5 - abss.k12.nc.us
5.3: Immigrants and City Growth
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Reform Movement
Literature: Many writers were calling for a shift from a laissez-faire government and society to a society of stricter business regulations
Settlement Houses: a 1st effort at social services for poor families, most famous was Jane Addams’ Hull House in Chicago, by 1910, there were over 400 settlement house in America’s large cities
Women in Society: As family size steadily decreased and divorcer rates steadily rose, women became disgruntled with social status, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony founded the National American Women’s Suffrage Association to secure the vote for women, Wyoming was first state to offer women the vote in local elections
Temperance and Morality: Women’s Temperance Christian Union pushed for the outlaw of all alcohol
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Boss Politics
-Tammany Hall (NY City), to help provide for businesses, immigrants, housing needs, etc, they would ask for votes on election day
-It was a dishonest system because many of the “bosses” would steal from taxpayers in the form of graft
The City Changes
Overall changes: By 1900, almost 40% of Americans lived in cities or towns, as industrialization was occurring, so was urbanization, also a huge exodus of African Americans from southern farms to northern and western cities
Streetcars: As technology increased, streetcars became widely used in large cities, these replaced many of the horse-drawn carriages and walkers, but as cities became more populated and dirtier, the wealthy moved to the suburbs outside the city and commuted via streetcars
Skyscrapers: While growing outward, cities were also growing upward; first skyscraper was in Chicago (10 stories of steel structure)
Immigration
Push factors: “negative” factors from which people are fleeing (i.e.: poverty in Europe, overcrowding of cities in Europe and religious persecution
Pull factors: “positive” factors brining people to a country (i.e.: U.S. reputation for political and religious freedom, economic prosperity, and an abundance of land and living space
“Old” Immigrants: through the 1880’s, most immigrants came from northern and western Europe (GB, Germany, and Scandinavia, mostly English speaking Protestants and Catholics
“New” Immigrants: from 1890’s-WWI, immigrants were coming from eastern and southern Europe (Italians, Greeks, Slovaks, Poles, and Russians); most were Roman Catholics, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, and Jewish, many came to crowded areas in NY and set up ethnic villages (unsanitary, crowded, called “ghettos,” and horrible housing)
Laws Restricting Immigration: in earlier times, there was very few limits upon immigration, but now quotas were beginning to be placed on immigration numbers
-First was Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, although Ellis Island opened in 1892, medical examinations and entry taxes kept many from entering the nation
-The Statue of Liberty would remain a beacon of hope for all immigrants until strict laws passed in the 1920’s
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