title><abbr-1>Contact dermatitis</abbr-1></periodical><pages>151-156</pages><volume>75</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1600-0536</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Dahlin et al. 2016). 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Gatica-Ortega et al. 2018). These retail nail products may be available online for purchase in California and these studies showed methacrylate-containing products that may include MMA as an ingredient can cause potential significant and widespread adverse impacts.There are no age limits on the sale or use of retail nail products, and they are not labeled with information on reducing exposure potential.There are no age limits on the sale or use of retail nail products, and they are not labeled with information on reducing exposure potential.Methacrylate-containing nail products that may contain MMA as an ingredient are sold at retail stores for consumers who may be exposed to MMA at home from product application PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HYXRpY2EtT3J0ZWdhPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwv
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Gatica-Ortega et al. 2018). These exposures may be exacerbated by relatively poor ventilation in homes. In addition, consumers applying home-use nail products are not trained in industrial hygiene practices designed to reduce workplace exposure to chemicals and may apply the products frequently, since doing so is more convenient and affordable than visiting a salon PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HYXRpY2EtT3J0ZWdhPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwv
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Dahlin et al. 2016; Gatica-Ortega et al. 2018). Based on these factors, Sweden has banned the sale of methacrylate-containing nail polishes and has reported these products to the other members of the European Commission for safety evaluation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dahlin</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>948</RecNum><DisplayText>(Dahlin et al. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>948</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153285">948</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dahlin, Jakob</author><author>Berne, Berit</author><author>Dunér, Kari</author><author>Hosseiny, Sara</author><author>Matura, Mihály</author><author>Nyman, Gunnar</author><author>Tammela, Monica</author><author>Isaksson, Marléne</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Several cases of undesirable effects caused by methacrylate ultraviolet‐curing nail polish for non‐professional use</title><secondary-title>Contact Dermatitis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Contact Dermatitis</full-title><abbr-1>Contact dermatitis</abbr-1></periodical><pages>151-156</pages><volume>75</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1600-0536</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Dahlin et al. 2016). PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGUgQXV0aG9yWWVhcj0iMSI+PEF1dGhvcj5HYXRpY2EtT3J0ZWdhPC9BdXRo
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA Gatica-Ortega et al. (2018) recommended that the European Commission must take action to prohibit methacrylic monomers in home-use cosmetic products, including nail products.Although MMA is banned from nail salons in California and many other states, MMA continues to be detected in salon indoor air (see section 3.3.1), which means nail salon workers and customers continue to be exposed. The sources may include legally purchased retail products brought in by customers, illegal professional products brought in from other states or countries, and PMMA-containing products containing either residual MMA or MMA resulting from depolymerization of PMMA. In aggregate, exposure to MMA from nail products, both legal and illegal, has the potential to cause significant and widespread harm.In California, chemical exposure of nail industry workers is an environmental justice issue. A large majority of nail salon workers are people of color and of lower socioeconomic status PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5VLlMuwqBDZW5zdXPCoEJ1cmVhdTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Ford 2014; Nails?Magazine 2017; U.S.?Census?Bureau 2012). Ninety percent of all nail salons in California are minority-owned, and 68 percent are Vietnamese-owned ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>U.S.?Census?Bureau</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>201</RecNum><DisplayText>(U.S.?Census?Bureau 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>201</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509479002">201</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S.?Census?Bureau,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Survey of Business Owners (SBO) - Characteristics of Businesses: 2012 Tables</title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(U.S.?Census?Bureau 2012). Between 59 and 80 percent of California nail salon workers are women of Vietnamese descent ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Quach</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>212</RecNum><DisplayText>(Quach et al. 2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>212</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509659581">212</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Quach, T.</author><author>Nguyen, K. D.</author><author>Doan-Billings, P. A.</author><author>Okahara, L.</author><author>Fan, C.</author><author>Reynolds, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Northern California Cancer Center, 2001 Center Street, Suite 700, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA. tquach@</auth-address><titles><title>A preliminary survey of Vietnamese nail salon workers in Alameda County, California</title><secondary-title>J Community Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Community Health</full-title></periodical><pages>336-343</pages><volume>33</volume><number>5</number><edition>2008/05/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Beauty Culture</keyword><keyword>Breast Neoplasms/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Interviews as Topic</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Vietnam/ethnology</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0094-5145 (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Quach et al. 2008; Quach et al. 2013). They often have longer workdays and workweeks compared to employees in other sectors ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Quach</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>212</RecNum><DisplayText>(Quach et al. 2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>212</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509659581">212</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Quach, T.</author><author>Nguyen, K. D.</author><author>Doan-Billings, P. A.</author><author>Okahara, L.</author><author>Fan, C.</author><author>Reynolds, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Northern California Cancer Center, 2001 Center Street, Suite 700, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA. tquach@</auth-address><titles><title>A preliminary survey of Vietnamese nail salon workers in Alameda County, California</title><secondary-title>J Community Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Community Health</full-title></periodical><pages>336-343</pages><volume>33</volume><number>5</number><edition>2008/05/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Beauty Culture</keyword><keyword>Breast Neoplasms/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Interviews as Topic</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Vietnam/ethnology</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0094-5145 (Print)
0094-5145 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18478317</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Quach et al. 2008). California’s nail industry workforce is comprised of approximately 130,000 licensed nail technicians ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>DCA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>184</RecNum><DisplayText>(DCA 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>184</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508971390">184</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>DCA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Email communication from Laurel Goddard of California Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) to Diana Phelps of DTSC on August 14, 2017</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(DCA 2017). Nail salon workers may have daily exposure to MMA, as indicated by MMA detected in salon indoor air in California and elsewhere (see section 3.3.1). For instance, according to the survey conducted by Lamplugh et al. in 2019, salon owners reported that MMA can still be purchased from Colorado nail supply stores despite the MMA ban in Colorado PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MYW1wbHVnaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTk8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Lamplugh et al. 2019). Moreover, Ma et al. measured MMA in 25 nail salons in New York, New Jersey, and Philadelphia in 2019 despite the MMA ban in New York and New Jersey ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ma</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>1084</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ma et al. 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1084</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1566500525">1084</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ma, G. X.</author><author>Wei, Z.</author><author>Husni, R.</author><author>Do, P.</author><author>Zhou, K.</author><author>Rhee, J.</author><author>Tan, Y.</author><author>Navder, K.</author><author>Yeh, M. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. grace.ma@temple.edu.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA. grace.ma@temple.edu.
Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
Hunter College, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Characterizing Occupational Health Risks and Chemical Exposures Among Asian Nail Salon Workers on the East Coast of the United States</title><secondary-title>J Community Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Community Health</full-title></periodical><edition>2019/07/13</edition><keywords><keyword>Chemical exposure</keyword><keyword>Health disparities</keyword><keyword>Health risks</keyword><keyword>Nail salon</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 11</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-3610 (Electronic)
0094-5145 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>31297649</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Ma et al. 2019). Further, MMA may be present as a residual in PMMA-containing products. Therefore, nail industry workers are a sensitive subpopulation that may be impacted by exposure to MMA in nail products. Some nail technicians work while pregnant, putting their fetuses at risk of MMA exposure (see section 2.3 of this document for studies describing MMA-related developmental toxicity.) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ford</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>944</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ford and Scott 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>944</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153285">944</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ford, Anne Rochon</author><author>Scott, Dayna Nadine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A Critique of Risk Disclosure as the Solution for Minimizing Toxic Exposures in Pregnancy: The Case of Nail Salon Workers</title><secondary-title>NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy</full-title></periodical><pages>51-67</pages><volume>27</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>1048-2911</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ford and Scott 2017). Reportedly, 97 percent of U.S. nail technicians are female and many are of childbearing age ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509477380">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>2016-2017 Industry Statistics</title><secondary-title>2016-2017 Nails The Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>33-61</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails?Magazine 2017). Studies indicate that nail salon workers may suffer from a higher incidence of certain health problems than the general population. For instance, a 2008 study examined self-reported health effects of nail salon workers participating in a community outreach program. The nail salon workers surveyed were predominantly Vietnamese, female, and generally worked long hours and were exposed to chemicals from nail products including MMA and others. Health effects reported included musculoskeletal disorders, respiratory symptoms, skin problems, and headaches PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Sb2Vsb2ZzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwODwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Roelofs et al. 2008). In addition to a higher incidence of specific health problems, a recent study suggests that nail technicians experience a faster deterioration of their overall health compared to controls as a result to chronic exposure to low levels of VOCs ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gre?ner</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>971</RecNum><DisplayText>(Gre?ner et al. 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>971</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153344">971</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gre?ner, Peter</author><author>?wiercz, Radoslaw</author><author>W?sowicz, Wojciech</author><author>Gromadzińska, Jolanta</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Faster health deterioration among nail technicians occupationally exposed to low levels of volatile organic compounds</title><secondary-title>Int J Occ Med and Env Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Occ Med and Env Health</full-title></periodical><pages>469-483</pages><volume>30</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>1232-1087</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Gre?ner et al. 2017). Factors Related to Potential Exposure to the Candidate Chemical in the Priority ProductThis section summarizes significant findings related to the exposure factors that are relevant to this product-chemical combination because they may contribute to or cause significant or widespread adverse impacts. Further clarification of each exposure factor is included below.3.1Presence and Use Patterns of the Product 3.1.1Market presence of the product Reference: California Code of Regulations title 22, sections 69503.3(b)(1)(A) and (B).Product market presence information may be used as a surrogate to assess potential exposures to the Candidate Chemical in the product. This information may include statewide sales by volume, the number of units sold or amount of sales generated, or information on the targeted customer base.Retail Products Formulated with MMAApproximately 105.41 million women in the United States used nail polish or other nail products in 2017 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Statista</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>387</RecNum><DisplayText>(Statista 2017a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>387</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1513874157">387</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Statista</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>U.S. population: Do you use nail polish / nail care products?</title></titles><number>December 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Statista 2017a), and this figure is projected to increase to 122.65 million in 2020 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Statista</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>388</RecNum><DisplayText>(Statista 2017b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>388</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1513879558">388</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Statista</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>U.S. population: Usage of nail polish / nail care products from 2011 to 2020</title></titles><number>December 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Statista 2017b). Annual sales of various nail products from June 2015 to May 2016 from U.S. retail outlets exceed $1 billion per year ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Drug?Store?News</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>183</RecNum><DisplayText>(Drug?Store?News 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>183</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508970755">183</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Magazine Article">19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Drug?Store?News</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>"Artificial nails boast consistent growth."</title><secondary-title>Drug Store News</secondary-title></titles><pages>88</pages><volume>38(8)</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Drug?Store?News 2016). Acrylic nail product sales were almost 13 percent and nail polish sales were 49 percent of total nail product sales in U.S. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Drug?Store?News</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>183</RecNum><DisplayText>(Drug?Store?News 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>183</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508970755">183</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Magazine Article">19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Drug?Store?News</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>"Artificial nails boast consistent growth."</title><secondary-title>Drug Store News</secondary-title></titles><pages>88</pages><volume>38(8)</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Drug?Store?News 2016). Acrylic nail products, nail polishes, and gel nail products that contain MMA are sold in both retail stores and local beauty supply stores ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EWG</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>173</RecNum><DisplayText>(EWG 2019; SF Environment 2017b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>173</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508523789">173</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EWG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Working Group's (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database</title></titles><number>April 2019</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> Environment</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>684</RecNum><record><rec-number>684</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518720932">684</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>SF Environment,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Email communication from Megan Kalsman of San Francisco Department of the Environment (SF Environment) to Dicle Yardimci of DTSC on July 5, 2017</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EWG 2019; SF Environment 2017b). The Environmental Working Group’s (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database lists 24 nail polishes containing MMA as an ingredient ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EWG</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>173</RecNum><DisplayText>(EWG 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>173</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508523789">173</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EWG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Working Group's (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database</title></titles><number>April 2019</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(EWG 2019). The U.S. EPA’s Chemical and Product Categories (CPCat) database shows two acrylic nail products containing MMA as an ingredient ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>U.S. EPA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>463</RecNum><DisplayText>(U.S. EPA 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>463</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746806">463</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S. EPA,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>CPCat: Chemical and Product Categories. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><number>November 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(U.S. EPA 2017). Mintel’s Global New Products Database identifies four MMA-containing nail coatings and acrylic nail products introduced to the U.S. retail market, and 19 worldwide, since 2010 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mintel</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>428</RecNum><DisplayText>(Mintel 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>428</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516732762">428</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mintel</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mintel's Global New Products Database</title></titles><number>January 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Mintel 2018). Mintel and EWG’s databases include only retail nail products (not intended for professional use) and Mintel’s data is limited to products under $25. Therefore, there may be a greater number of MMA-containing nail products available for purchase in California. Various databases list nail products containing MMA for sale in retail and beauty supply stores in California.Various databases list nail products containing MMA for sale in retail and beauty supply stores in California.Gel polishes have been associated with professional nail salons, but retail gel products intended for home use are also available. Ten percent of women who apply nail polish at home report that they use gel polish ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Romanowski</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>200</RecNum><DisplayText>(Romanowski 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>200</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1513712133">200</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Romanowski, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The trends polishing up the nail care market. Mintel.</title></titles><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Romanowski 2015). U.S. at-home gel polish sales revenue in 2012 totaled $25 million and is expected to grow in subsequent years ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brookman</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>215</RecNum><DisplayText>(Brookman 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>215</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509667275">215</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Newspaper Article">23</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brookman, Faye</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>"The Nail Care Battle."</title><secondary-title>Women's Wear Daily</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>January 25, 2013</date></pub-dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Brookman 2013). Because these products are not intended for use in salons (where MMA is banned), they can legally be sold even if they contain MMA.Salon Products That May Contain Residual MMAProducts intentionally formulated with MMA are not the only potential source of exposure to the chemical from nail products. Unreacted, residual MMA may also be present in polishes, enamels, and UV gels that contain PMMA as an ingredient PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CZWNrZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Becker et al. 2011; Quint 2013). The Nail Manufacturers Council reported that PMMA-containing products may contain unpolymerized MMA up to 1.5 percent of the total PMMA content in the product (Becker et al. 2011). A Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel safety assessment by ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Becker</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>446</RecNum><DisplayText>Becker et al. (2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>446</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734149">446</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Becker, L. C.</author><author>Bergfeld, W. F.</author><author>Belsito, D. V.</author><author>Hill, R. A.</author><author>Klaassen, C. D.</author><author>Liebler, D. C.</author><author>Marks, J. G., Jr.</author><author>Shank, R. C.</author><author>Slaga, T. J.</author><author>Snyder, P. W.</author><author>Andersen, F. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 1101 17th Street, NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC 20036, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Final report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel safety assessment of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), methyl methacrylate crosspolymer, and methyl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer</title><secondary-title>Int J Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>54S-65S</pages><volume>30</volume><number>3 Suppl</number><edition>2011/08/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylic Resins/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Structure</keyword><keyword>Polymers/adverse effects/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Polymethyl Methacrylate/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Toxicity Tests</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1092-874X (Electronic)
1091-5818 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21772027</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1091581811407352</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Becker et al. (2011) found 351 PMMA-containing polishes and enamels with PMMA concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 20 percent and 137 other nail products with PMMA concentrations of 30 percent (Becker et al. 2011). According to Mintel’s Global New Product Database, 23 new PMMA-containing nail products were introduced to U.S. market within the last five years ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mintel</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>428</RecNum><DisplayText>(Mintel 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>428</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516732762">428</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mintel</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mintel's Global New Products Database</title></titles><number>January 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Mintel 2018). PMMA-containing products are legal to use in California salons. However, if the level of residual MMA in these products is consistent with those reported in the studies cited above, the products could significantly contribute to MMA exposure in salons where they are used.Illegal Use of MMA-Containing ProductsIn 2016, $8.53 billion was spent on nail services in the United States ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509477380">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>2016-2017 Industry Statistics</title><secondary-title>2016-2017 Nails The Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>33-61</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails?Magazine 2017). In California alone, there are more than 9,000 nail salons ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509477380">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>2016-2017 Industry Statistics</title><secondary-title>2016-2017 Nails The Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>33-61</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails?Magazine 2017) with 130,336 licensed manicurists ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>DCA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>184</RecNum><DisplayText>(DCA 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>184</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508971390">184</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>DCA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Email communication from Laurel Goddard of California Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) to Diana Phelps of DTSC on August 14, 2017</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(DCA 2017) and an additional 314,552 licensed cosmetologists ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>DCA</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>736</RecNum><DisplayText>(DCA 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>736</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1520622385">736</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>DCA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Email communication from Laurel Goddard of California Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) to Christine Papagni of DTSC on January 26, 2018</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(DCA 2018). According to one survey, 95 percent of U.S. nail technicians offer nail polish services, 67 percent offer UV gels, 84 percent offer acrylic nails, and 82 percent offer nail art ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>185</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>185</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508971840">185</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Industry Statistics Highlights</title><secondary-title>2014-2015 Nails Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>56-84</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails?Magazine 2015). The focus of this document is on products whose sale and use are legal in California – primarily retail products intended for home use. However, despite the ban on MMA in professional nail salons, the chemical continues to be detected in indoor salon air, where it may expose workers and customers. Some of this MMA may be attributable to legally purchased products (e.g., retail products brought into salons by customers or MMA present as a residue in professional salon products). However, some nail salons have continued to illegally use MMA for acrylic nails due to its low cost ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FDA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>95</RecNum><DisplayText>(FDA 2017b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>95</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453475">95</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FDA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nail Care Products. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</title></titles><number>February 2018</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(FDA 2017b). In 2011, one gallon of MMA cost $9 to $22; whereas, one gallon of ethyl methacrylate (EMA), a common chemical substitute for MMA, cost $189 to $219 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Roberts</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>573</RecNum><DisplayText>(Roberts 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>573</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854297">573</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Roberts, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Hazards within Nail Salons</title><secondary-title>Nicholas School of the Environment</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><publisher>Duke University</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Roberts 2011). While it is challenging to quantify illegal purchases of MMA, it is clear that intentional, illegal use of MMA-containing products in salons may contribute to aggregate exposure of salon customers and workers and increase the potential for adverse impacts. 3.1.2Intended use of the product Reference: California Code of Regulations title 22, sections 69503.3(b)(1)(C) and 69503.3(b)(4)(D)1.Potential exposures can also be inferred by assessing how a product is typically used, the typical useful life (i.e., replacement frequency) of durable products, the typical rate of consumption of consumable products, the frequency of use, and the typical quantity consumed per use. The SCP regulations give special consideration to household and recreational use.See section 1.2, section 1.3, and section 3.1.1 for additional information.Use of nail products containing MMA at home and in salons has the potential to expose nail product consumers, nail technicians and other salon workers, and nail salon patrons to MMA. Nail technicians who work with MMA-containing products may experience daily chemical exposures, which can be exacerbated by their longer workdays and workweeks compared to employees in other sectors PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDg8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Nails?Magazine 2016; Quach et al. 2008).The frequency of consumer nail polish application and removal varies, but it is common for some nail salon customers to get a professional manicure every one to two weeks and to self-apply a top coat every two to three days ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sally?Beauty?Supply</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>217</RecNum><DisplayText>(Sally?Beauty?Supply 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>217</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509730937">217</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sally?Beauty?Supply</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>How often should I get a professional manicure?</title></titles><number>December 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Sally?Beauty?Supply 2017). The frequency of other nail product services also varies. DTSC does not have data for the use frequency of MMA-containing products at home. Parents use nail products on their children or parental use patterns influence their children’s nail product use and their consequent exposure. to chemicals.Parents use nail products on their children or parental use patterns influence their children’s nail product use and their consequent exposure. to chemicals.In a 2010 study, data on use patterns of 30 personal care product types were collected from 604 households in Northern and Central California. Nail polish use frequency data was collected for female participants from various age groups. Female participants in this study included children, their mothers, and adults who were 55 years old or older in 2010. The frequency of professionally applied and self-applied nail polish uses for adult females and child participants is shown in Table 4 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wu</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wu et al. 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509483619">202</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wu, X. M.</author><author>Bennett, D. H.</author><author>Ritz, B.</author><author>Cassady, D. L.</author><author>Lee, K.</author><author>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Usage pattern of personal care products in California households</title><secondary-title>Food Chem Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Food Chem Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>3109-3119</pages><volume>48</volume><number>11</number><edition>2010/08/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Factors</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>Child, Preschool</keyword><keyword>*Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>*Environmental Monitoring</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Interviews as Topic</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-6351 (Electronic)
0278-6915 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20696198</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Wu et al. 2010). Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 4. Nail polish use frequency per month for female participants in California in 2010 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wu</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wu et al. 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509483619">202</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wu, X. M.</author><author>Bennett, D. H.</author><author>Ritz, B.</author><author>Cassady, D. L.</author><author>Lee, K.</author><author>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Usage pattern of personal care products in California households</title><secondary-title>Food Chem Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Food Chem Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>3109-3119</pages><volume>48</volume><number>11</number><edition>2010/08/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Factors</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>Child, Preschool</keyword><keyword>*Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>*Environmental Monitoring</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Interviews as Topic</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-6351 (Electronic)
0278-6915 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20696198</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Wu et al. 2010).*Participant Typeand Age (in years)Number of ParticipantsNail Polish (Self)User %Nail Polish (Professional) User %Adult < 553745381Adult > 55993977Child < 518545No dataChild > 53179No data*All participants under 55 years of age had children at home.**Participants older than 16 years old are considered as adults in this study.***In this study, mothers with less than 12 years of education were oversampled to counter the well-known low rates of participation in research for this socio-demographic group.****User percentages reflect the total of self and professional use. The majority of adult female participants in the study, in both age groups, received professional nail services more frequently than they self-applied nail polish, and professional nail polish use frequency for females with children was 81 percent (Table 4) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wu</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wu et al. 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509483619">202</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wu, X. M.</author><author>Bennett, D. H.</author><author>Ritz, B.</author><author>Cassady, D. L.</author><author>Lee, K.</author><author>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Usage pattern of personal care products in California households</title><secondary-title>Food Chem Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Food Chem Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>3109-3119</pages><volume>48</volume><number>11</number><edition>2010/08/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Factors</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>Child, Preschool</keyword><keyword>*Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>*Environmental Monitoring</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Interviews as Topic</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-6351 (Electronic)
0278-6915 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20696198</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Wu et al. 2010). A greater proportion of college-educated women used professional nail services than non-college-educated women ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wu</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wu et al. 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509483619">202</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wu, X. M.</author><author>Bennett, D. H.</author><author>Ritz, B.</author><author>Cassady, D. L.</author><author>Lee, K.</author><author>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Usage pattern of personal care products in California households</title><secondary-title>Food Chem Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Food Chem Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>3109-3119</pages><volume>48</volume><number>11</number><edition>2010/08/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Factors</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>Child, Preschool</keyword><keyword>*Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>*Environmental Monitoring</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Interviews as Topic</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-6351 (Electronic)
0278-6915 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20696198</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Wu et al. 2010). Nail polish use was common among even the youngest study participants: 45 percent of girls 5 years old and younger and 79 percent of girls over 5 years old used nail polish (Table 4) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wu</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wu et al. 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509483619">202</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wu, X. M.</author><author>Bennett, D. H.</author><author>Ritz, B.</author><author>Cassady, D. L.</author><author>Lee, K.</author><author>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Usage pattern of personal care products in California households</title><secondary-title>Food Chem Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Food Chem Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>3109-3119</pages><volume>48</volume><number>11</number><edition>2010/08/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Factors</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>Child, Preschool</keyword><keyword>*Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>*Environmental Monitoring</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Interviews as Topic</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-6351 (Electronic)
0278-6915 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20696198</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Wu et al. 2010). This study showed a correlation between use of nail products among parents and children in the same household, suggesting that either parents use nail products on their children in similar patterns as they use them on themselves or that parental use patterns influence their children’s use of nail products and their consequent exposure to chemicals from the products ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wu</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wu et al. 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509483619">202</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wu, X. M.</author><author>Bennett, D. H.</author><author>Ritz, B.</author><author>Cassady, D. L.</author><author>Lee, K.</author><author>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Usage pattern of personal care products in California households</title><secondary-title>Food Chem Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Food Chem Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>3109-3119</pages><volume>48</volume><number>11</number><edition>2010/08/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Factors</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>Child, Preschool</keyword><keyword>*Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>*Environmental Monitoring</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Interviews as Topic</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-6351 (Electronic)
0278-6915 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20696198</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Wu et al. 2010).3.1.3Household and workplace presence of the product and other products containing the Candidate Chemical, and aggregate effectsReference: California Code of Regulations title 22, sections 69503.3(a)(1)(B) and 69503.3(b)(3). The potential for exposure to the Candidate Chemical in the product relates to how common the product is in households and workplaces. The household and workplace presence of other products that contain the same Candidate Chemical may increase the potential for aggregate effects. MMA exposure can occur from sources other than nail products including industrial, medical, dentistry, and cosmetic uses discussed in section 1.3. Occupational exposure to MMA has been documented in dentistry workers (i.e., dentist, dental and prosthesis technicians), surgeons and surgical assistants, nurses, monomer and polymer production workers, plastics manufacturing workers, fiberglass and graphic printing industry workers, painting and coating workers, acrylic sheet manufacturing workers, and nail technicians who apply acrylic nails PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5JQVJDPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NDwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (IARC 1994; Ramos et al. 2014). Other populations that may be exposed to MMA include patients with knee or hip implants, dental fillings, intraocular lenses, artificial nail users, and users of other cosmetic products (e.g., eye, makeup, and leave-on products) that contain PMMA with residual MMA. Cosmetic products can contain unpolymerized MMA at concentrations up to 1.5 percent and intraocular lenses, and other products may contain unpolymerized MMA up to 1 percent PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5JQVJDPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NDwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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AG==
ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5JQVJDPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NDwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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AG==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Becker et al. 2011; IARC 1994).MMA continues to be used in a range of nail products available in California PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTM8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Quach et al. 2011; Quach et al. 2013). According to Mintel’s Global New Products Database, four MMA-containing nail coating products have been introduced into the U.S. retail market since 2010 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mintel</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>428</RecNum><DisplayText>(Mintel 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>428</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516732762">428</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mintel</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mintel's Global New Products Database</title></titles><number>January 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Mintel 2018). The U.S. EPA’s Chemical and Product Categories (CPCat) database lists two MMA-containing acrylic nail products with unknown concentrations ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>U.S. EPA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>463</RecNum><DisplayText>(U.S. EPA 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>463</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746806">463</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S. EPA,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>CPCat: Chemical and Product Categories. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><number>November 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(U.S. EPA 2017). Safety data sheets (SDSs) for some of these products list MMA concentrations above 95 percent ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Quint</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>570</RecNum><DisplayText>(Quint 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>570</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854282">570</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Quint, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Health Hazards of Polymethylmethacrylate and Other Acrylate Polymers and Monomers in Acrylic Paints and Gel Nails</title></titles><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Quint 2013). MMA is also found in nail coating products ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EWG</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>173</RecNum><DisplayText>(EWG 2019; Mintel 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>173</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508523789">173</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EWG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Working Group's (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database</title></titles><number>April 2019</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516732762">428</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mintel</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mintel's Global New Products Database</title></titles><number>January 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(EWG 2019; Mintel 2018); the Environmental Working Group’s (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database identifies 24 nail polish products containing MMA as an ingredient ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EWG</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>173</RecNum><DisplayText>(EWG 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>173</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508523789">173</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EWG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Working Group's (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database</title></titles><number>April 2019</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(EWG 2019). According to SDSs, methacrylate monomers (which may include MMA) are ingredients in UV gel nail products at concentrations ranging from 5 percent to 50 percent ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Quint</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>570</RecNum><DisplayText>(Quint 2013; SF Environment 2017a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>570</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854282">570</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Quint, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Health Hazards of Polymethylmethacrylate and Other Acrylate Polymers and Monomers in Acrylic Paints and Gel Nails</title></titles><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>SF Environment</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>735</RecNum><record><rec-number>735</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1520541585">735</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Dataset">59</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>SF Environment,</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>SF Environment (San Francisco Department of the Environment)</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>CFE Gel Polish Data, Raw Data Ingredients Hazard</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017</date></pub-dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Quint 2013; SF Environment 2017a). Home users and salon customers who are exposed to MMA from nail products may also be exposed to MMA from other sources. For example, dental workers may also paint their nails with MMA-containing polish or visit salons for acrylic nail services. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Golbabaei</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>687</RecNum><DisplayText>Golbabaei et al. (2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>687</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518720934">687</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Golbabaei, F.</author><author>Mamdouh, M.</author><author>Jelyani, K. N.</author><author>Shahtaheri, S. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. gol128@</auth-address><titles><title>Exposure to methyl methacrylate and its subjective symptoms among dental technicians, Tehran, Iran</title><secondary-title>Int J Occup Saf Ergon</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Occup Saf Ergon</full-title></periodical><pages>283-289</pages><volume>11</volume><number>3</number><edition>2005/10/13</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Dental Technicians</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Iran</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylate/*adverse effects/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>*Occupational Exposure</keyword><keyword>Surveys and Questionnaires</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>1080-3548 (Print)
1080-3548 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16219156</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> et al. (2005) reported direct exposure measurements of more than 300 mg/m3 (73 ppm) MMA. In a study of dental workplaces in Canada, MMA concentrations up to 9.7 ppm (40 mg/m3) were reported ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nayebzadeh</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>688</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nayebzadeh and Dufresne 1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>688</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518720934">688</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nayebzadeh, A.</author><author>Dufresne, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>McGill University, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. atanay@epid.lan.mcgill.ca</auth-address><titles><title>Evaluation of exposure to methyl methacrylate among dental laboratory technicians</title><secondary-title>Am Ind Hyg Assoc J</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am Ind Hyg Assoc J</full-title><abbr-1>American Industrial Hygiene Association journal</abbr-1></periodical><pages>625-658</pages><volume>60</volume><number>5</number><edition>1999/10/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Air Pollutants, Occupational/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Asthma/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>*Dental Technicians</keyword><keyword>Dust</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylates/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Occupational Diseases/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>Occupational Exposure/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Statistics, Nonparametric</keyword><keyword>Ventilation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Sep-Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-8894 (Print)
0002-8894 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10529992</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nayebzadeh and Dufresne 1999). In a study of chemicals associated with 3D printers in Switzerland, MMA was detected as 37 percent of the total VOC concentration measured ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Steinle</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>689</RecNum><DisplayText>(Steinle 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>689</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518720934">689</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Steinle, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>a Suva, Bereich Analytik , Lucerne , Switzerland.</auth-address><titles><title>Characterization of emissions from a desktop 3D printer and indoor air measurements in office settings</title><secondary-title>J Occup Environ Hyg</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Occup Environ Hyg</full-title></periodical><pages>121-132</pages><volume>13</volume><number>2</number><edition>2015/11/10</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylic Resins</keyword><keyword>Air Pollutants, Occupational/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Air Pollution, Indoor/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Butadienes</keyword><keyword>Gases/analysis</keyword><keyword>Lactic Acid</keyword><keyword>Metals/analysis</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylate/analysis</keyword><keyword>Particulate Matter</keyword><keyword>Polyesters</keyword><keyword>Polymers</keyword><keyword>Polystyrenes</keyword><keyword>*Printing, Three-Dimensional</keyword><keyword>Styrene/analysis</keyword><keyword>Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis</keyword><keyword>Fused deposition modeling</keyword><keyword>indoor</keyword><keyword>office</keyword><keyword>ultrafine aerosols</keyword><keyword>volatile organic compounds</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1545-9632 (Electronic)
1545-9624 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>26550911</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Steinle 2016). Another study in Switzerland identified methacrylate, a breakdown product of MMA, in urine from a series of dental technicians at up to 373 nmol/mmol of creatinine ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rajaniemi</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>690</RecNum><DisplayText>(Rajaniemi et al. 1989)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>690</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518720935">690</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rajaniemi, R.</author><author>Pf?ffli, P.</author><author>Savolainen, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Odontological Centre Odontoma, Helsinki, Finland.</auth-address><titles><title>Percutaneous absorption of methyl methacrylate by dental technicians</title><secondary-title>Br J Ind Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Br J Ind Med</full-title></periodical><pages>356-357</pages><volume>46</volume><number>5</number><edition>1989/05/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Dental Technicians</keyword><keyword>Environmental Exposure</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Methacrylates</keyword><keyword>Methylmethacrylates</keyword><keyword>Skin Absorption</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1989</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0007-1072</isbn><accession-num>2751938</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Rajaniemi et al. 1989). In addition, nail technicians who use more than one MMA-containing nail product in a workday may experience aggregate exposure to MMA.3.2 Potentially Exposed Populations and Product-Use Scenarios3.2.1Targeted customer baseReference: California Code of Regulations title 22, section 69503.3(b)(1).This section may include information on who typically buys or uses the product, and where the product is marketed or sold.Most nail product purchasers and users in the United States are female. They come from various age groups and many belong to sensitive subpopulations such as nail industry workers, children, adolescents, and pregnant women (and their fetuses) PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XdTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTA8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Ford 2014; Wu et al. 2010). U.S. Census data and Simmons National Consumer Survey data calculated by Statista showed that 105.41 million women in the United States used nail polish or other nail products in 2017 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Statista</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>387</RecNum><DisplayText>(Statista 2017a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>387</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1513874157">387</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Statista</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>U.S. population: Do you use nail polish / nail care products?</title></titles><number>December 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Statista 2017a), and this figure is projected to increase to 122.65 million in 2020 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Statista</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>388</RecNum><DisplayText>(Statista 2017b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>388</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1513879558">388</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Statista</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>U.S. population: Usage of nail polish / nail care products from 2011 to 2020</title></titles><number>December 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Statista 2017b). Annual sales of various nail products from May 2015 to May 2016 from U.S. retail outlets exceed $1 billion per year ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Drug?Store?News</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>183</RecNum><DisplayText>(Drug?Store?News 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>183</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508970755">183</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Magazine Article">19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Drug?Store?News</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>"Artificial nails boast consistent growth."</title><secondary-title>Drug Store News</secondary-title></titles><pages>88</pages><volume>38(8)</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Drug?Store?News 2016) (see section 3.1.1 for additional information). Some of the retail nail products used at home may contain MMA, therefore nail product consumers, who include children and pregnant women (and their fetuses), may be exposed to MMA at home. Moreover, there are chronically exposed populations to MMA, such as nail industry workers, and their children who may accompany their parents to work, and the fetuses of pregnant workers. Despite the MMA ban in salons, nail industry workers may be exposed to MMA from retail products brought into salons by customers. Further, they may be exposed to residual MMA or MMA resulting from depolymerization of PMMA from PMMA-containing products.Nationwide, there are approximately 69,738 nail salons with 393,581 licensed manicurists ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509477380">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>2016-2017 Industry Statistics</title><secondary-title>2016-2017 Nails The Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>33-61</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails?Magazine 2017); in California alone, there are more than 9,000 nail salons ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509477380">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>2016-2017 Industry Statistics</title><secondary-title>2016-2017 Nails The Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>33-61</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails?Magazine 2017) with 130,336 licensed manicurists ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>DCA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>184</RecNum><DisplayText>(DCA 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>184</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508971390">184</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>DCA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Email communication from Laurel Goddard of California Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) to Diana Phelps of DTSC on August 14, 2017</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(DCA 2017) and 314,552 cosmetologists ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>DCA</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>736</RecNum><DisplayText>(DCA 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>736</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1520622385">736</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>DCA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Email communication from Laurel Goddard of California Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) to Christine Papagni of DTSC on January 26, 2018</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(DCA 2018). U.S. nail industry workers are mostly low-income, women of color, and non-native English-speaking women of childbearing age ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ford 2014; Nails?Magazine 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509477380">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>2016-2017 Industry Statistics</title><secondary-title>2016-2017 Nails The Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>33-61</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508529760">175</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ford, Anne Rochon </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>“Overexposed, Underinformed”: Nail Salon Workers and Hazards to Their Health / A Review of the Literature. National Network on Environments and Women’s Health (NNEWH)</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ford 2014; Nails?Magazine 2017). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Quach</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>212</RecNum><DisplayText>Quach et al. (2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>212</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509659581">212</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Quach, T.</author><author>Nguyen, K. D.</author><author>Doan-Billings, P. A.</author><author>Okahara, L.</author><author>Fan, C.</author><author>Reynolds, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Northern California Cancer Center, 2001 Center Street, Suite 700, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA. tquach@</auth-address><titles><title>A preliminary survey of Vietnamese nail salon workers in Alameda County, California</title><secondary-title>J Community Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Community Health</full-title></periodical><pages>336-343</pages><volume>33</volume><number>5</number><edition>2008/05/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Beauty Culture</keyword><keyword>Breast Neoplasms/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Interviews as Topic</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Vietnam/ethnology</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0094-5145 (Print)
0094-5145 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18478317</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url> et al. (2008) estimate that 59 to 80 percent of nail technicians in California are of Vietnamese descent. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 90 percent of all nail salons in California are minority-owned and 68 percent are Vietnamese-owned ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>U.S.?Census?Bureau</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>201</RecNum><DisplayText>(U.S.?Census?Bureau 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>201</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509479002">201</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S.?Census?Bureau,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Survey of Business Owners (SBO) - Characteristics of Businesses: 2012 Tables</title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(U.S.?Census?Bureau 2012). Reportedly, 97 percent of nail technicians are female, 64 percent are nonwhite, 56 percent are Vietnamese, and many are of childbearing age ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2017; Pak et al. 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509477380">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>2016-2017 Industry Statistics</title><secondary-title>2016-2017 Nails The Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>33-61</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153285">942</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pak, Victoria M.</author><author>Powers, Martha</author><author>Liu, Jianghong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Occupational chemical exposures among cosmetologists: Risk of reproductive disorders</title><secondary-title>Workplace Health & Safety</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Workplace health & safety</full-title></periodical><pages>522-528</pages><volume>61</volume><number>12</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>2165-0799</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Nails?Magazine 2017; Pak et al. 2013). Nail technicians can be found in a variety of different types of salons including nail salons, full-service salons offering nail services, mobile or home-based salons, and spas ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509477380">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>2016-2017 Industry Statistics</title><secondary-title>2016-2017 Nails The Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>33-61</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails?Magazine 2017).According to one survey, 97 percent of nail salon customers are female ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509477380">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>2016-2017 Industry Statistics</title><secondary-title>2016-2017 Nails The Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>33-61</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails?Magazine 2017). More than 60 percent of female nail salon customers are of childbearing age (Figure 5). Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 5. Demographic makeup of nail salon customers ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509477380">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>2016-2017 Industry Statistics</title><secondary-title>2016-2017 Nails The Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>33-61</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails?Magazine 2017).3.2.2Use scenarios that may contribute to adverse impactsReference: California Code of Regulations title 22, section 69503.3(b)(4)(D).The SCP regulations consider a variety of uses that may contribute to the exposure to the product-chemical combination. These include household and recreational use, use by sensitive subpopulations, and use by workers, customers, clients, and members of the general public in homes, schools, workplaces, or other locations.See section 2.4, section 2.5, section 3.1, section 3.3, section 3.4, and section 3.5 for additional information.Use of nail products containing MMA at home and in salons has the potential to expose nail product consumers, nail technicians and other salon workers, and nail salon patrons to MMA. Nail technicians who work with MMA-containing products may experience daily chemical exposures, which can be exacerbated by their longer workdays and workweeks compared to employees in other sectors PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDg8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Gatica-Ortega et al. 2018). In addition, home environments may have poor ventilation while applying methacrylate-containing nail products, which would be expected to increase the exposure potential to MMA. Consumers who apply retail nail products at home are not trained and apply the products frequently; therefore, the exposure potential of the general public may be same or higher than the salon workers.Consumers who apply retail nail products at home are not trained and apply the products frequently; therefore, the exposure potential of the general public may be same or higher than the salon workers.Consumers who apply retail nail products at home are not trained and apply the products more frequently at home, since doing so is more convenient and affordable than visiting a salon for nail services PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HYXRpY2EtT3J0ZWdhPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwv
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Gatica-Ortega et al. 2018). Therefore, the exposure potential of the general public may be the same or higher than the salon workers PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HYXRpY2EtT3J0ZWdhPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwv
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Gatica-Ortega et al. 2018). Moreover, there are no minimum age requirements, information on exposure risks, or control of home use nail product purchases, and these products are being purchased by adolescents who may understand the exposure risks even less than adults PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HYXRpY2EtT3J0ZWdhPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwv
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Dahlin et al. 2016; Gatica-Ortega et al. 2018). Inhalation is an important exposure route for both nail product consumers and nail salon workers who use MMA-containing products at home and in salons ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ford</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>175</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ford 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>175</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508529760">175</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ford, Anne Rochon </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>“Overexposed, Underinformed”: Nail Salon Workers and Hazards to Their Health / A Review of the Literature. National Network on Environments and Women’s Health (NNEWH)</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ford 2014). When nail products that contain MMA are opened to allow for application, MMA volatizes into the indoor air and is breathed in by nail product users or nail technicians and their customers. Building parameters, air exchange rates, ventilation, weather conditions, seasonal variations ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gresner</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>583</RecNum><DisplayText>(Gresner et al. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>583</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="za95dr2e5rp29sexrd3pwxrardf5wt5xvfer" timestamp="1534974315">583</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gresner, P.</author><author>Swiercz, R.</author><author>Krol, M. B.</author><author>Twardowska, E.</author><author>Gromadzinska, J.</author><author>Wasowicz, W.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8, Sw. Teresy str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland.</auth-address><titles><title>Does the Low-level occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds alter the seasonal variation of selected markers of oxidative stress? A case-control study in nail technicians</title><secondary-title>J Occup Med Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Occup Med Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>36</pages><volume>11</volume><keywords><keyword>Nail technicians</keyword><keyword>Occupational exposure</keyword><keyword>Oxidative stress</keyword><keyword>Seasonal variation</keyword><keyword>Volatile organic compound</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1745-6673 (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (OSHA 2017; Quach et al. 2012; Quach et al. 2013) all affect MMA exposure potential. Ventilation, in particular, is a critical factor in determining indoor air conditions and potential exposure to workers and consumers. While adequate ventilation reduces worker exposure, some salons do not have sufficient ventilation PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5OWVNET0g8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE2PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Goldin et al. 2014; NYSDOH 2016). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Roelofs</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>102</RecNum><DisplayText>Roelofs and Do (2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>102</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453477">102</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Roelofs, Cora</author><author>Do, Tuan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Exposure assessment in nail salons: An indoor air approach</title><secondary-title>ISRN Public Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ISRN Public Health</full-title></periodical><pages>1-7</pages><volume>2012</volume><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>2090-8008</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.5402/2012/962014</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Roelofs and Do (2012) showed that many salons in the Boston area did not have adequate ventilation. Respiratory problems from chemical exposure are made worse by inadequate ventilation in salons (Marlow et al. 2012). The average nail salon is a single room with 1 to 10 work stations or tables ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Yang</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>389</RecNum><DisplayText>(Yang and Han 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>389</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1513880658">389</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yang, J. H.</author><author>Han, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Occupational exposure of nail technicians to airborne chemicals and biological monitoring</title><secondary-title>J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg</full-title></periodical><pages>53-62</pages><volume>20</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Yang and Han 2010) and is sometimes located in an enclosed building such as an indoor mall PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Quach et al. 2011). A nail technician sits on one side of a table facing a client on the other side. This proximity means that salon workers are using nail products close to their breathing zone, increasing potential exposure to the chemicals these products contain ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Yang</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>389</RecNum><DisplayText>(Yang and Han 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>389</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1513880658">389</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yang, J. H.</author><author>Han, D. H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Occupational exposure of nail technicians to airborne chemicals and biological monitoring</title><secondary-title>J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg</full-title></periodical><pages>53-62</pages><volume>20</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Yang and Han 2010). Further, nail salons tend to be small spaces (a mean area of 512 square feet in California) with inadequate ventilation, which increases the magnitude of potential inhalation exposure PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Quach et al. 2011). Nail salon workers and their clients are exposed to MMA during the application of acrylic nails. The duration of this exposure depends on the type of application (full set vs. fill-in vs. repair). The preparation time for a full set of acrylic nails (i.e., applying liquid MMA and powder mixture to the entire natural nail) is approximately 40.4 minutes; for fill-ins (i.e., when natural nail grows out, it is necessary to fill-in the base of the nail with liquid MMA and powder mixture) the time required is approximately 17.4 minutes; repairing a broken acrylic nail takes only a few minutes ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Froines</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>508</RecNum><DisplayText>(Froines and Garabrant 1986)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>508</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516832227">508</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Froines, John R.</author><author>Garabrant, David H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Quantitative evaluation of manicurists exposure to methyl, ethyl and isobutyl methacrylate during production of synthetic fingernails</title><secondary-title>Applied Industrial Hygiene</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Applied Industrial Hygiene</full-title></periodical><pages>70-74</pages><volume>1</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1986</year></dates><isbn>0882-8032</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/08828032.1986.10390471</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Froines and Garabrant 1986). MMA exposure can also occur when the MMA-containing nail products are left uncapped, left soaking on cotton pads, and when dust is generated from acrylic nail filing ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ford</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>175</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ford 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>175</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508529760">175</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ford, Anne Rochon </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>“Overexposed, Underinformed”: Nail Salon Workers and Hazards to Their Health / A Review of the Literature. National Network on Environments and Women’s Health (NNEWH)</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ford 2014). While inhalation is the primary exposure route for MMA in nail products, people may also be exposed to MMA dermally via nail product application PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Gb3JkPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNDwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (EC 2002; Ford 2014; Froines and Garabrant 1986; WHO 1998) and accidental spillages, and orally from accidental ingestion, and hand-to-mouth behavior such as nail biting ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rister</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>572</RecNum><DisplayText>(Rister 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>572</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854292">572</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rister, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Health Problems Caused by Biting Painted Nails are Not Limited to Chemical Toxicity</title><secondary-title></secondary-title></titles><number>April 2018</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Rister 2016). Further, there is exposure potential to MMA from unpolymerized MMA that may still be present after artificial nails have been cured ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Arora</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>439</RecNum><DisplayText>(Arora and Tosti 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>439</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734112">439</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Arora, H.</author><author>Tosti, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Safety and efficacy of nail products</title><secondary-title>Cosmetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cosmetics</full-title></periodical><pages>1-19</pages><volume>4</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2079-9284</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3390/cosmetics4030024</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Arora and Tosti 2017). Nail product users and nail technicians have reported acrylate-associated allergic contact dermatitis. While other occupational groups may also experience dermal MMA exposure, nail salon workers are the most affected occupational group, representing 80 percent of cases of occupational allergic contact dermatitis PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5EZUtvdmVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNzwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (DeKoven et al. 2017; Ramos et al. 2014). As noted previously, nail salon workers often work long hours and may be exposed to multiple MMA-containing nail products simultaneously. As mentioned in section 3.1.2., the median nail technician works 36 or more hours per week and services 16 to 20 customers per week ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509477380">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>2016-2017 Industry Statistics</title><secondary-title>2016-2017 Nails The Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>33-61</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails?Magazine 2017). Ten percent of nail technicians service 36 or more customers per week ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509477380">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>2016-2017 Industry Statistics</title><secondary-title>2016-2017 Nails The Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>33-61</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails?Magazine 2017). While the average nail technician applies only five acrylic sets per week ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>185</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>185</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508971840">185</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Industry Statistics Highlights</title><secondary-title>2014-2015 Nails Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>56-84</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails?Magazine 2015), nail technicians are continuously exposed to MMA vapors and dust in indoor salon air, which is generated when they file acrylic artificial nails PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (LoSasso et al. 2001; Quach et al. 2011). 3.3 Exposures to the Candidate Chemical Throughout the Product Life Cycle 3.3.1Indicators of potential exposures to the Candidate Chemical from the productReference: California Code of Regulations title 22, section 69503.3(b)(2). The SCP regulations consider various data that indicate potential for exposure to the Candidate Chemical or its degradation products, including: (i) the Candidate Chemical’s presence in and release from the product; (ii) monitoring data indicating the Candidate Chemical’s presence in the indoor and outdoor environment, biota, humans (e.g., biomonitoring studies), human food, drinking water, and other media; and (iii) evidence of persistence, bioaccumulation, lactational and transplacental transfer.See section 3.2.2 for additional information.Studies have documented the presence of MMA in nail salons’ indoor air, demonstrating potential exposure to workers, patrons, and visitors PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTM8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA Quach et al. (2011) measured MMA in three California nail salons at an average concentration of 0.54 ppm (2.2 mg/m3). Another study analyzed the concentration of volatile organic compounds over eight hours in salon indoor air for the 12 randomly selected nail salons in Salt Lake City, Utah. In this study, MMA was detected in indoor air samples in 7 out of 12 (58 percent) salons tested ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Alaves</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>127</RecNum><DisplayText>(Alaves et al. 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453555">127</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alaves, V. M.</author><author>Sleeth, D. K.</author><author>Thiese, M. S.</author><author>Larson, R. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>a Salt Lake Valley Health Department, Environmental Health Division , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Characterization of indoor air contaminants in a randomly selected set of commercial nail salons in Salt Lake County, Utah, USA</title><secondary-title>Int J Environ Health Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Environ Health Res</full-title></periodical><pages>419-433</pages><volume>23</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Air Pollutants, Occupational/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Air Pollution, Indoor/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Environmental Monitoring</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Formaldehyde/analysis</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Occupational Exposure</keyword><keyword>Utah</keyword><keyword>Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1369-1619 (Electronic)
0960-3123 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>23286453</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Alaves et al. 2013). After MMA was banned in salons in California, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Nguyen</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><DisplayText>Nguyen (2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453516">125</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nguyen, C.</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>Zhu, Y.</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Indoor air quality of nail salons in the greater Los Angeles area: Assessment of chemical and particulate matter exposures and ventilation</title><secondary-title>Environmental Health Sciences</secondary-title></titles><pages>45</pages><volume>Master of Science</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Los Angeles</pub-location><publisher>UCLA</publisher><work-type>Thesis UCLA</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Nguyen (2016) measured indoor air VOC concentrations at eight Los Angeles nail salons and reported that individual (e.g., acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and MMA) and total VOC concentrations were four to six times higher than concentrations measured in other nail salon indoor air quality studies due to not operating a mechanical ventilation system during data collection. This study found a significant positive correlation between the MMA concentration and the total VOC concentration (R > 0.97, p < 0.0001). Further, this study found a significant positive correlation (R ≥ 0.87, p < 0.01) between the occurrence of acrylic nail services and total VOC concentrations (including MMA as one of the VOCs) measured in salon indoor air. This study also showed that the number of gel nail services were significantly correlated (R>0.70, p<0.05) with concentrations of MMA and other VOCs in salon indoor air ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nguyen</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nguyen 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453516">125</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nguyen, C.</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>Zhu, Y.</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Indoor air quality of nail salons in the greater Los Angeles area: Assessment of chemical and particulate matter exposures and ventilation</title><secondary-title>Environmental Health Sciences</secondary-title></titles><pages>45</pages><volume>Master of Science</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Los Angeles</pub-location><publisher>UCLA</publisher><work-type>Thesis UCLA</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Nguyen 2016).MMA was banned in Colorado by the Colorado Office of Barber and Cosmetology Licensure in 2018 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>CDORA</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1089</RecNum><DisplayText>(CDORA 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1089</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1571083038">1089</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>CDORA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Office of Barber and Cosmetology Licensure: Laws, Rules, and Policies. Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (CDORA)</title></titles><number>September 26, 2019</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(CDORA 2018). Despite the MMA ban in Colorado in 2018, PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGUgQXV0aG9yWWVhcj0iMSI+PEF1dGhvcj5MYW1wbHVnaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZ
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA Lamplugh et al. (2019) measured personal exposures of salon workers to MMA with concentrations in the range of 70 to 1100 ppb in 2 out of 6 salons; which exceeded the RfC for MMA (approximately 171 ppb) in several measurements. According to the survey conducted in this study, salon owners reported that MMA can still be purchased from Colorado nail supply stores despite the MMA ban in Colorado PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MYW1wbHVnaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTk8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Lamplugh et al. 2019).Despite the MMA ban in New York and New Jersey, MMA was detected in 25 nail salons located in New York, New Jersey, and Philadelphia in the range of 0.049 to 21.52 ppm with a mean value of 39.45 ppm at 24 out of 25 salons and one out of 25 salons measured mean MMA concentration as 941.25 ppm ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ma</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>1084</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ma et al. 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1084</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1566500525">1084</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ma, G. X.</author><author>Wei, Z.</author><author>Husni, R.</author><author>Do, P.</author><author>Zhou, K.</author><author>Rhee, J.</author><author>Tan, Y.</author><author>Navder, K.</author><author>Yeh, M. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. grace.ma@temple.edu.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA. grace.ma@temple.edu.
Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
Hunter College, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Characterizing Occupational Health Risks and Chemical Exposures Among Asian Nail Salon Workers on the East Coast of the United States</title><secondary-title>J Community Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Community Health</full-title></periodical><edition>2019/07/13</edition><keywords><keyword>Chemical exposure</keyword><keyword>Health disparities</keyword><keyword>Health risks</keyword><keyword>Nail salon</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 11</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-3610 (Electronic)
0094-5145 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>31297649</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Ma et al. 2019), which exceeded the RfC for MMA (approximately 0.171 ppm) in several measurements ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>U.S. EPA</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>486</RecNum><DisplayText>(U.S. EPA 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>486</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825701">486</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S. EPA,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toxicological Review of Methyl Methacrylate (CAS No. 80-62-6) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(U.S. EPA 1998). Another study showed that nail salons performing services including acrylic nail services had significantly higher concentrations of total VOCs (11,000 ppb) than salons that were not performing any nail services (600 ppb) PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Hb2xkaW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Zhong et al. 2019).In an older study, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Froines</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>508</RecNum><DisplayText>Froines and Garabrant (1986)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>508</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516832227">508</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Froines, John R.</author><author>Garabrant, David H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Quantitative evaluation of manicurists exposure to methyl, ethyl and isobutyl methacrylate during production of synthetic fingernails</title><secondary-title>Applied Industrial Hygiene</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Applied Industrial Hygiene</full-title></periodical><pages>70-74</pages><volume>1</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1986</year></dates><isbn>0882-8032</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/08828032.1986.10390471</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Froines and Garabrant (1986) evaluated manicurists’ exposure to MMA at eight nail salons in Los Angeles during artificial nail application. While nail technicians prepared artificial nails, air samples were collected in their breathing zones using passive samplers. MMA was detected at a mean intermittent exposure that ranged from 9.1 to 47.6 ppm (37 to 195 mg/m3), with an average of 20.3 ppm (83 mg/m3) and peak exposure as high as 137 ppm (562 mg/m3). The eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) MMA exposure in these salons was calculated to be 5.3 ppm (21.7 mg/m3) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>IARC</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>542</RecNum><DisplayText>(Froines and Garabrant 1986; IARC 1994)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>542</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516836945">542</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>IARC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 60. Some Industrial Chemicals. Methyl Methacylate</title></titles><pages>445-474</pages><dates><year>1994</year></dates><publisher>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Froines</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>508</RecNum><record><rec-number>508</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516832227">508</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Froines, John R.</author><author>Garabrant, David H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Quantitative evaluation of manicurists exposure to methyl, ethyl and isobutyl methacrylate during production of synthetic fingernails</title><secondary-title>Applied Industrial Hygiene</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Applied Industrial Hygiene</full-title></periodical><pages>70-74</pages><volume>1</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1986</year></dates><isbn>0882-8032</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/08828032.1986.10390471</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Froines and Garabrant 1986; IARC 1994). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Peters</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>970</RecNum><DisplayText>Peters et al. (2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>970</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153344">970</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Peters, L. l.</author><author>Hawker, D.</author><author>Bartkow, M. E.</author><author>Tapper, S.</author><author>Gore, W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Indoor air concentrations of various volatile organic compounds in a suburban nail salon</title><secondary-title>Clean Air and Environmental Quality</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clean Air and Environmental Quality</full-title></periodical><pages>39-42</pages><volume>41</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Peters et al. (2007) measured MMA at eight-hour TWA concentrations ranging from 1.80 to 5.74 ppm (7.37 to 23.5 mg/m3) in nail salons in Brisbane, Australia ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Peters</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>970</RecNum><DisplayText>(Peters et al. 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>970</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153344">970</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Peters, L. l.</author><author>Hawker, D.</author><author>Bartkow, M. E.</author><author>Tapper, S.</author><author>Gore, W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Indoor air concentrations of various volatile organic compounds in a suburban nail salon</title><secondary-title>Clean Air and Environmental Quality</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clean Air and Environmental Quality</full-title></periodical><pages>39-42</pages><volume>41</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Peters et al. 2007). 3.3.2Potential exposure to the Candidate Chemical during the product’s life cycle Reference: California Code of Regulations title 22, section 69503.3(b)(4)(A).Potential exposures to the Candidate Chemical or its degradation products may occur during various product life cycle stages, including manufacturing, use, storage, transportation, waste, and end-of-life management practices. Information on existing regulatory restrictions, product warnings, or other product use precautions designed to reduce potential exposures during the product’s life cycle may also be discussed here. See section 3.2, section 3.3.1, section 3.3.3, section 3.4, and section 3.5 for additional information.Nail products are manufactured in industrial facilities in California, other U.S. states, and worldwide. While workers in such facilities are potentially exposed to MMA during the manufacture of nail products, this evaluation of MMA in nail products is focused on exposure to nail industry workers and nail product consumers.3.3.3 Frequency, extent, level, and duration of potential exposure for each use and end-of-life scenario Reference: California Code of Regulations title 22, Section 69503.3(b)(4)(E).Frequency of product use (how often), and the extent (the number of routes of exposure), level (concentration of the Candidate Chemical), and duration (length of time) of use, are all considered when assessing the potential for exposure to the Candidate Chemical or its degradation products.See section 3.2, section 3.3.1, section, 3.3.2, section 3.4, and section 3.5 for additional information.A variety of nail products contain MMA, including nail polishes and other coatings and acrylic nail products ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EWG</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>173</RecNum><DisplayText>(EWG 2019; Mintel 2018; U.S. EPA 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>173</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508523789">173</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EWG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Working Group's (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database</title></titles><number>April 2019</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>. EPA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>463</RecNum><record><rec-number>463</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516746806">463</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S. EPA,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>CPCat: Chemical and Product Categories. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><number>November 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516732762">428</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mintel</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mintel's Global New Products Database</title></titles><number>January 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(EWG 2019; Mintel 2018; U.S. EPA 2017). The most significant routes of MMA exposure for nail product users and nail salon workers are inhalation and dermal contact ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EC</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>490</RecNum><DisplayText>(EC 2002; Ford 2014; WHO 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825720">490</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>European Union Risk Assesment Report. Methyl Methacrylate. CAS No. 80-62-6. EINECS No. 201-297-1</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>European Commission (EC), European Chemicals Bureau</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>WHO</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>595</RecNum><record><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516855371">595</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WHO</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 4. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>World Health Organization (WHO)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508529760">175</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ford, Anne Rochon </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>“Overexposed, Underinformed”: Nail Salon Workers and Hazards to Their Health / A Review of the Literature. National Network on Environments and Women’s Health (NNEWH)</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EC 2002; Ford 2014; WHO 1998).Nail product use is popular in the U.S. and California. Approximately 105.41 million women in the United States used nail polish or other nail products in 2017 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Statista</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>387</RecNum><DisplayText>(Statista 2017a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>387</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1513874157">387</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Statista</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>U.S. population: Do you use nail polish / nail care products?</title></titles><number>December 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Statista 2017a). Annual sales of various nail products from U.S. retail outlets exceed $1 billion per year ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Drug?Store?News</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>183</RecNum><DisplayText>(Drug?Store?News 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>183</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508970755">183</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Magazine Article">19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Drug?Store?News</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>"Artificial nails boast consistent growth."</title><secondary-title>Drug Store News</secondary-title></titles><pages>88</pages><volume>38(8)</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Drug?Store?News 2016). From June 2015 to May 2016, nail polish sales exceeded $741 million (or 204 million products sold) at chain drug stores, supermarkets, discount stores, and club and dollar stores ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Drug?Store?News</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>183</RecNum><DisplayText>(Drug?Store?News 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>183</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508970755">183</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Magazine Article">19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Drug?Store?News</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>"Artificial nails boast consistent growth."</title><secondary-title>Drug Store News</secondary-title></titles><pages>88</pages><volume>38(8)</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Drug?Store?News 2016). Retail stores sell millions of nail products to consumers annually ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Drug?Store?News</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>183</RecNum><DisplayText>(Drug?Store?News 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>183</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508970755">183</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Magazine Article">19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Drug?Store?News</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>"Artificial nails boast consistent growth."</title><secondary-title>Drug Store News</secondary-title></titles><pages>88</pages><volume>38(8)</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Drug?Store?News 2016), and consumers are potentially exposed to MMA when they apply and remove MMA-containing nail products. Acrylic nail products, nail polishes, and gel nail products that contain MMA are sold in retail stores and local beauty supply stores ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EWG</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>173</RecNum><DisplayText>(EWG 2019; SF Environment 2017b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>173</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508523789">173</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EWG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Working Group's (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database</title></titles><number>April 2019</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> Environment</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>684</RecNum><record><rec-number>684</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518720932">684</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>SF Environment,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Email communication from Megan Kalsman of San Francisco Department of the Environment (SF Environment) to Dicle Yardimci of DTSC on July 5, 2017</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EWG 2019; SF Environment 2017b). Even after the FDA removed products containing 100 percent MMA from the market through court proceedings, some nail salons continue to illegally use MMA for acrylic nails due to its low cost ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FDA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>95</RecNum><DisplayText>(FDA 2017b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>95</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453475">95</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FDA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nail Care Products. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</title></titles><number>February 2018</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(FDA 2017b). Some artificial nail products contain MMA concentrations of 95 percent (SDS, USIC Inc. 2012). Nail salon customers may also bring MMA-containing products into nail salons. UV gels and gel polishes are among the nail products that may contain MMA. Some UV gels are reported to contain a mixture of methacrylates with concentrations of 5 to 50 percent that may include MMA as an ingredient (SDSs, CND 2008). UV gels (also known as gel nails) have become a popular product at nail salons. UV gels are more durable than traditional nail polish and are easier to apply and remove compared to acrylic nails. Roughly 67 percent of nail technicians offer UV gels at their salons ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>185</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>185</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508971840">185</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Industry Statistics Highlights</title><secondary-title>2014-2015 Nails Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>56-84</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails?Magazine 2015). Gel polish is also a popular option for at-home use. Ten percent of women who apply nail polish at home report that they use gel polish ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Romanowski</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>200</RecNum><DisplayText>(Romanowski 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>200</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1513712133">200</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Romanowski, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The trends polishing up the nail care market. Mintel.</title></titles><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Romanowski 2015). Gel polish has the look, feel, and long-lasting quality of traditional UV and LED gels but does not require a UV or LED light to dry. U.S. at-home gel polish sales revenue in 2012 totaled $25 million and is expected to grow in subsequent years ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brookman</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>215</RecNum><DisplayText>(Brookman 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>215</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509667275">215</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Newspaper Article">23</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brookman, Faye</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>"The Nail Care Battle."</title><secondary-title>Women's Wear Daily</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>January 25, 2013</date></pub-dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Brookman 2013). Further, exposure of nail salon workers is influenced by the number of hours worked each week, the number of clients served in a day, the number of nail technicians providing services, the number of times MMA-containing nail products are opened or applied, and the concentration of MMA present in these products. Nail industry workers may be exposed to MMA-containing products daily, potentially several times per day, and multiple times per week. A study at two Florida nail salons found that nail technicians spent approximately 24 percent of the total time of acrylic nail service procedure working with liquid monomer, which included work with MMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Marty</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>968</RecNum><DisplayText>(Marty 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>968</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153344">968</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Marty, Adam</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate exposure among fingernail sculptors</title><secondary-title>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health</secondary-title></titles><volume>Master of Science</volume><dates><year>2007</year></dates><publisher>University of South Florida</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Marty 2007). Workers in the nail industry often work hours in excess of a standard 40-hour workweek or an eight-hour workday ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Quach</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>212</RecNum><DisplayText>(Quach et al. 2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>212</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509659581">212</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Quach, T.</author><author>Nguyen, K. D.</author><author>Doan-Billings, P. A.</author><author>Okahara, L.</author><author>Fan, C.</author><author>Reynolds, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Northern California Cancer Center, 2001 Center Street, Suite 700, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA. tquach@</auth-address><titles><title>A preliminary survey of Vietnamese nail salon workers in Alameda County, California</title><secondary-title>J Community Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Community Health</full-title></periodical><pages>336-343</pages><volume>33</volume><number>5</number><edition>2008/05/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Beauty Culture</keyword><keyword>Breast Neoplasms/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Interviews as Topic</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Vietnam/ethnology</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0094-5145 (Print)
0094-5145 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18478317</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Quach et al. 2008). During those long work hours, nail salon workers are exposed to multiple nail products simultaneously that may contain MMA. This may result in a greater exposure over an occupational lifetime.Factors affecting indoor air dynamics also contribute to concentrations of MMA in nail salons and result in worker exposures. Building dimensions, room ventilation, weather conditions, air exchange rates, and time of day also play a role in the concentration of MMA in indoor air PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5PU0hBPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNzwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (OSHA 2017; Quach et al. 2012; Quach et al. 2013). Ventilation is the preferred exposure control method in nail salons; however, nail salons often lack adequate ventilation and, consequently, have MMA concentrations above acceptable exposure limits. Poor ventilation may be related to lack of or inefficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems combined with the use of inadequate filters which do not remove finer particles ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bennett</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>960</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bennett et al. 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>960</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153321">960</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bennett, D. H.</author><author>Fisk, W.</author><author>Apte, M. G.</author><author>Wu, X.</author><author>Trout, A.</author><author>Faulkner, D.</author><author>Sullivan, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. dhbennett@ucdavis.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Ventilation, temperature, and HVAC characteristics in small and medium commercial buildings in California</title><secondary-title>Indoor Air</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Indoor Air</full-title></periodical><pages>309-320</pages><volume>22</volume><number>4</number><edition>2012/01/20</edition><keywords><keyword>*Air Filters</keyword><keyword>*Air Pollution, Indoor</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>*Environment Design</keyword><keyword>Environmental Exposure/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Environmental Health/*methods</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Sick Building Syndrome/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Statistics as Topic</keyword><keyword>*Temperature</keyword><keyword>*Ventilation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1600-0668 (Electronic)
0905-6947 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22257121</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Bennett et al. 2012). Even with adequate ventilation, salons with several nail technicians performing services simultaneously can have elevated levels of VOCs in salon indoor air ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nguyen</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nguyen 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453516">125</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nguyen, C.</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>Zhu, Y.</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Indoor air quality of nail salons in the greater Los Angeles area: Assessment of chemical and particulate matter exposures and ventilation</title><secondary-title>Environmental Health Sciences</secondary-title></titles><pages>45</pages><volume>Master of Science</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Los Angeles</pub-location><publisher>UCLA</publisher><work-type>Thesis UCLA</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Nguyen 2016). When adequate ventilation is not possible, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by nail technicians can reduce their exposure to MMA. The use of appropriate gloves reduces dermal exposure, and the use of half-facepiece air purifying respirators with organic vapor filtering cartridges reduces inhalation exposure (see section 3.5.2) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cal/OSHA</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>380</RecNum><DisplayText>(Cal/OSHA 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>380</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1513716639">380</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cal/OSHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Title 8, California Code of Regulations, § 5155, Table AC-1, Permissible Exposure Limits for Chemical Contaminants.California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA)</title></titles><number>February 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Cal/OSHA 2018).3.4 Potential Cases of Exposure to the Candidate Chemical in the Product from Various Life Cycle Segments – Special SituationsThis section would be used to discuss potential exposures to a Candidate Chemical used in products that 1) may be made in, stored in, or transported through California but are not used in the state or 2) are exempted from the statutory definition of a consumer product. Nail products with MMA do not meet either of these criteria; therefore, this section does not apply.3.5 Factors That May Mitigate or Exacerbate Exposure to the Candidate Chemical3.5.1Containment of the Candidate Chemical within the productReference: SCP regulations section 69503.3(b)(4)(F).When assessing the exposure potential, the SCP regulations consider how the Candidate Chemical is contained or bound during product use (e.g., as an inaccessible component inside a product) and the degree to which the containment is protective at end-of-life (e.g., recycling or disposal). Nail coatings and acrylic nails are formulated mixtures of chemicals that include MMA. Due to its high vapor pressure, MMA readily volatilizes at ambient and room temperatures, and it is potentially released from nail products during product use and end-of-life.3.5.2Engineering and administrative controls that reduce exposure concernsReference: SCP regulations sections 69503.3(b)(4)(G).The SCP regulations also consider any administrative controls (e.g., warning labels on a product) or engineering controls (e.g., specialized ventilation equipment) that can reduce the potential for chemical exposures from the product during product manufacturing, use, or end-of-life.Cosmetic products including nail products do not need FDA approval prior to sale in the U.S. market ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FDA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1077</RecNum><DisplayText>(FDA 2017a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1077</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1543601829">1077</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FDA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>How to Safely Use Nail Care Products. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</title></titles><number>September 2018</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(FDA 2017a). Therefore, the FDA recommends the following to reduce nail product exposure during home use of nail products: apply nail products in areas with good air circulation (i.e., ventilation); do not let any person or pet ingest nail products, as some nail product ingredients can be harmful if swallowed;read labels for nail product ingredients to avoid using products containing harmful ingredients; andfollow label instructions when applying nail products (FDA 2017). Further, exposure to nail product vapors can be minimized by turning on a bathroom or other room exhaust fan or opening windows during use, and leaving the room after you have applied them ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Beyond Toxics</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1079</RecNum><DisplayText>(Beyond Toxics 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1079</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1543601831">1079</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Beyond Toxics,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nail Polish and Nail Polish Remover</title></titles><number>September 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Beyond Toxics 2018).Occupational exposures to harmful substances should be addressed via a well-documented hazard control methodology widely accepted by industrial hygiene professionals and safety organizations. NIOSH recommends the following hierarchy of controls to protect workers from hazards, in order of preference: elimination of the hazard; substitution with a different chemical; engineering controls, including processes and systems such as exhaust ventilation, which are designed to remove a hazard at the source, to reduce, or eliminate worker exposure; administrative controls, including the implementation of policies, procedures, and employee training; and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NIOSH</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>995</RecNum><DisplayText>(NIOSH 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>995</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1524606867">995</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NIOSH</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Workplace Safety & Health Topics, Hierarchy of Controls. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</title></titles><number>April 2018</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(NIOSH 2016). Eliminating a chemical hazard entirely, or substituting a less hazardous chemical, is the most effective means of minimizing potential occupational exposures to workers. Engineering controls can also be effective, especially when combined with administrative controls and PPE. However, administrative controls and PPE are the least desirable approaches to control potential occupational exposure, because the original hazard is still present in the workplace ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NIOSH</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>995</RecNum><DisplayText>(NIOSH 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>995</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1524606867">995</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NIOSH</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Workplace Safety & Health Topics, Hierarchy of Controls. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</title></titles><number>April 2018</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(NIOSH 2016). Due to factors discussed previously, nail salon workers are likely to experience greater and more frequent exposures to MMA than workers in most surgical, dental, or industrial settings ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>LoSasso</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>391</RecNum><DisplayText>(LoSasso et al. 2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>391</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1515531680">391</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>LoSasso, G. L. </author><author>Rapport, L. J.</author><author>Axelrod, B. N.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Neuropsychological symptoms associated with low-level exposure to solvents and (meth)acrylates among nail technicians</title><secondary-title>Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol</full-title></periodical><pages>183-189</pages><volume>14</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2001</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(LoSasso et al. 2001). Nail salon workers typically work in small business establishments (e.g., a mean size of 512 square feet and mean volume of 5,882 cubic feet in California) that are poorly ventilated, and some salons are built in enclosed buildings such as indoor malls and high-rises PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Mb1Nhc3NvPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (LoSasso et al. 2001; Quach et al. 2011). It is crucial that nail salons implement adequate engineering controls to reduce chemical exposure. Proper ventilation reduces nail salon worker exposure to airborne chemicals ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NYSDOH</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>147</RecNum><DisplayText>(NYSDOH 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>147</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453647">147</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NYSDOH</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Review of Chemicals Used in Nail Salons</title></titles><dates><year>2016</year></dates><publisher>New?York State?Department?of?Health (NYSDOH)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(NYSDOH 2016), while poor ventilation during use of nail products can be an important risk factor for adverse health effects (Aydin et al. 2002). A study of salon indoor air to measure VOC concentrations was conducted in Los Angeles nail salons ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nguyen</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nguyen 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453516">125</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nguyen, C.</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>Zhu, Y.</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Indoor air quality of nail salons in the greater Los Angeles area: Assessment of chemical and particulate matter exposures and ventilation</title><secondary-title>Environmental Health Sciences</secondary-title></titles><pages>45</pages><volume>Master of Science</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Los Angeles</pub-location><publisher>UCLA</publisher><work-type>Thesis UCLA</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Nguyen 2016) after MMA was banned in salons. These salons that did not operate mechanical ventilation systems during data collection had as much as six times higher VOC concentrations, including MMA, than those measured in other nail salon indoor air studies in Alameda County, California PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Quach et al. 2011) and Salt Lake City, Utah ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Alaves</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>127</RecNum><DisplayText>(Alaves et al. 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453555">127</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alaves, V. M.</author><author>Sleeth, D. K.</author><author>Thiese, M. S.</author><author>Larson, R. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>a Salt Lake Valley Health Department, Environmental Health Division , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Characterization of indoor air contaminants in a randomly selected set of commercial nail salons in Salt Lake County, Utah, USA</title><secondary-title>Int J Environ Health Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Environ Health Res</full-title></periodical><pages>419-433</pages><volume>23</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Air Pollutants, Occupational/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Air Pollution, Indoor/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Environmental Monitoring</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Formaldehyde/analysis</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Occupational Exposure</keyword><keyword>Utah</keyword><keyword>Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1369-1619 (Electronic)
0960-3123 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>23286453</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Alaves et al. 2013) (see section 2.4.1). NIOSH and the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommend proper ventilation systems as an engineering control to reduce exposure to MMA and other chemical vapors and the dust created while filing/buffing acrylic nails ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NIOSH</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>561</RecNum><DisplayText>(NIOSH 1999; OSHA 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>561</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854062">561</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NIOSH</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Controlling Chemical Hazards During the Application of Artificial Fingernails. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)</title></titles><number>July 2017</number><dates><year>1999</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1517962411">385</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>OSHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stay Healthy and Safe While Giving Manicures and Pedicures. A Guide for Nail Salon Workers</title></titles><number>OSHA 3542-05 2012</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(NIOSH 1999; OSHA 2012). However, many salons lack adequate ventilation. In one study of 20 nail salons in Alameda County, California, only 8 percent of nail salons had table ventilators. Higher VOC levels were measured in the breathings zone of nail technicians who worked in nail salons without table ventilators PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Quach et al. 2011). A study of 21 nail salons in Boston had similar findings: 15 of the salons (71 percent) had measured carbon dioxide (CO2) levels exceeding 800 ppm, suggesting that these salons had insufficient ventilation; these salons had elevated levels of total VOCs and 2.5 ?m particulate matter as compared with well-ventilated salons PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Hb2xkaW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Goldin et al. 2014).Ventilation control systems fall into two main categories: local exhaust ventilation (LEV) and dilution ventilation. LEV systems aim to capture contaminants at or near the source of release and remove them before they can be inhaled by workers or others ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NYSDOH</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>147</RecNum><DisplayText>(NYSDOH 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>147</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453647">147</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NYSDOH</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Review of Chemicals Used in Nail Salons</title></titles><dates><year>2016</year></dates><publisher>New?York State?Department?of?Health (NYSDOH)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(NYSDOH 2016). LEV systems include downdraft ventilated tables ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NIOSH</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>561</RecNum><DisplayText>(NIOSH 1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>561</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854062">561</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NIOSH</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Controlling Chemical Hazards During the Application of Artificial Fingernails. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)</title></titles><number>July 2017</number><dates><year>1999</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(NIOSH 1999), portable source capture ventilation (SCV) systems, and ventilation systems that remove contaminants before they cross the breathing zone ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Marlow</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>177</RecNum><DisplayText>(Marlow et al. 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>177</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508533736">177</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Marlow, David A. </author><author>Looney, Timothy</author><author>Reutman, Susan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An Evaluation of Local Exhaust Ventilation Systems for Controlling Hazardous Exposures in Nail Salons. EPHB Report No. 005-164</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Division of Applied Research and Technology, Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch (EPHB)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Marlow et al. 2012). Dilution ventilation systems reduce contaminant concentrations within the room or area but do not remove the contaminant at its source. Dilution ventilation primarily provides conditioned air to an area for general comfort and odor control ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NYSDOH</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>147</RecNum><DisplayText>(NYSDOH 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>147</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453647">147</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NYSDOH</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Review of Chemicals Used in Nail Salons</title></titles><dates><year>2016</year></dates><publisher>New?York State?Department?of?Health (NYSDOH)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(NYSDOH 2016). A 2012 NIOSH study examined the effectiveness of various SCV systems in nail salons ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Marlow</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>177</RecNum><DisplayText>(Marlow et al. 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>177</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508533736">177</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Marlow, David A. </author><author>Looney, Timothy</author><author>Reutman, Susan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An Evaluation of Local Exhaust Ventilation Systems for Controlling Hazardous Exposures in Nail Salons. EPHB Report No. 005-164</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Division of Applied Research and Technology, Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch (EPHB)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Marlow et al. 2012). Three different exhaust systems and four different collecting hoods were tested under controlled laboratory conditions. On average, the SCV systems reduced exposures by 50 to 60 percent ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Marlow</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>177</RecNum><DisplayText>(Marlow et al. 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>177</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508533736">177</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Marlow, David A. </author><author>Looney, Timothy</author><author>Reutman, Susan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An Evaluation of Local Exhaust Ventilation Systems for Controlling Hazardous Exposures in Nail Salons. EPHB Report No. 005-164</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Division of Applied Research and Technology, Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch (EPHB)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Marlow et al. 2012). Based on these findings, NIOSH recommends placing LEV units close to the area where artificial nail services are done or performing nail services at ventilated work tables and exhausting this air to outside ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NIOSH</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>561</RecNum><DisplayText>(NIOSH 1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>561</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854062">561</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NIOSH</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Controlling Chemical Hazards During the Application of Artificial Fingernails. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)</title></titles><number>July 2017</number><dates><year>1999</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(NIOSH 1999). OSHA also recommends that salons use portable ventilation machines to remove dust and chemicals from the breathing zones of nail salon workers and their customers in order to reduce their chemical exposure ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>OSHA</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>385</RecNum><DisplayText>(OSHA 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>385</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1517962411">385</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>OSHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stay Healthy and Safe While Giving Manicures and Pedicures. A Guide for Nail Salon Workers</title></titles><number>OSHA 3542-05 2012</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(OSHA 2012). 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Quach et al. 2011). Salons that used other forms of ventilation, including opening doors and windows, using table fans, and installing roof fans, had lower concentrations of VOCs in their air than salons that did not follow these practices PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Quach et al. 2011).Nail salons can implement a variety of other engineering and administrative controls to reduce exposure to MMA and other VOCs. They include: installing exhaust fans that pull air from one end of the salon and push it out of the salon, and always keeping the exhaust system on ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>OSHA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>179</RecNum><DisplayText>(OSHA 2012; OSHA 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>179</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508793242">179</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>OSHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Health Hazards in Nail Salons. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1517962411">385</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>OSHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stay Healthy and Safe While Giving Manicures and Pedicures. A Guide for Nail Salon Workers</title></titles><number>OSHA 3542-05 2012</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(OSHA 2012; OSHA 2017);always keeping the HVAC system on during work hours and replacing the filter once per year ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>OSHA</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>385</RecNum><DisplayText>(OSHA 2012; U.S.?EPA 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>385</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1517962411">385</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>OSHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stay Healthy and Safe While Giving Manicures and Pedicures. A Guide for Nail Salon Workers</title></titles><number>OSHA 3542-05 2012</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453472">92</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S.?EPA,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Protecting the Health of Nail Salon Workers</title></titles><dates><year>2007</year></dates><publisher>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(OSHA 2012; U.S.?EPA 2007);changing charcoal filters of ventilated tables at least once a month and cleaning out the catch basins at least once a week PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5PU0hBPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNzwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (OSHA 2012; OSHA 2017; U.S.?EPA 2007);training nail technicians in their native language on techniques and procedures to reduce workplace chemical exposures (Quach et al. 2013);taking regular breaks outside the salon PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTI8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTI8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (OSHA 2012; Quach et al. 2012);washing hands between clients and before eating, drinking, putting on cosmetics, and smoking ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>OSHA</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>385</RecNum><DisplayText>(OSHA 2012; U.S.?EPA 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>385</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1517962411">385</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>OSHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stay Healthy and Safe While Giving Manicures and Pedicures. A Guide for Nail Salon Workers</title></titles><number>OSHA 3542-05 2012</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453472">92</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S.?EPA,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Protecting the Health of Nail Salon Workers</title></titles><dates><year>2007</year></dates><publisher>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(OSHA 2012; U.S.?EPA 2007); keeping food and drinks covered at all times, and not storing or eating food in work areas ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>OSHA</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>385</RecNum><DisplayText>(OSHA 2012; U.S.?EPA 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>385</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1517962411">385</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>OSHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stay Healthy and Safe While Giving Manicures and Pedicures. A Guide for Nail Salon Workers</title></titles><number>OSHA 3542-05 2012</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453472">92</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S.?EPA,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Protecting the Health of Nail Salon Workers</title></titles><dates><year>2007</year></dates><publisher>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(OSHA 2012; U.S.?EPA 2007); andusing PPE including protective eyewear or goggles, nitrile gloves, NIOSH-approved filtering facepiece respirators also known as N95 masks PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5PU0hBPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNzwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (OSHA 2017; Quach et al. 2013; U.S.?EPA 2007).Using half-facepiece air purifying respirators (APRs) with organic vapor filtering cartridges (which offer protection from breathing in chemical vapors) can also protect workers from hazardous gases and vapors when performing tasks such as moving chemicals from large bottles to smaller bottles and cleaning up large spills. Use of APRs requires that the employer implement a respiratory protection program under OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard 29 C.F.R. 1910.134, which has certain requirements including training and fit testing. Further, employers must evaluate the appropriate cartridges for the job, provide cartridges to workers, and inform workers how and when to change cartridges ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>OSHA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>179</RecNum><DisplayText>(OSHA 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>179</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508793242">179</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>OSHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Health Hazards in Nail Salons. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(OSHA 2017).While proper use of appropriate PPE can reduce MMA exposure from nail products, nail salon owners may not provide such PPE; their use is inconsistent among nail technicians, and many technicians rarely or never use it. In one survey, 66 percent of nail technicians indicated that they wear gloves at least sometimes when using nail products; however, most said they do not wear additional protective gear such as face masks or protective eyewear ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>185</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>185</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508971840">185</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Industry Statistics Highlights</title><secondary-title>2014-2015 Nails Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>56-84</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails?Magazine 2015). A study of nail technicians in Manhattan found that 415 out of 562 respondents (74 percent) were not wearing gloves despite legislation in New York requiring them to do so ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Basch</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>120</RecNum><DisplayText>(Basch et al. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>120</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453507">120</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Basch, C.</author><author>Yarborough, C.</author><author>Trusty, S.</author><author>Basch, C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Use of protective gloves in nail salons in Manhattan, New York City</title><secondary-title>J Prev Med Public Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Prev Med Public Health</full-title></periodical><pages>249-251</pages><volume>49</volume><number>4</number><edition>2016/08/09</edition><keywords><keyword>Gloves, Protective/*statistics & numerical data</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>New York City</keyword><keyword>Occupational Health/*legislation & jurisprudence</keyword><keyword>Skin/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Surveys and Questionnaires</keyword><keyword>Volatile Organic Compounds/toxicity</keyword><keyword>Workplace</keyword><keyword>Nails</keyword><keyword>Protective gloves</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2233-4521 (Electronic)
1975-8375 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>27499167</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Basch et al. 2016). A survey of 65 nail technicians in Oregon had similar findings; 72 percent rarely use gloves and masks, and 32 percent never do. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XaGl0ZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTU8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Gosavi et al. 2010; Ursberg et al. 2016). Thicker polyethylene gloves could provide better protection; however, they are not suitable for nail technicians’ fine work ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ursberg</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>930</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ursberg et al. 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>930</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153239">930</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ursberg, Anna‐Maria</author><author>Bergendorff, Ola</author><author>Thorsson, Ann‐Charlotte</author><author>Isaksson, Marléne</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Is there a good in vivo method to show whether gloves are sufficiently protective when a nail technician is exposed to (meth) acrylates? An in vivo pilot study</title><secondary-title>Contact dermatitis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Contact Dermatitis</full-title><abbr-1>Contact dermatitis</abbr-1></periodical><pages>62-65</pages><volume>75</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0105-1873</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ursberg et al. 2016). A recent in-person health and safety survey of nail technicians revealed a need for better training and availability of appropriate PPE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TaGVuZGVsbDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Mayer et al. 2015). In 2018, DTSC published Healthy Nail Salon Recognition (HNSR) Program Guidelines to improve nail salon safety and health statewide in California ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>DTSC</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1022</RecNum><DisplayText>(DTSC 2018b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1022</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1531158873">1022</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>DTSC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Healthy Nail Salon Recognition Program Guidelines</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><publisher>Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>, 2018</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(DTSC 2018b). DTSC’s HNSR program guidelines include training topics for salon workers such as use of PPE; adopting safer products; safe chemical handling, transfer, storage, and disposal; and implementing proper ventilation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>DTSC</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1022</RecNum><DisplayText>(DTSC 2018b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1022</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1531158873">1022</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>DTSC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Healthy Nail Salon Recognition Program Guidelines</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><publisher>Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>, 2018</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(DTSC 2018b). While better, more consistent training of salon staff may reduce MMA exposures to nail salon workers and their clients, the potential for exposure exists even in salons that have implemented such training programs.Adverse Waste and End-of-Life Effects Reference: SCP Regulations sections 69503.2(b)(1)(B) and 69501.1 (a)(8).DTSC is most concerned about MMA exposures during the use phase. While MMA in discarded nail products can be released to the environment, the products are often packaged in relatively small containers, limiting the amount of MMA released from an individual product. MMA released from disposed nail products is expected to be diluted in ambient air or in wastewater and degraded by the processes discussed in section 2.2.1. Consequently, DTSC is not basing its proposal on this factor.Additional Considerations This section summarizes other relevant information not captured under the adverse impact and exposure factors named in section 69503.3 of the Safer Consumer Products regulations.5.1Other Relevant Factors Not Identified by the RegulationIn the U.S. and Europe, market trends are moving toward minimizing or eliminating the use of certain chemicals in nail products. The use of MMA has been restricted in the U.S. and Europe due to severe cases of contact dermatitis associated with MMA. Many products with more than 90 percent MMA have been recalled in Europe, and use of nail products containing MMA is not allowed in U.S. nail salons and cosmetology schools PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CQkM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (BBC 2015; FDA 2017b; SGS 2014). Other recent efforts in California have focused on nail product safety. In 2012, the San Francisco Department of the Environment (SF Environment) created a voluntary recognition program for nail salons that choose safer alternative chemicals in nail products, train their employees on safer practices that reduce exposure, provide and require employees to use personal protective equipment, and improve indoor air quality by installing mechanical ventilation units ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>SF Environment</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>733</RecNum><DisplayText>(SF Environment 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>733</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1520285118">733</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>SF Environment,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Healthy Nail Salon Program. San Francisco Department of the Environment (SF Environment)</title></titles><number>March 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(SF Environment 2018). Since then, several other counties and cities have established voluntary Healthy Nail Salon Programs that recognize salons that use less toxic polishes and other nail products, improve ventilation, and participate in trainings that focus on best practices for a healthier workplace ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>CHNSC</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>731</RecNum><DisplayText>(CHNSC 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>731</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1520283387">731</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>CHNSC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Find a Healthy Nail Salon. California Healthy Nail Salon Collaborative (CHNSC)</title></titles><number>February 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(CHNSC 2018).In addition to voluntary recognition programs established by local jurisdictions, several recent California laws focus on the health, safety, and education of nail salon workers statewide:AB 2125 (2015-2016) – The Healthy Nail Salon Recognition Program (Health & Safety Code, Section 25257.2)Includes incentives for businesses to use less toxic nail polishes and polish removers and to improve ventilation.Calls upon DTSC to publish guidelines for cities and counties to implement voluntary local healthy nail salon recognition (HNSR) programs, including a list of chemicals that should not be used by salons seeking HNSR program recognition. AB 2025 (2015-2016) – Barbering and Cosmetology: Labor Law Education Requirements (amended Business & Professions Code, Sections 7312, 7314, 7314.3, 7337, 7347, and 7389)Provides provisions for improved education and language access for salon workers. AB 2437 (2015-2016) – Barbering and Cosmetology: Establishments: Posting Notice (Bus. & Prof. Code, Section 7353.4)Requires salons to post notices regarding workplace rights and wage and hour laws in English, Spanish, Vietnamese, and Korean.AB 2775 (2018) – Professional cosmetics: labeling requirements (amended Health and Safety Code, Section 110371)Requires manufacturers to disclose ingredients on the labels of professional cosmetics. The law makes the violation of its provisions a crime. Authorizes the California Department of Public Health to require cosmetic labels to list ingredients for professional cosmetics. Professional cosmetic products manufactured on or after July?1, 2020 and available for sale in California must have a label affixed on each container that satisfies all the labelling requirements. 5.2 Key Data GapsIn this Profile, DTSC has documented the continued use of MMA in retail nail products as well as MMA’s hazard traits and potential exposure scenarios. We have determined that exposure to MMA from these products, alone or in combination with exposures from products formulated with PMMA that may contain residual MMA and from illegal use of MMA-containing products in salons, has the potential to contribute to, or cause, significant or widespread adverse impacts in the public and in salon workers. This Profile summarized MMA’s potential adverse impacts and DTSC acknowledges that addressing several data gaps would enable us to better estimate the extent and magnitude of these potential adverse impacts: the typical frequency and duration of application of acrylic nails and other MMA-containing retail nail products at home; relative MMA exposure level and frequency during at-home use versus in salons;the number of nail products containing MMA available in California; and the proportion of pregnant women and children who receive professional nail services versus applying nail products at home. 5.3 Conflicting StudiesDTSC has not identified studies that conflict with the information that is the basis for this proposal.Discussion of Potential for Significant or Widespread Adverse Impacts This section integrates the information provided in the Profile to demonstrate how the key prioritization principles, as identified in the SCP regulations, are met. DTSC has determined that exposure to MMA through normal use of nail products may contribute to or cause significant or widespread adverse impacts to Californians, including sensitive subpopulations such as pregnant women and their fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and nail industry workers. This determination is based on the hazard traits associated with MMA, MMA’s volatility ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>HSDB</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>539</RecNum><DisplayText>(HSDB 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>539</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516836927">539</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>HSDB</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Methyl Methacrylate. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)</title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(HSDB 2010), and the potential for inhalation exposures during use of retail nail products that contain the chemical. We have also determined that legally sold retail nail products have the potential to contribute to adverse impacts in nail salons, based on data showing measured MMA levels in salon air samples. Exposure to MMA through use of nail products may contribute to or cause significant or widespread adverse impacts to Californians.Exposure to MMA through use of nail products may contribute to or cause significant or widespread adverse impacts to Californians.Nail products are very popular in the U.S. Approximately 105.41 million U.S. women used nail polish or other nail products in 2017 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Statista</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>387</RecNum><DisplayText>(Statista 2017a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>387</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1513874157">387</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Statista</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>U.S. population: Do you use nail polish / nail care products?</title></titles><number>December 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Statista 2017a), and annual sales of various nail products from U.S. retail outlets exceed $1 billion per year ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Drug?Store?News</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>183</RecNum><DisplayText>(Drug?Store?News 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>183</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508970755">183</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Magazine Article">19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Drug?Store?News</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>"Artificial nails boast consistent growth."</title><secondary-title>Drug Store News</secondary-title></titles><pages>88</pages><volume>38(8)</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Drug?Store?News 2016). From June 2015 to May 2016, sales of nail polishes alone exceeded $741 million (or 204 million products sold) at chain drug stores, supermarkets, discount stores, and club and dollar stores ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Drug?Store?News</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>183</RecNum><DisplayText>(Drug?Store?News 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>183</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508970755">183</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Magazine Article">19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Drug?Store?News</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>"Artificial nails boast consistent growth."</title><secondary-title>Drug Store News</secondary-title></titles><pages>88</pages><volume>38(8)</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Drug?Store?News 2016). Acrylic nail products, nail polishes, and gel nail products intentionally formulated with MMA are sold in retail stores and local beauty supply stores ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EWG</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>173</RecNum><DisplayText>(EWG 2019; SF Environment 2017b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>173</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508523789">173</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EWG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Working Group's (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database</title></titles><number>April 2019</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> Environment</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>684</RecNum><record><rec-number>684</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1518720932">684</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>SF Environment,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Email communication from Megan Kalsman of San Francisco Department of the Environment (SF Environment) to Dicle Yardimci of DTSC on July 5, 2017</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EWG 2019; SF Environment 2017b). Both the Environmental Working Group’s (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EWG</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>173</RecNum><DisplayText>(EWG 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>173</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508523789">173</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EWG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Working Group's (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database</title></titles><number>April 2019</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(EWG 2019) and Mintel’s Global New Products Database ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mintel</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>428</RecNum><DisplayText>(Mintel 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>428</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516732762">428</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mintel</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mintel's Global New Products Database</title></titles><number>January 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Mintel 2018) identify MMA-containing nail polishes for retail sale in the U.S. Gel nail products are also reported to contain MMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Quint</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>570</RecNum><DisplayText>(Quint 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>570</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854282">570</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Quint, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Health Hazards of Polymethylmethacrylate and Other Acrylate Polymers and Monomers in Acrylic Paints and Gel Nails</title></titles><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Quint 2013).While not intentionally added, MMA may also be present as a residual at significant concentrations in professional nail products formulated with PMMA or as a result of depolymerization of PMMA to release MMA, including polishes, enamels, and UV gels PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CZWNrZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Becker et al. 2011; Quint 2013). In a Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel safety assessment, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Becker</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>446</RecNum><DisplayText>Becker et al. (2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>446</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516734149">446</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Becker, L. C.</author><author>Bergfeld, W. F.</author><author>Belsito, D. V.</author><author>Hill, R. A.</author><author>Klaassen, C. D.</author><author>Liebler, D. C.</author><author>Marks, J. G., Jr.</author><author>Shank, R. C.</author><author>Slaga, T. J.</author><author>Snyder, P. W.</author><author>Andersen, F. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 1101 17th Street, NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC 20036, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Final report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel safety assessment of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), methyl methacrylate crosspolymer, and methyl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer</title><secondary-title>Int J Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>54S-65S</pages><volume>30</volume><number>3 Suppl</number><edition>2011/08/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylic Resins/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Structure</keyword><keyword>Polymers/adverse effects/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Polymethyl Methacrylate/*adverse effects/*chemistry</keyword><keyword>Toxicity Tests</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1092-874X (Electronic)
1091-5818 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21772027</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1091581811407352</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Becker et al. (2011) reported 351 polishes and enamels contained PMMA at concentrations of 0.7 to 20 percent and 137 other nail products contained PMMA at concentrations of 30 percent (Becker et al. 2011). The Nail Manufacturers Council reported that PMMA-containing products may contain residual unpolymerized MMA up to 1.5 percent of the total PMMA content in the product (Becker et al. 2011). Mintel’s Global New Product Database reported 23 PMMA-containing nail products were introduced to U.S. market within the last five years ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mintel</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>428</RecNum><DisplayText>(Mintel 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>428</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516732762">428</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mintel</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mintel's Global New Products Database</title></titles><number>January 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Mintel 2018), and EWG’s Skin Deep Cosmetics Database reported 52 PMMA-containing nail products ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EWG</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>173</RecNum><DisplayText>(EWG 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>173</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508523789">173</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EWG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Working Group's (EWG) Skin Deep Cosmetics Database</title></titles><number>April 2019</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(EWG 2019).In some cases, nail salons may be using illegal MMA-containing products procured outside of California. For instance, in a 2019 survey by Lamplugh et al., salon owners reported that MMA can still be purchased from Colorado nail supply stores despite an MMA ban in that state PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MYW1wbHVnaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTk8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Lamplugh et al. 2019). In addition, MMA was detected in New Jersey and New York nail salons despite the MMA ban in these states in a 2019 study conducted by Ma et al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ma</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>1084</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ma et al. 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1084</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1566500525">1084</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ma, G. X.</author><author>Wei, Z.</author><author>Husni, R.</author><author>Do, P.</author><author>Zhou, K.</author><author>Rhee, J.</author><author>Tan, Y.</author><author>Navder, K.</author><author>Yeh, M. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. grace.ma@temple.edu.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA. grace.ma@temple.edu.
Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
Hunter College, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Characterizing Occupational Health Risks and Chemical Exposures Among Asian Nail Salon Workers on the East Coast of the United States</title><secondary-title>J Community Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Community Health</full-title></periodical><edition>2019/07/13</edition><keywords><keyword>Chemical exposure</keyword><keyword>Health disparities</keyword><keyword>Health risks</keyword><keyword>Nail salon</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 11</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-3610 (Electronic)
0094-5145 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>31297649</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Ma et al. 2019). Another source of MMA detection in salon indoor air could be MMA-containing retail nail products (e.g., polishes, gels products, and acrylic nails sold legally for home use) may be brought into salons by customers for professional technicians to apply.While DTSC is unable to determine the relative contributions of illegally-used products to the levels of MMA detected in salon air, we have concluded that nail products legally sold in California have the potential to expose workers to MMA and, potentially, to contribute to significant or widespread adverse impacts. DTSC is not basing this proposal solely on products the use of which is prohibited in California. Users of retail nail products, including children and pregnant women, may also be exposed to MMA. Wu et al., found that 45 percent of girls younger than 5 years old use nail polish, and this increases to 79 percent for girls over 5 years old ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wu</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wu et al. 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509483619">202</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wu, X. M.</author><author>Bennett, D. H.</author><author>Ritz, B.</author><author>Cassady, D. L.</author><author>Lee, K.</author><author>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Usage pattern of personal care products in California households</title><secondary-title>Food Chem Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Food Chem Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>3109-3119</pages><volume>48</volume><number>11</number><edition>2010/08/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Factors</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>Child, Preschool</keyword><keyword>*Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>*Environmental Monitoring</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Interviews as Topic</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-6351 (Electronic)
0278-6915 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20696198</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Wu et al. 2010). The authors found a correlation between nail product use by parents and children in the same household, suggesting that either parents use nail products on their children or that parental use patterns influence those of their children ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wu</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wu et al. 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509483619">202</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wu, X. M.</author><author>Bennett, D. H.</author><author>Ritz, B.</author><author>Cassady, D. L.</author><author>Lee, K.</author><author>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Usage pattern of personal care products in California households</title><secondary-title>Food Chem Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Food Chem Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>3109-3119</pages><volume>48</volume><number>11</number><edition>2010/08/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Factors</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>Child, Preschool</keyword><keyword>*Consumer Product Safety</keyword><keyword>Cosmetics/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/*analysis</keyword><keyword>*Environmental Monitoring</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Interviews as Topic</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-6351 (Electronic)
0278-6915 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20696198</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Wu et al. 2010). Therefore, children are exposed to chemicals in nail products directly from using the products on themselves or indirectly by inhaling chemical vapors released from products when their parents are applying the products. Consumers that self-apply acrylate or methacrylate-containing nail products that may contain MMA as an ingredient at home are not trained on the safe use of these products and apply the products more frequently at home, since doing so is more convenient and affordable than visiting a salon for nail services PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HYXRpY2EtT3J0ZWdhPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwv
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Gatica-Ortega et al. 2018). DTSC believes that several factors may increase home users’ exposure risk. For instance, home environments may have relatively poor ventilation, and products are generally not labeled with information on exposure potential. There are no minimum age limits for purchasing or using MMA-containing retail nail products, and they are sometimes purchased by adolescents who may understand the exposure potential even less than adults PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HYXRpY2EtT3J0ZWdhPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwv
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Gatica-Ortega et al. 2018).The most significant routes of MMA exposure for nail product users and nail salon workers are inhalation and dermal contact ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ford</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>175</RecNum><DisplayText>(EC 2002; Ford 2014; WHO 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>175</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508529760">175</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ford, Anne Rochon </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>“Overexposed, Underinformed”: Nail Salon Workers and Hazards to Their Health / A Review of the Literature. National Network on Environments and Women’s Health (NNEWH)</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>WHO</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>595</RecNum><record><rec-number>595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516855371">595</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WHO</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 4. Methyl Methacrylate</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><publisher>World Health Organization (WHO)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825720">490</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>European Union Risk Assesment Report. Methyl Methacrylate. CAS No. 80-62-6. EINECS No. 201-297-1</title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>European Commission (EC), European Chemicals Bureau</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(EC 2002; Ford 2014; WHO 1998). In a 2016 nail salon air monitoring study, measured concentrations of individual (e.g., acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and MMA) and total VOC concentrations were four to six times higher in eight Los Angeles nail salons not using mechanical ventilation systems than those in salons using some type of ventilation PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5OZ3V5ZW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE2PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Alaves et al. 2013; Nguyen 2016; Quach et al. 2011).Even after the enactment of bans on MMA-containing products in nail salons in California and other states, MMA continues to be detected in salons’ air PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BbGF2ZXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEzPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Zhong et al. 2019). Another study analyzed the concentration of VOCs in the air of 12 randomly-selected nail salons in Salt Lake City, Utah; MMA was detected in indoor air of 58 percent of the nail salons tested ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Alaves</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>127</RecNum><DisplayText>(Alaves et al. 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453555">127</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alaves, V. M.</author><author>Sleeth, D. K.</author><author>Thiese, M. S.</author><author>Larson, R. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>a Salt Lake Valley Health Department, Environmental Health Division , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Characterization of indoor air contaminants in a randomly selected set of commercial nail salons in Salt Lake County, Utah, USA</title><secondary-title>Int J Environ Health Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Environ Health Res</full-title></periodical><pages>419-433</pages><volume>23</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Air Pollutants, Occupational/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Air Pollution, Indoor/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Environmental Monitoring</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Formaldehyde/analysis</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Occupational Exposure</keyword><keyword>Utah</keyword><keyword>Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1369-1619 (Electronic)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Lamplugh et al. 2019). An older air monitoring study in California nail salons measured MMA in indoor air of three salons at an average concentration of 0.54 ppm (2.2 mg/m3) PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5RdWFjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Quach et al. 2011).Ma et al. (2019) performed a study to collect personal exposure measurements from 100 salon workers at 25 nail salons in New Jersey, New York, and Philadelphia. In this study, despite the MMA ban in New York and New Jersey, MMA was detected with concentrations in the range of 0.049 to 21.52 ppm with a mean value of 39.45 ppm at 24 out of 25 salons and one out of 25 salons measured mean MMA concentration of 941.25 ppm; this exceeded the U.S. EPA RfC for MMA (~0.171 ppm) in several measurements. The salon with 941.25 ppm MMA concentration measurement was offering application of artificial nail services on the test day, which required the use of acrylic monomer that contains MMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ma</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>1084</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ma et al. 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1084</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1566500525">1084</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ma, G. X.</author><author>Wei, Z.</author><author>Husni, R.</author><author>Do, P.</author><author>Zhou, K.</author><author>Rhee, J.</author><author>Tan, Y.</author><author>Navder, K.</author><author>Yeh, M. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. grace.ma@temple.edu.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA. grace.ma@temple.edu.
Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
Hunter College, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Characterizing Occupational Health Risks and Chemical Exposures Among Asian Nail Salon Workers on the East Coast of the United States</title><secondary-title>J Community Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Community Health</full-title></periodical><edition>2019/07/13</edition><keywords><keyword>Chemical exposure</keyword><keyword>Health disparities</keyword><keyword>Health risks</keyword><keyword>Nail salon</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 11</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-3610 (Electronic)
0094-5145 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>31297649</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Ma et al. 2019). A study at two Florida nail salons found that nail technicians spent approximately 24 percent of the total time of acrylic nail services procedure working with liquid monomer, which included work with MMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Marty</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>968</RecNum><DisplayText>(Marty 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>968</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153344">968</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Marty, Adam</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate exposure among fingernail sculptors</title><secondary-title>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health</secondary-title></titles><volume>Master of Science</volume><dates><year>2007</year></dates><publisher>University of South Florida</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Marty 2007). One study showed that nail salons providing nail services including acrylic nail services had significantly higher concentrations of total VOCs (11,000 ppb) than salons that were not providing any nail services (600 ppb) PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Hb2xkaW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Goldin et al. 2014). Nguyen found a significant positive correlation between the occurrence of acrylic nail services and total VOC concentrations (including MMA as one of the VOCs) measured in salon indoor air. This study also showed that the number of gel nail services significantly correlated with concentrations of MMA and other VOCs in salon indoor air ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nguyen</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nguyen 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453516">125</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nguyen, C.</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>Zhu, Y.</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Indoor air quality of nail salons in the greater Los Angeles area: Assessment of chemical and particulate matter exposures and ventilation</title><secondary-title>Environmental Health Sciences</secondary-title></titles><pages>45</pages><volume>Master of Science</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Los Angeles</pub-location><publisher>UCLA</publisher><work-type>Thesis UCLA</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Nguyen 2016). Using MMA-containing nail products has been documented to cause adverse impacts. The primary hazard traits associated with MMA exposure are dermal toxicity and respiratory toxicity (see section 2.3). As methacrylate-containing artificial nails have become more popular, the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis cases has increased in both nail technicians and their customers PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Sb2NoZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDg8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Roche et al. 2008). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Marty</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>968</RecNum><DisplayText>Marty (2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>968</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153344">968</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Marty, Adam</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate exposure among fingernail sculptors</title><secondary-title>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health</secondary-title></titles><volume>Master of Science</volume><dates><year>2007</year></dates><publisher>University of South Florida</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Marty (2007) lists several studies that document cases of allergic contact dermatitis in workers, including nail technicians, who were occupationally exposed to MMA and ethyl methacrylate (EMA). Two recent studies in Europe documented methacrylate-containing UV gels that may contain MMA as an ingredient offered for sale in retail stores and online for home use. Consumers that applied these products reported severe skin reactions including allergic contact dermatitis; hand eczema; itching and pain in the fingers; permanent nail damage; and eczema on the lips, throat, and around the eyes PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5EYWhsaW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE2PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ZE5vdGU+AG==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Dahlin et al. 2016; Gatica-Ortega et al. 2018). Thirty-seven of 122 patients tested by PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGUgQXV0aG9yWWVhcj0iMSI+PEF1dGhvcj5SYW1vczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA Ramos et al. (2014) demonstrated sensitization to acrylates and methacrylates. Dermatitis was observed in 37 patients and 25 of the patients (67.6 percent) were occupationally exposed, and 20 of 25 (80 percent) of the patients were nail technicians working with artificial nails ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ramos</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>571</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ramos et al. 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>571</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854288">571</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ramos, L.</author><author>Cabral, R.</author><author>Goncalo, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dermatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal.</auth-address><titles><title>Allergic contact dermatitis caused by acrylates and methacrylates–a 7-year study</title><secondary-title>Contact Dermatitis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Contact Dermatitis</full-title><abbr-1>Contact dermatitis</abbr-1></periodical><pages>102-107</pages><volume>71</volume><number>2</number><edition>2014/05/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Acrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/*diagnosis/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Dermatitis, Occupational/diagnosis/etiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Hand Dermatoses/chemically induced/diagnosis</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Methacrylates/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Nails</keyword><keyword>Patch Tests/*methods</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword><keyword>Hema</keyword><keyword>acrylates</keyword><keyword>allergic contact dermatitis</keyword><keyword>artificial nails</keyword><keyword>methacrylates</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1600-0536 (Electronic)
0105-1873 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24866267</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Ramos et al. 2014).Studies of occupationally exposed workers, including dental workers and nail technicians, document cases of occupational asthma following acrylates and MMA exposure PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXJ0eTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDc8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Arora and Tosti 2017; Borak et al. 2011; Kwok et al. 2014; Marty 2007; Roche et al. 2008). Between 1996 and 2011, six out of nine reported occupational asthma cases in beauticians were attributed to acrylates ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kwok</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>949</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kwok et al. 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>949</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153285">949</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kwok, C.</author><author>Money, A.</author><author>Carder, M.</author><author>Turner, S.</author><author>Agius, R.</author><author>Orton, D.</author><author>Wilkinson, M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Cases of occupational dermatitis and asthma in beauticians that were reported to The Health and Occupation Research (THOR) network from 1996 to 2011</title><secondary-title>Clin Exp Dermatol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Exp Dermatol</full-title></periodical><pages>590-595</pages><volume>39</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1365-2230</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Kwok et al. 2014). In addition, a study found that the number of years employed as a nail technician and the number of hours being exposed to acrylic nails were positively correlated to reduced lung function and increased airway inflammation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Reutman</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>196</RecNum><DisplayText>(Reutman et al. 2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>196</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1510017636">196</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Reutman, S. R.</author><author>Rohs, A. M.</author><author>Clark, J. C.</author><author>Johnson, B. C.</author><author>Sammons, D. L.</author><author>Toennis, C. A.</author><author>Robertson, S. A.</author><author>MacKenzie, B. A.</author><author>Lockey, J. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Biomonitoring and Health Assessment Branch (BHAB), Division of Applied Research and Technology (DART), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, Ohio 45226-1998, USA. swr0@</auth-address><titles><title>A pilot respiratory health assessment of nail technicians: Symptoms, lung function, and airway inflammation</title><secondary-title>Am J Ind Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Ind Med</full-title></periodical><pages>868-875</pages><volume>52</volume><number>11</number><edition>2009/09/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Beauty Culture</keyword><keyword>Breath Tests</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Multivariate Analysis</keyword><keyword>Nails</keyword><keyword>Nitric Oxide/analysis</keyword><keyword>*Occupational Health</keyword><keyword>Pilot Projects</keyword><keyword>Spirometry</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1097-0274 (Electronic)
0271-3586 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19753596</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Reutman et al. 2009).In California, there are over 9,000 nail salons ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails?Magazine 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509477380">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>2016-2017 Industry Statistics</title><secondary-title>2016-2017 Nails The Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>33-61</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails?Magazine 2017) and approximately 130,000 licensed manicurists ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>DCA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>184</RecNum><DisplayText>(DCA 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>184</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508971390">184</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>DCA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Email communication from Laurel Goddard of California Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) to Diana Phelps of DTSC on August 14, 2017</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(DCA 2017). Chemical exposure of nail industry workers is an environmental justice issue, as a large majority are people of color and lower socioeconomic status ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails?Magazine</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ford 2014; Nails?Magazine 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509477380">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails?Magazine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>2016-2017 Industry Statistics</title><secondary-title>2016-2017 Nails The Big Book</secondary-title></titles><pages>33-61</pages><number>September 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508529760">175</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ford, Anne Rochon </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>“Overexposed, Underinformed”: Nail Salon Workers and Hazards to Their Health / A Review of the Literature. National Network on Environments and Women’s Health (NNEWH)</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ford 2014; Nails?Magazine 2017). The children of nail technicians often accompany their parents to the workplace. In addition, pregnant nail technicians and their fetuses are especially sensitive to the adverse impacts of MMA exposure from nail products, as are their infants and children, due to physiological differences from adults (see section 2.5.2). Nail salon workers’ potential for exposure to MMA is exacerbated by several factors: They often work hours in excess of eight-hour days or 40-hour weeks; they are often not provided adequate information concerning chemical safety; they are often not provided with proper PPE; and their work places often lack appropriate ventilation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Quach</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>212</RecNum><DisplayText>(Quach et al. 2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>212</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1509659581">212</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Quach, T.</author><author>Nguyen, K. D.</author><author>Doan-Billings, P. A.</author><author>Okahara, L.</author><author>Fan, C.</author><author>Reynolds, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Northern California Cancer Center, 2001 Center Street, Suite 700, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA. tquach@</auth-address><titles><title>A preliminary survey of Vietnamese nail salon workers in Alameda County, California</title><secondary-title>J Community Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Community Health</full-title></periodical><pages>336-343</pages><volume>33</volume><number>5</number><edition>2008/05/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Beauty Culture</keyword><keyword>Breast Neoplasms/chemically induced</keyword><keyword>California</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Interviews as Topic</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Vietnam/ethnology</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0094-5145 (Print)
0094-5145 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18478317</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Quach et al. 2008). AlternativesReference: California Code of Regulations title 22, section 69503.2(b)(3).This section summarizes information available to DTSC regarding alternatives that may or may not be safer than the Candidate Chemical. DTSC does not need to ensure that these alternatives are safer and may summarize their associated hazards to illustrate readily available information. The sections below may include information such as how readily available an alternative is, product functions addressed by the alternative, and implications for manufacturers using the alternative (e.g., use limitations, product reformulation, different equipment needs). 7.1 Chemical Alternatives7.1.1Chemical Name: Ethyl Methacrylate (EMA) (CAS No. 97-63-2) Discussion of applicability of the chemical alternative:Ethyl methacrylate (EMA) has become a commonly used chemical substitute for MMA for acrylic nail preparation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Government of Western Australia</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>513</RecNum><DisplayText>(Government of Western Australia 2017; Roberts 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>513</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516832288">513</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Government of Western Australia,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Use of Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) in Nail Products</title></titles><number>June 5, 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><publisher>Government of Western Australia, Department of Health</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854297">573</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Roberts, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Hazards within Nail Salons</title><secondary-title>Nicholas School of the Environment</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><publisher>Duke University</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Government of Western Australia 2017; Roberts 2011) since the FDA’s ban on MMA’s use in acrylic nail products ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FDA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>95</RecNum><DisplayText>(FDA 2017b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>95</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453475">95</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FDA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nail Care Products. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</title></titles><number>February 2018</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(FDA 2017b). Liquid EMA monomer is mixed with polymerized EMA powder, and this mixture polymerizes on the nail surface to form acrylic nails ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Reutman</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>196</RecNum><DisplayText>(Reutman et al. 2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>196</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1510017636">196</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Reutman, S. R.</author><author>Rohs, A. M.</author><author>Clark, J. C.</author><author>Johnson, B. C.</author><author>Sammons, D. L.</author><author>Toennis, C. A.</author><author>Robertson, S. A.</author><author>MacKenzie, B. A.</author><author>Lockey, J. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Biomonitoring and Health Assessment Branch (BHAB), Division of Applied Research and Technology (DART), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, Ohio 45226-1998, USA. swr0@</auth-address><titles><title>A pilot respiratory health assessment of nail technicians: Symptoms, lung function, and airway inflammation</title><secondary-title>Am J Ind Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Ind Med</full-title></periodical><pages>868-875</pages><volume>52</volume><number>11</number><edition>2009/09/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Beauty Culture</keyword><keyword>Breath Tests</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Multivariate Analysis</keyword><keyword>Nails</keyword><keyword>Nitric Oxide/analysis</keyword><keyword>*Occupational Health</keyword><keyword>Pilot Projects</keyword><keyword>Spirometry</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1097-0274 (Electronic)
0271-3586 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19753596</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Reutman et al. 2009). The concentration of EMA in legal acrylic monomers ranges from 70 percent to 90 percent ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nails Magazine</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>624</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nails Magazine 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>624</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1517508972">624</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nails Magazine,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ethyl methacrylate (EMA)</title></titles><number>November 2017</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Nails Magazine 2017). As mentioned in section 1.3, EMA is more expensive than MMA; in 2011, one gallon of MMA cost $9 to $22, whereas one gallon of EMA cost $189 to $219 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Roberts</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>573</RecNum><DisplayText>(Roberts 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>573</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854297">573</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Roberts, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Hazards within Nail Salons</title><secondary-title>Nicholas School of the Environment</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><publisher>Duke University</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Roberts 2011). Notwithstanding FDA’s ban some nail salons continue to choose MMA over EMA due to its lower cost ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Roberts</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>573</RecNum><DisplayText>(Roberts 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>573</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854297">573</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Roberts, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Hazards within Nail Salons</title><secondary-title>Nicholas School of the Environment</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><publisher>Duke University</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Roberts 2011).Occupational exposure limits, including an OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL), have not been established for EMA PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5OSkRPSDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDI8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Cal/OSHA 2018; NJDOH 2002a; OSHA 2018). Nevertheless, NJDOH recommends implementing engineering controls, including local exhaust ventilation and respirators, to reduce exposure to EMA vapors ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NJDOH</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>560</RecNum><DisplayText>(NJDOH 2002a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>560</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516853986">560</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NJDOH</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet. Ethyl Methacrylate. New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services (NJDOH)</title></titles><number>November 2017</number><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(NJDOH 2002a). Readily available hazard trait information: In April 2012, the Methacrylate Producers Association Inc. (MPA) issued a statement that methacrylic acid (MAA) and its esters including MMA, EMA, n-butyl methacrylate (nBMA), isobutyl methacrylate (iBMA), and 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (2-EHMA) in unreacted liquid monomer form are not appropriate for use in artificial nail products ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>MPA</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>394</RecNum><DisplayText>(MPA 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>394</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516638790">394</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MPA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Methacrylate Producers Association's Position on Use of Methacrylic Acid and Unreacted Methacrylate Monomers Liquid Form in Artificial Nail Products. April 2012</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Methacrylate Producers Association, Inc. (MPA)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> 16, 2017</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(MPA 2012). The statement cites the corrosivity and skin sensitization properties of these chemicals in urging the FDA to ban their use in cosmetic products ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>MPA</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>394</RecNum><DisplayText>(MPA 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>394</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516638790">394</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MPA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Methacrylate Producers Association's Position on Use of Methacrylic Acid and Unreacted Methacrylate Monomers Liquid Form in Artificial Nail Products. April 2012</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Methacrylate Producers Association, Inc. (MPA)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> 16, 2017</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(MPA 2012). Acute EMA exposure can cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>OSHA</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>564</RecNum><DisplayText>(OSHA 2006)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>564</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854121">564</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>OSHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ethyl Methacrylate. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</title></titles><number>November 2017</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(OSHA 2006), as well as eye, skin, and respiratory irritation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>ECHA</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>484</RecNum><DisplayText>(ECHA 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>484</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516825693">484</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>ECHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Substance information. Ethyl methacrylate. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)</title></titles><number>January 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(ECHA 2018) (see section 2.4.2). Acute exposure to EMA vapors can cause dizziness, light-headedness, and fainting ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>OSHA</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>564</RecNum><DisplayText>(OSHA 2006)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>564</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516854121">564</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>OSHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ethyl Methacrylate. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</title></titles><number>November 2017</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(OSHA 2006) as well as occupational asthma and allergic contact dermatitis ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Marty</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>968</RecNum><DisplayText>(Marty 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>968</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1521153344">968</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Marty, Adam</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate exposure among fingernail sculptors</title><secondary-title>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health</secondary-title></titles><volume>Master of Science</volume><dates><year>2007</year></dates><publisher>University of South Florida</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Marty 2007). The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Panel recommends avoiding skin contact when applying EMA because of its allergenic and skin sensitization properties ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FDA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>95</RecNum><DisplayText>(FDA 2017b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>95</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453475">95</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FDA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nail Care Products. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</title></titles><number>February 2018</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(FDA 2017b). EMA and MMA have similar results in skin patch tests for methacrylate sensitization ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>MPA</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>394</RecNum><DisplayText>(MPA 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>394</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516638790">394</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MPA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Methacrylate Producers Association's Position on Use of Methacrylic Acid and Unreacted Methacrylate Monomers Liquid Form in Artificial Nail Products. April 2012</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Methacrylate Producers Association, Inc. (MPA)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> 16, 2017</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(MPA 2012). 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (NJDOH 2002a; OSHA 2006). Vapor and air mixtures of EMA are explosive, and vapors can polymerize and block air vents ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NIOSH</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>634</RecNum><DisplayText>(NIOSH 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>634</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1517509025">634</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NIOSH</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC). Ethyl Methacrylate. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)</title></titles><number>November 2017</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(NIOSH 2014). 7.2 Non-Chemical alternatives7.2.1Discussion of applicability of the non-chemical alternativeNot applicable.Other Regulatory ProgramsReference: California Code of Regulations title 22, section 69503.2(b)(2).DTSC identified the following state and federal regulatory programs and laws related to the product or the Candidate Chemical in the product that are intended to protect public health and the environment. DTSC has assessed these programs to ensure that they do not overlap or conflict with this proposal to list nail products containing MMA as a Priority Product nor with any subsequent regulation that may result for such listing.8.1U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is authorized by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) to oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FDA</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>160</RecNum><DisplayText>(FDA 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>160</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453661">160</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FDA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>FDA Authority Over Cosmetics: How Cosmetics Are Not FDA-Approved, but Are FDA-Regulated. U.S. Food and Drug Adminstration (FDA)</title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>2016</date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(FDA 2016). The FDCA does not authorize the FDA to require safety testing of cosmetics, and there is no approval process for cosmetics products prior to sale in the U.S. (except for color additives). However, the FDA can and does inspect cosmetics manufacturing facilities to ensure that cosmetics are not adulterated (FDA 2016).The FDA banned the sale of nail products containing 100 percent MMA after receiving complaints of injury resulting from their use.The FDA banned the sale of nail products containing 100 percent MMA after receiving complaints of injury resulting from their use.While cosmetic product manufacturers are legally responsible for ensuring the safety of their products, neither the FDCA nor FDA regulations require specific tests to demonstrate the safety of individual products or ingredients, and manufacturers are not required to share their safety information with the FDA. However, the FDA can pursue enforcement action against products on the market that it determines are not in compliance with the FDCA or the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA), or against firms or individuals who violate these laws ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FDA</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>160</RecNum><DisplayText>(FDA 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>160</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453661">160</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FDA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>FDA Authority Over Cosmetics: How Cosmetics Are Not FDA-Approved, but Are FDA-Regulated. U.S. Food and Drug Adminstration (FDA)</title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>2016</date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(FDA 2016). As noted earlier, the FDA took action to ban sale of nail products containing 100 percent MMA in the early 1970s, after receiving multiple complaints of injury resulting from their use ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FDA</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>95</RecNum><DisplayText>(FDA 2017b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>95</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453475">95</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FDA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nail Care Products. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</title></titles><number>February 2018</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(FDA 2017b). 8.1.1Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic ActThe FDCA is a set of laws passed by Congress in 1938 giving authority to the FDA to oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FDA</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>221</RecNum><DisplayText>(FDA 2018b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>221</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1510009555">221</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FDA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Milestones in U.S. Food and Drug Law History</title></titles><number>July 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(FDA 2018b). The FDCA defines cosmetics as "articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body ... for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance" ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FDA</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>160</RecNum><DisplayText>(FDA 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>160</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453661">160</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FDA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>FDA Authority Over Cosmetics: How Cosmetics Are Not FDA-Approved, but Are FDA-Regulated. U.S. Food and Drug Adminstration (FDA)</title></titles><number>October 2017</number><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>2016</date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url> </url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(FDA 2016). As noted above, the FDA does not preapprove cosmetic products. However, cosmetic products must be properly labeled and safe for consumers under labeled or typical conditions of use. The FDCA prohibits the marketing of adulterated or misbranded cosmetics in interstate commerce, and the FDA can remove cosmetics from the market that contain unsafe ingredients or that are mislabeled. 8.1.2Fair Packaging and Labeling ActThe Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA) requires each package of household consumer products (including cosmetic products) to bear a label that includes a statement identifying the commodity (detergent, sponge, etc.); the name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor; and the net quantity of contents in terms of weight, measure, or count (in both metric and English units). The FPLA is designed to facilitate value comparisons and to prevent unfair or deceptive packaging and labeling of many household consumer commodities ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FDA</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>423</RecNum><DisplayText>(FDA 2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>423</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516659599">423</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FDA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fair Packaging and Labeling Act. Title 15 - Commerce and Trade Chaper 39 - Fair Packaging and Labeling Program. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</title></titles><number>December 2017</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(FDA 2009).The specific labeling requirements for cosmetic products are detailed in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, parts 701 and 740. Cosmetic products produced or distributed for retail sale to consumers for their personal care are required to bear an ingredient declaration ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>21 C.F.R. § 701.3</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1085</RecNum><DisplayText>(21 C.F.R. § 701.3 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1085</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1567616424">1085</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>21 C.F.R. § 701.3,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Food and Drugs Chapter I, Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Subchapter G, Cosmetics, Part 701, Subpart A, Section 701.3</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(21 C.F.R. § 701.3 2018). Cosmetic products that are not typically distributed for retail sale (e.g., nail products used by professionals on customers at their work places) are exempt from this requirement and these products are also not sold to consumers at professional establishments or workplaces ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>FDA</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1080</RecNum><DisplayText>(FDA 2018a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1080</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1557355139">1080</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FDA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Cosmetics Labeling Regulations. U.S. Food and Drug Adminstration (FDA)</title></titles><number>May 2019</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(FDA 2018a).8.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency MMA is listed under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976, which was enacted by Congress to test, regulate, and screen all chemicals produced in or imported into the United States. TSCA requires any chemical that reaches the consumer marketplace to be tested for possible toxic effect prior to commercial manufacture ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>U.S. EPA</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1028</RecNum><DisplayText>(U.S. EPA 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1028</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532369189">1028</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>U.S. EPA,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>TSCA Chemical Substance Inventory</title></titles><number>July 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(U.S. EPA 2018).?Under Section 8, TSCA requires reporting and recordkeeping by persons who manufacture, import, process, and/or distribute chemical substances in commerce. Under Section 8(e), any person who manufactures (which includes importing), processes, or distributes in commerce a chemical substance or mixture and who obtains information which reasonably supports the conclusion that such substance or mixture presents a substantial risk of injury to health or the environment should immediately inform EPA, except in situations where EPA has been adequately informed of such information ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>40 C.F.R. § 716.120</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>1032</RecNum><DisplayText>(40 C.F.R. § 716.120 1994)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1032</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532369239">1032</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>40 C.F.R. § 716.120,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Protection of Environment, Chapter I, Environmental Protection Agency, Part 716.120. Substances and Listed Mixtures to Which this Subpart Applies</title></titles><dates><year>1994</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(40 C.F.R. § 716.120 1994). MMA is listed as a hazardous air pollutant under the Clean Air Act ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>42 U.S.C. § 7412</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1034</RecNum><DisplayText>(42 U.S.C. § 7412 1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1034</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532369255">1034</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>42 U.S.C. § 7412,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>United States Code, Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, Chapter 85, Part A, Air Pollution Prevention and Control, Section 7412, Hazardous Air Pollutants</title></titles><dates><year>1999</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(42 U.S.C. § 7412 1999).MMA is listed as an organic hazardous air pollutant under Federal Code of Regulations 40 C.F.R., Section 63, Subpart F, National Emission Standards for Organic Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>40 C.F.R. § 63 </Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1030</RecNum><DisplayText>(40 C.F.R. § 63 2006)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1030</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532369230">1030</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>40 C.F.R. § 63 ,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Protection of Environment, Chapter I, Part 63, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories. Appendix Table 2 to Subpart F of Part 63, Organic Hazardous Air Pollutants</title></titles><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(40 C.F.R. § 63 2006).8.3 California Division of Occupational Safety and HealthMMA is listed as a hazardous substance by the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), also known as Cal/OSHA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>DIR</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>511</RecNum><DisplayText>(DIR 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>511</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516832282">511</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>DIR</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Subchapter 7, Group 16, Article 109, §5194, Hazard Communication. Department of Industrial Relations (DIR)</title></titles><number>November 2017</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(DIR 2016). Pursuant to Cal/OSHA’s hazard communication regulations, employers must “… provide information to their employees about the hazardous chemicals to which they may be exposed, by means of a hazard communication program, labels and other forms of warning, safety data sheets, and information and training” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>DIR</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>511</RecNum><DisplayText>(DIR 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>511</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516832282">511</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>DIR</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Subchapter 7, Group 16, Article 109, §5194, Hazard Communication. Department of Industrial Relations (DIR)</title></titles><number>November 2017</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(DIR 2016). MMA is listed as an airborne contaminant ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cal/OSHA</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>380</RecNum><DisplayText>(Cal/OSHA 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>380</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1513716639">380</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cal/OSHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Title 8, California Code of Regulations, § 5155, Table AC-1, Permissible Exposure Limits for Chemical Contaminants.California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA)</title></titles><number>February 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Cal/OSHA 2018). Cal/OSHA has set the following exposure limits to protect workers who are occupationally exposed to MMA: The permissible exposure limit (PEL) for gas or vapor is 50 ppm (205 mg/m3) of air by volume at 25 °C and 760 mm Hg pressure ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cal/OSHA</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>380</RecNum><DisplayText>(Cal/OSHA 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>380</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1513716639">380</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cal/OSHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Title 8, California Code of Regulations, § 5155, Table AC-1, Permissible Exposure Limits for Chemical Contaminants.California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA)</title></titles><number>February 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Cal/OSHA 2018).The short term exposure limit (STEL) for gas or vapor is 100 ppm (410 mg/m3) of air by volume at 25 °C and 760 mm Hg pressure ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cal/OSHA</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>380</RecNum><DisplayText>(Cal/OSHA 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>380</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1513716639">380</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cal/OSHA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Title 8, California Code of Regulations, § 5155, Table AC-1, Permissible Exposure Limits for Chemical Contaminants.California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA)</title></titles><number>February 2018</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Cal/OSHA 2018).8.4 California Board of Barbering and Cosmetology The California Board of Barbering and Cosmetology (BBC) protects the public health, safety, and welfare by regulating the practices of the beauty industry (e.g., professional barbers, cosmetologists, estheticians, manicurists, and tanning salon workers). BBC qualifies and licenses individuals and businesses, establishes and enforces administrative rules and laws, and provides information for the public to make informed decisions. MMA is prohibited in California Board of Barbering and Cosmetology licensed establishments.MMA is prohibited in California Board of Barbering and Cosmetology licensed establishments.BBC has notified licensees and consumers that use of MMA is prohibited in BBC licensed establishments ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>BBC</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>398</RecNum><DisplayText>(BBC 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>398</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516638804">398</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>BBC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Title 16, Division 9, California Code of Regulations Section 989. Prohibited Hazardous Substances/Use of Products. Board of Barbering and Cosmetology (BBC)</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>(sc.Default)</url></related-urls></urls><access-date>July, 2018</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(BBC 2015). MMA is listed as a prohibited hazardous substance:“No establishment or school shall:(a) Have on the premises cosmetic products containing hazardous substances banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in cosmetic products.(b) Have on the premises methyl methacrylate monomer and/or methylene chloride.(c) Use a product in a manner that is disapproved by the FDA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration or EPA.” (16 CCR?§ 989) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>BBC</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>398</RecNum><DisplayText>(BBC 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>398</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516638804">398</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>BBC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Title 16, Division 9, California Code of Regulations Section 989. Prohibited Hazardous Substances/Use of Products. Board of Barbering and Cosmetology (BBC)</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>(sc.Default)</url></related-urls></urls><access-date>July, 2018</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(BBC 2015). This regulation does not prevent the sale of retail nail products containing MMA in California; therefore, it does not overlap with this proposed regulation. 8.5 California Air Resources Board MMA is designated by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to be a toxic air contaminant pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 39657?(17 CCR?§ 93001) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>CARB</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>99</RecNum><DisplayText>(CARB 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>99</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1508453475">99</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>CARB</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toxic Air Contaminant Identification List. California Air Resources Board (CARB), California Environmental Protection Agency</title></titles><number>July 2017</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(CARB 2011). 8.6 Other StatesMany states have banned professional cosmetic use of MMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>MPA</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>394</RecNum><DisplayText>(MPA 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>394</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516638790">394</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MPA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Methacrylate Producers Association's Position on Use of Methacrylic Acid and Unreacted Methacrylate Monomers Liquid Form in Artificial Nail Products. April 2012</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Methacrylate Producers Association, Inc. (MPA)</publisher><urls><related-urls><url> 16, 2017</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(MPA 2012). A list of these states and a summary of the scope of their bans are provided in Appendix 2.Acronyms and AbbreviationsAbbreviations used in this documentACDallergic contact dermatitisACGIHAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ACHacetone cyanohydrinAOECAssociation of Occupational and Environmental ClinicsATSDRAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryBBCBoard of Barbering and CosmetologyCal/OSHACalifornia Division of Occupational Safety and HealthCARBCalifornia Air Resources BoardCASChemical Abstract ServiceCDCCenters for Disease Control and PreventionC.F.R.Code of Federal RegulationsCNScentral nervous systemCoACoenzyme ACO2carbon dioxideCPCatChemical and Product Categories DCADepartment of Consumer AffairsDIRDepartment of Industrial RelationsDTSCDepartment of Toxic Substances ControlECEuropean CommissionECHAEuropean Chemicals Agency2-EHMA2-ethylexyl methacrylateEMAethyl methacrylateEWGEnvironmental Working GroupFDAFood and Drug AdministrationFDCAFederal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic ActFPLAFair Packaging and Labeling ActGISOGeneral Industry Safety OrdersGPCGlobal Product ClassificationH2SO4sulfuric acidHSDB Hazardous Substances Data BankHVACheating, ventilation, and air conditioningH2OwaterIARCInternational Agency for Research on CanceriBMAisobutyl methacrylateICIImperial Chemical IndustriesIPAIsopropyl AlcoholIRISIntegrated Risk Information SystemLEDlight-emitting diodeLELlower explosive limitLEVlocal exhaust ventilationMAAmethacrylic acidMMAmethyl methacrylateMPAMethacrylate Producers Association Inc. N95 MasksNIOSH-approved filtering facepiece respiratorsnBMA n-butyl methacrylateNCBINational Center for Biotechnology InformationNHCSU.S. Census Data and Simmons National Consumer SurveyNH4HSO4ammonia bisulfateNIOSHNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthNJDOHNew Jersey Department of Health and Senior ServicesNOAANational Oceanic and Atmospheric AssociationNTPNational Toxicology ProgramNYSDOHNew York State Department of HealthOEHHAOffice of Environmental Health Hazard AssessmentOSHAOccupational Health and Safety AdministrationPELPermissible Exposure LimitpHpotential hydrogen PMMApolymethyl methacrylatePPEpersonal protective equipmentProposition 65 listchemicals listed as “Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity” under California’s Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986RfCInhalation Reference ConcentrationRIVMNational Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentSCPSafer Consumer ProductsSCVsource capture ventilationSDSssafety data sheetsSF EnvironmentSan Francisco Department of EnvironmentSTELshort term exposure limitUELupper explosive limitUK HSCUnited Kingdom Health and Safety CommissionU.S.United StatesU.S. EPAUnited States Environmental Protection AgencyUSIC, Inc.U.S. International Chemist Inc.UVultravioletVOCvolatile organic compoundWVEWomen's Voices for the EarthUnitsatom/cm3atom per cubic centimeteratmatmosphereatm·m3/molatmosphere times cubic meter per mol°Cdegrees Celsius°Fdegrees Fahrenheitft2square feetft3cubic feetggramg/cm3gram per cubic centimeterg/daygram per dayg/molgram per molkgkilogramkJ/molkilojoule per molKocorganic carbon-water partition coefficientKowoctanol-water partition coefficientl/kgliter per kilogrammmeterm/smeter per secondm3cubic metermm Hgmillimeter of mercurymg/Lmilligram per litermg/m3milligram per cubic metermmolmillimoleng/Lnanogram per liternmNanometernmolNanomoleN/mNewton per meterppbparts per billionppmparts per millionradical/cm3radical per cubic centimeterv/vvolume/volumeμgmicrogram?g/gmicrogram per gramμmmicrometer?g/Lmicrogram per liter?g/m3microgram per cubic meterReferences ADDIN EN.REFLIST 21 C.F.R. § 701.3 (2018) Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Food and Drugs Chapter I, Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Subchapter G, Cosmetics, Part 701, Subpart A, Section 701.3. 40 C.F.R. § 716.120 (1994) Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Protection of Environment, Chapter I, Environmental Protection Agency, Part 716.120. 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Int Arch Occup Environ Health 92(1):141-153 doi:10.1007/s00420-018-1353-0Appendix 1 - Report PreparationReport Preparation:Dicle Yardimci, Ph.D., Safer Consumer Products, Senior Hazardous Substances EngineerPatrick Kerzic, Ph.D., Human Ecological Risk Office, Staff Toxicologist (Specialist)Christine Papagni, M.S., Safer Consumer Products, Senior Environmental Scientist (Specialist)Andrew King, M.P.P., Safer Consumer Products, Research Program Specialist IIReviewers:Andre Algazi, Chief, Chemical-Product Evaluation SectionKarl Palmer, Acting Deputy Director, Safer Consumer Products ProgramMeredith Williams, Ph.D., Director, Department of Toxic Substance ControlAppendix 2 - U.S. States Which Have Banned MMA in Professional CosmeticsStateStatutory or Regulatory LanguageStatue or RegulationReferenceAlabama"No licensee shall use methyl methacrylate or any other product considered poisonous or unsafe."Alabama Administrative Code 250-X-3.02(5) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Alabama Administrative Code 250-X-3.02(5)</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1035</RecNum><DisplayText>(Alabama Administrative Code 250-X-3.02(5) 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1035</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532369262">1035</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alabama Administrative Code 250-X-3.02(5),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Alabama Board of Cosmetology, Alabama Administrative Code, Chapter 250-X-3.02(5) Salon Requirements</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Alabama Administrative Code 250-X-3.02(5) 2017)Arizona"An establishment shall not have on the premises cosmetic products containing hazardous substances banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in cosmetic products, including liquid methyl methacrylate monomer and methylene chloride…"Arizona Administrative Code, Title 04, Chapter 10,Section R4-10-112(M)(1) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Arizona Administrative Code § R4-10-112(M)(1)</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1036</RecNum><DisplayText>(Arizona Administrative Code § R4-10-112(M)(1) 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1036</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532369268">1036</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Arizona Administrative Code § R4-10-112(M)(1),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Arizona Administrative Code, Title 04, Chapter 10, Board of Cosmetology, Section R4-10-112(M)(1)</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Arizona Administrative Code § R4-10-112(M)(1) 2017)Arkansas"Cosmetologist and manicurist shall not use Liquid Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) Monomer"Arkansas State Board of Health Rule 11 (E) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Arkansas State Board of Health Rule 11 (E)</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1037</RecNum><DisplayText>(Arkansas State Board of Health Rule 11 (E) 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1037</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532369273">1037</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Arkansas State Board of Health Rule 11 (E),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Arkansas State Board of Health, Rules and Regulations for Cosmetology in Arkansas, Rule 11 (E)</title></titles><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Arkansas State Board of Health Rule 11 (E) 2016)California"No establishment or school shall:(a) Have on the premises cosmetic products containing hazardous substances banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in cosmetic products.(b) Have on the premises methyl methacrylate monomer and/or methylene chloride.(c) Use a product in a manner that is disapproved by the FDA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration or EPA."California Code of Regulations, Title 16, Section 989 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>BBC</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>398</RecNum><DisplayText>(BBC 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>398</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1516638804">398</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>BBC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Title 16, Division 9, California Code of Regulations Section 989. Prohibited Hazardous Substances/Use of Products. Board of Barbering and Cosmetology (BBC)</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>(sc.Default)</url></related-urls></urls><access-date>July, 2018</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>(BBC 2015)Colorado"Licensees are specifically prohibited from using the following: . . . Methylmalonic acid or Methacrylate Liquid Monomers, (MMA)…"Colorado Code of Regulations, Title 4, Section 731-1:8.1(B)(2) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Colorado Code of Regulations § 731-1:8.1(B)(2)</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1038</RecNum><DisplayText>(Colorado Code of Regulations § 731-1:8.1(B)(2) 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1038</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532369279">1038</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Colorado Code of Regulations § 731-1:8.1(B)(2),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Colorado Code of Regulations, Title 4, Section 731-1:8.1(B)(2)</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Colorado Code of Regulations § 731-1:8.1(B)(2) 2018)District of Columbia"A person may not use or possess methyl methacrylate liquid monomer (MMA) in a salon of any type in the District of Columbia."District of Columbia Municipal Regulations, Title 17, Chapter 17-37, Section 3718.18(c)(1) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>District of Columbia Municipal Regulations § 3718.18(c)(1)</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1039</RecNum><DisplayText>(District of Columbia Municipal Regulations § 3718.18(c)(1) 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1039</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532369284">1039</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>District of Columbia Municipal Regulations § 3718.18(c)(1),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>District of Columbia Municipal Regulations, Title 17, Chapter 17-37, Section 3718.18(c)(1)</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(District of Columbia Municipal Regulations § 3718.18(c)(1) 2017)Delaware"Electric nail files and electric drills shall not be used on natural nails. The use of methyl methacrylate (MMA) is prohibited. No licensee, school or shop shall use or permit the use of MMA."Delaware Administrative Code, Title 24, Chapter 5100, Section 16.3 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Delaware Administrative Code § 16.3</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1040</RecNum><DisplayText>(Delaware Administrative Code § 16.3 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1040</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532369287">1040</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Delaware Administrative Code § 16.3,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Delaware Administrative Code, Title 24, Chapter 5100, Section 16.3</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Delaware Administrative Code § 16.3 2017)Florida"It is unlawful for any person to…: In the practice of cosmetology, use or possess a cosmetic product containing a liquid nail monomer containing any trace of methyl methacrylate (MMA)."Florida Statutes, Title XXXII, Chapter 477, Section 477.0265(1)(g) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Florida Statutes § 477.0265(1)(g)</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1041</RecNum><DisplayText>(Florida Statutes § 477.0265(1)(g) 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1041</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532369290">1041</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Florida Statutes § 477.0265(1)(g), </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Florida Statutes, Title XXXII, Chapter 477, Section 477.0265(1)(g)</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Florida Statutes § 477.0265(1)(g) 2018)Illinois"The use of nail products or the distribution of nail products containing monomer Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) is prohibited."Illinois Administrative Code, Title 68, Chapter VII, Section 1175.115(b)(16) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeYear="1"><Author>Illinois Administrative Code § 1175.115(b)(16)</Author><RecNum>1042</RecNum><DisplayText>(Illinois Administrative Code § 1175.115(b)(16))</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1042</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532369293">1042</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Illinois Administrative Code § 1175.115(b)(16),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Illinois Administrative Code, Title 68, Chapter VII, Section 1175.115(b)(16)</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Illinois Administrative Code § 1175.115(b)(16))Iowa"No [cosmetology] salon or school shall have on the premises cosmetic products containing substances which have been banned or otherwise deemed hazardous or deleterious by the FDA for use in cosmetic products," including "any product containing liquid methyl methacrylate monomer."Iowa Administrative Code, Chapter 63,r. 645-63.18(1) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Iowa Administrative Code r. 645-63.18(1)</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1043</RecNum><DisplayText>(Iowa Administrative Code r. 645-63.18(1) 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1043</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532369296">1043</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iowa Administrative Code r. 645-63.18(1),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Iowa Administrative Code, Chapter 63, r. 645-63.18(1)</title></titles><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Iowa Administrative Code r. 645-63.18(1) 2016)Kentucky"No instructor, student, cosmetologist, or nail technician shall: … Use on any patron a liquid nail enhancement product containing monomeric methyl methacrylate, also known as dental acrylic monomer, for the purpose of creating artificial nail enhancements in the practice of cosmetology and nail technology."Kentucky Revised Statutes, Chapter 317A, Section 317A.130(1)(e) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kentucky Revised Statutes § 317A.130(1)(e)</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1045</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kentucky Revised Statutes § 317A.130(1)(e) 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1045</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630921">1045</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kentucky Revised Statutes § 317A.130(1)(e),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Kentucky Revised Statutes, Chapter 317A, Section 317A.130(1)(e)</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Kentucky Revised Statutes § 317A.130(1)(e) 2018)Louisiana"Prohibited equipment and substances. No beauty shop, salon or cosmetology school shall permit the use of and no individual licensed by the board shall use the following in the performance of cosmetology… nail enhancement products containing methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer."Louisiana Administrative Code, Title 46, Part XXXI, Chapter 7, Section 701(R)(3) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Louisiana Administrative Code § 701(R)(3)</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1046</RecNum><DisplayText>(Louisiana Administrative Code § 701(R)(3) 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1046</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630926">1046</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Louisiana Administrative Code § 701(R)(3),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Louisiana Administrative Code, Title 46, Part XXXI, Chapter 7, Section 701(R)(3)</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Louisiana Administrative Code § 701(R)(3) 2018)Maryland"A person may not use or possess methyl methacrylate liquid monomer (MMA) in a beauty salon in this State."Code of Maryland, Business Occupations and Professions, Title 5, Subtitle 6,Section 5-608.1(a) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Code of Maryland § 5-608.1(a)</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1047</RecNum><DisplayText>(Code of Maryland § 5-608.1(a) 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1047</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630930">1047</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Code of Maryland § 5-608.1(a),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Code of Maryland, Business Occupations and Professions, Title 5, Subtitle 6, Section 5-608.1(a)</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Code of Maryland § 5-608.1(a) 2018)Michigan"A student, apprentice, or licensee shall not do any of the following… Use or possess methyl methacrylate monomers.”Michigan Administrative Code, R 338.2179g (1)(a) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Michigan Administrative Code R 338.2179g (1)(a)</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1048</RecNum><DisplayText>(Michigan Administrative Code R 338.2179g (1)(a) 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1048</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630932">1048</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Michigan Administrative Code R 338.2179g (1)(a),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Michigan Administrative Code, R 338.2179g (1)(a)</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Michigan Administrative Code R 338.2179g (1)(a) 2018)Mississippi"No product containing the ingredient methyl methacrylate (MMA) can be used in any manicuring or pedicuring procedure. All products must be correctly labeled, and manufacturer’s data sheets for any nail product must be readily available for review by any agent of the Board of Cosmetology."Mississippi State Board of Cosmetology Rules and Regulations, Chapter 7, Rule 7.15(H) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mississippi State Board of Cosmetology Rules and Regulations Rule 7.15(H)</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1049</RecNum><DisplayText>(Mississippi State Board of Cosmetology Rules and Regulations Rule 7.15(H) 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1049</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630933">1049</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mississippi State Board of Cosmetology Rules and Regulations Rule 7.15(H),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mississippi State Board of Cosmetology Rules and Regulations, Chapter 7, Rule 7.15(H)</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Mississippi State Board of Cosmetology Rules and Regulations Rule 7.15(H) 2017)Missouri"No cosmetology licensee shall provide any cosmetology services that involve the use of any liquid product containing methyl methacrylate (MMA)."Missouri Code of State Regulations, Title 20, Section 2085-11.020(2)(J) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Missouri Code of State Regulations § 2085-11.020(2)(J)</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1050</RecNum><DisplayText>(Missouri Code of State Regulations § 2085-11.020(2)(J) 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1050</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630937">1050</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Missouri Code of State Regulations § 2085-11.020(2)(J),</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>s</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Missouri Code of State Regulations, Title 20, Section 2085-11.020(2)(J)</title></titles><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Missouri Code of State Regulations § 2085-11.020(2)(J) 2013)Montana"Possession or use of the following items is prohibited… methyl methacrylate monomers for artificial nails…."Administrative Rules of Montana, 24.121.1517(3)(d) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Administrative Rules of Montana § 24.121.1517(3)(d)</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1051</RecNum><DisplayText>(Administrative Rules of Montana § 24.121.1517(3)(d) 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1051</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630939">1051</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Administrative Rules of Montana § 24.121.1517(3)(d),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Administrative Rules of Montana, 24.121.1517(3)(d)</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Administrative Rules of Montana § 24.121.1517(3)(d) 2015)New Hampshire"A licensee shall not… Apply methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer on a person, or have MMA available for use in the facility"New Hampshire Code of Administrative Rules Bar, 302.07(g)(1) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>New Hampshire Code of Administrative Rules Bar 302.07(g)(1)</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1052</RecNum><DisplayText>(New Hampshire Code of Administrative Rules Bar 302.07(g)(1) 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1052</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630940">1052</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>New Hampshire Code of Administrative Rules Bar 302.07(g)(1),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>New Hampshire Code of Administrative Rules Bar, 302.07(g)(1)</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(New Hampshire Code of Administrative Rules Bar 302.07(g)(1) 2018)New Jersey"A licensee, licensed shop, or school of cosmetology and hairstyling shall not utilize any product that contains methyl methacrylate monomer."New Jersey Administrative Code, Title 13, Chapter 28, Subchapter 3, Section 13:28-3.4(a) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>New Jersey Administrative Code § 13:28-3.4(a)</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1053</RecNum><DisplayText>(New Jersey Administrative Code § 13:28-3.4(a) 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1053</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630941">1053</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>New Jersey Administrative Code § 13:28-3.4(a),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>New Jersey Administrative Code, Title 13, Chapter 28, Subchapter 3, Section 13:28-3.4(a)</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(New Jersey Administrative Code § 13:28-3.4(a) 2012)New Mexico“Prohibitions… for the purpose of performing services under the Act, no licensee shall buy, sell, or use, or apply to any person liquid monomeric methyl methacrylate (MMA)."Code of New Mexico Rules, Title 16, Chapter 34, Part 7,Section 16.34.7.9(D)(3) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Code of New Mexico Rules § 16.34.7.9(D)(3)</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1054</RecNum><DisplayText>(Code of New Mexico Rules § 16.34.7.9(D)(3) 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1054</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630942">1054</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Code of New Mexico Rules § 16.34.7.9(D)(3),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Code of New Mexico Rules, Title 16, Chapter 34, Part 7, Section 16.34.7.9(D)(3)</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Code of New Mexico Rules § 16.34.7.9(D)(3) 2018)New York"No owner or operator of an appearance enhancement business shall knowingly… Sell, use or apply to any person monomeric methyl methacrylate…"New York General Business Law, Article 27, NY GEN BUS,Section 404-a(1)(a) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>New York General Business Law § 404-a(1)(a)</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1055</RecNum><DisplayText>(New York General Business Law § 404-a(1)(a) 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1055</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630946">1055</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>New York General Business Law § 404-a(1)(a),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>New York General Business Law, Article 27, NY GEN BUS, Section 404-a(1)(a)</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(New York General Business Law § 404-a(1)(a) 2018)North Carolina“Licensees or students shall not use or possess in a cosmetic art school or shop any of the following… Methyl Methacrylate Liquid Monomer, a.k.a. MMA…"North Carolina Administrative Code, 21 NCAC, 14H.0401(c)(1) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>North Carolina Administrative Code 14H.0401(c)(1)</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1056</RecNum><DisplayText>(North Carolina Administrative Code 14H.0401(c)(1) 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1056</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630948">1056</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>North Carolina Administrative Code 14H.0401(c)(1),</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>North Carolina Administrative Code</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>North Carolina Administrative Code, 21 NCAC, 14H.0401(c)(1)</title></titles><volume>21 NCAC, 14H.0401(c)(1)</volume><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(North Carolina Administrative Code 14H.0401(c)(1) 2018)Ohio“No individual shall do any of the following… Use or possess a liquid nail monomer containing any trace of methyl methacrylate (MMA)."Ohio Administrative Code, 4713.14(M)(3) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ohio Administrative Code 4713.14(M)(3)</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1057</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ohio Administrative Code 4713.14(M)(3) 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1057</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630950">1057</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ohio Administrative Code 4713.14(M)(3),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ohio Administrative Code, 4713.14(M)(3)</title></titles><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Ohio Administrative Code 4713.14(M)(3) 2016)Oklahoma"Each licensee shall be knowledgeable of product ingredients. If not listed on the product, the manufacturer should be contacted for content information. The use of methyl methacrylate (MMA) is prohibited."Oklahoma Administrative Code, Title 175, Chapter 10, Section 175:10-7-14(f) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Oklahoma Administrative Code § 175:10-7-14(f)</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1058</RecNum><DisplayText>(Oklahoma Administrative Code § 175:10-7-14(f) 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1058</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630952">1058</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Oklahoma Administrative Code § 175:10-7-14(f),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Oklahoma Administrative Code, Title 175, Chapter 10, Section 175:10-7-14(f)</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Oklahoma Administrative Code § 175:10-7-14(f) 2012)Rhode Island"The possession and/or use of any cosmetic nail preparation containing methyl methacrylate (MMA) shall be prohibited."Rhode Island Administrative Code, Title 216, Chapter 40, Subchapter 05, Part 4, Section 4.7.6(B)(17) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rhode Island Administrative Code § 4.7.6(B)(17)</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1059</RecNum><DisplayText>(Rhode Island Administrative Code § 4.7.6(B)(17) 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1059</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630954">1059</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rhode Island Administrative Code § 4.7.6(B)(17), </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Rhode Island Administrative Code, Title 216, Chapter 40, Subchapter 05, Part 4, Section 4.7.6(B)(17)</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Rhode Island Administrative Code § 4.7.6(B)(17) 2018)South Dakota"A salon or booth may not use the following products… Liquid monomer nail products containing methyl methacrylate monomers (MMA)…"Administrative Rules of South Dakota, Article 20:42, Chapter 20:42:04, Section 20:42:04:08.01(1) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Administrative Rules of South Dakota § 20:42:04:08.01(1)</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1060</RecNum><DisplayText>(Administrative Rules of South Dakota § 20:42:04:08.01(1) 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1060</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630956">1060</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Administrative Rules of South Dakota § 20:42:04:08.01(1),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Administrative Rules of South Dakota, Article 20:42, Chapter 20:42:04, Section 20:42:04:08.01(1)</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Administrative Rules of South Dakota § 20:42:04:08.01(1) 2017)Tennessee"No establishment or school shall have on the premises cosmetic products containing hazardous substances which have been banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in cosmetic products, including, but not limited to, liquid methyl methacrylate. No product shall be used in a manner that is disapproved by the FDA."Tennessee Rules and Regulations, Chapter 0440-02, Section 0440-02-.17(1) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tennessee Rules and Regulations § 0440-02-.17(1)</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1061</RecNum><DisplayText>(Tennessee Rules and Regulations § 0440-02-.17(1) 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1061</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630957">1061</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tennessee Rules and Regulations § 0440-02-.17(1),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Tennessee Rules and Regulations, Chapter 0440-02, Section 0440-02-.17(1)</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Tennessee Rules and Regulations § 0440-02-.17(1) 2018)Texas"Licensees may not use any of the following substances or products in performing cosmetology services… Methyl Methacrylate Liquid Monomers, a.k.a., MMA…" "For the purpose of performing services authorized under the Act, no licensee shall buy, sell, use, or apply to any person liquid monomeric methyl methacrylate (MMA)."Texas Administrative Code, Title 16, Part 4, Chapter 83, Section 83.112(a)(1); Section 83.113(c) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Texas Administrative Code § 83.112(a)(1)</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1062</RecNum><DisplayText>(Texas Administrative Code § 83.112(a)(1) 2012; Texas Administrative Code § 83.113(c) 2006)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1062</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630958">1062</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Texas Administrative Code § 83.112(a)(1),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Texas Administrative Code, Title 16, Part 4, Chapter 83, Section 83.112(a)(1)</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url> Administrative Code § 83.113(c)</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1063</RecNum><record><rec-number>1063</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630961">1063</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Texas Administrative Code § 83.113(c),	</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Texas Administrative Code, Title 16, Part 4, Chapter 83, Section 83.113(c)</title></titles><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Texas Administrative Code § 83.112(a)(1) 2012; Texas Administrative Code § 83.113(c) 2006)Utah"Unlawful conduct includes… using or possessing a solution composed of at least 10% methyl methacrylate on a client…"Utah Code, Title 58, Chapter 11a, Part 4,r. 58-11a-502(4) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Utah Code r. 58-11a-502(4)</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1064</RecNum><DisplayText>(Utah Code r. 58-11a-502(4) 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1064</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630962">1064</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Utah Code r. 58-11a-502(4),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Utah Code, Title 58, Chapter 11a, Part 4, r. 58-11a-502(4)</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Utah Code r. 58-11a-502(4) 2017)Washington"No establishment or school may have on the premises cosmetic products containing hazardous substances which have been banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in cosmetic products. Use of 100% liquid methyl methacrylate monomer and methylene chloride products are prohibited. No product must be used in a manner that is disapproved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration."Washington Administrative Code, Title 308, Chapter 308-20, Section 308-20-110(15) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Washington Administrative Code § 308-20-110(15)</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1065</RecNum><DisplayText>(Washington Administrative Code § 308-20-110(15) 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1065</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630963">1065</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Washington Administrative Code § 308-20-110(15),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Washington Administrative Code, Title 308, Chapter 308-20, Section 308-20-110(15)</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Washington Administrative Code § 308-20-110(15) 2017)Wisconsin"Licensees may not use methyl methacrylate monomer, commonly referred to as MMA in liquid form, and may not use any cosmetic or nail product formulated with MMA as one of its ingredients."Wisconsin Administrative Code, Chapter Cos 2, Section Cos 2.03(9) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wisconsin Administrative Code § Cos 2.03(9)</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1066</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wisconsin Administrative Code § Cos 2.03(9) 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1066</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="vtp5a0dxpapezeedwet59xdsesz5daaap0vp" timestamp="1532630965">1066</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wisconsin Administrative Code § Cos 2.03(9),</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Wisconsin Administrative Code, Chapter Cos 2, Section Cos 2.03(9)</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Wisconsin Administrative Code § Cos 2.03(9) 2012) ................
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