Olivia G. Smyntek



Figure and Motion Research TopicTopic: Women’s Ideal Body Image Through HistorySources:: Venus of WillendorfVenus de miloLuncheon on the grass – ManetThe Judgement of Paris – Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)Greeks would not portray in the nude (except Aphrodite) Peplas KoreMenkaure and Queen KhamerenebtyNude in the Forest – PissaroThe Venus of LausselNude in the water - RenoirReclining Nude – Amedeo Modigilani (1917)Lady in Yellow Dress – Max Kurzwell (1899)Adam and Eve – Gustav KlimptFemale Nude - Amedeo Modigilani“The Three Graces” Peter Paul Rubens (1635) “Where there’s smoke there’s fire” by Russell Patterson (1920s)Gibson Girl (1890s)Minoan Mother GoddessPeople:Bianca Lyons (1902)Camille CliffordTwiggy (60s)Brigitte BardotMarylin Monroe (50s)Farrah Fawcett (70’s) Naomi Campbell (’89)Kim KardashianQuestions: Why do we concern ourselves with body image? Body Image in art?Body image and fashion?How does the idea of ideal body image affect women? CNN: "People come and always want to know what size something is," said McClendon, who organized the exhibition "The Body: Fashion and Physique," about the history of the idealized body type in fashion, which is on display until May. "We as a culture, as a society, are obsessed with size. It's become connected to our identity as people."Willendorf – attractiveness of fertility?Multiple foundRound, pear shaped, large breastsAphrodite – goddess of sexual love and beautyCurvy, small breasts, elongatedStyle continued into the 17th century Rubenesque – plump or roundedCorset – popular in west from late renaissance into the 20th century Excentuate womens curves and support breasts20s Flapper – shift toward western world desires slim physiqueEpidemic of eating disorders60% ratio between 1901-25Increased to 1/3 in the 40s50s pinup modelsFuller body typesDropped again in 60s, about same level as 20s60s – second wave of women’s rights, but the media still pushed the ideal body typeGarmets replaced by diet and exercise80’s – athletic but still slender90’s – damnit, back to thinThe waifAnorexia nervosa highest rate of mortality among all mental disorders of 90’sWHO also acknowledged obesity epidemicNearly a third of children aged 5 to 6 in the US select an ideal body size that is thinner than their current perceived size when given the option, and by age 7, one in four children has engaged in some kind of dieting behavior, according to a Common Sense Media report published in 2015. The report, based on a review of existing studies on body image and media, also found that between 1999 and 2006, hospitalizations for eating disorders in the US spiked 119% among children under age 12.2010’s: Social media promotes diversityAlso stress: ? of teens online stress about their look in photos posted2015 – first plus sized model in Sports illustrated2016 – 5 plus sized models in Christian Siriano’s show during NYFWScience of the People: Buzzfeed video: Ancient Egypt: slender, narrow shoulders, high waist, symmetrical faceWomen were encouraged in independence and beautySex positive society (premarital sex was acceptable and divorce was not a shame)Ancient Greece: plump, full bodied, light skin,Women were considered disfigured versions of menGreece worshipped male formMen faced a higher standard of beautyHan Dynasty: slim waist, pale skin, large eyes, small feetFoot binding?Italian Renaissance: ample bosom, rounded stomach, full hips, fair skinWife was to reflect husbands statusPlumper the richerFairer the less work you did because you’re richVictorian England: desirably plump, full figured, cinched waistCorsetsRoaring twenties: flat chested, downplayed waist, short bob hairstyle, boyish figurewomen’s rights movement? Androgynous Golden age Hollywood: curvy, hourglass, large breasts, slim waistSixties: willowy, think, long slim legs, adolescent physiquePeace loving eraSupermodel era: athletic, tall, toned arms, svelte, but curvyExercise phenomenonWorkout videosUprising in anorexiaHeroin Chic: waifish, extremely thin, transluscent skin, androgynousPostmodern (Today): flat stomach, healthy skin, large breasts/butt, thigh gapWomen regularly get plastic surgeryProbably the most unachievable without plastic surgeryRehabsThe body shapes of the most admired models have remained consistently slimmer than that of the average American woman (nearly impossible ideal)1900’s-1910’s:Slender and tall“Voluptuous” bust and wide hipsPhysically active and in good healthOriginally was the invention of an illustratorCamille Clifford – winner of real life “Gibson Girl” competition1920’sFlapper – and “immature” young woman who was “scantily-clad” and had little regard for behavioral normsEasygoing and rejected Victorian styleFlashing of ankles, knees, and legsDresses were made to be loose and revealing to the legs, as well as bare armsBlush, dark eyes and substantial lips, as well as tansSporty and healthy1930’s-40’sSkirts became longer, clothing showed natural waistShoulders were emphasizedBecause of the GD and war, women’s clothing was practical Aspired to be curvaceous Advertised avoiding looking “too skinny”Celebrity image was more within reach of the average woman (average 23.6)50’s Busty, curvy hourglass, fuller figured now that products are more easily available, they were more expectedas well as boy shape and fashion, women were expected to have perfect skinBMI remained about the same60’sThin and androgynousSexual revolutionMimicked the flapper look. Abandoned mature look for an adolescent one70’sTwiggy’s influence caused a health and eating craze Anorexia became prominent with media coverageKaren Carpenter – known to diet at starvation levels over 10 yearsKilled her in 1983Rise in diet pills with dangerous amphetamines that suppress appetite80’sIncreased emphasis on fitnessToned, not overly muscularExercise tapesSlender and tallerRise in supermodels60% of playboy models weighed 15% less than a healthy average weightBMI average 25. Female celebs 17.6-20.490’sThin, but large breasts (Baywatch)Thin and bony appearanceEmphasized by Calvin Klein and Kate MossBMI comparisons40’s average: 23.6Media: 18.5 – 20.350’s average: 23.6Media: 18.8-20.560’s average: 25.2Media: 17.6-20.470’s average: 24.9Media: 18-20.580’s average: 25Media: 17.6-20.490’s average: 26.317.2-19.520 years ago, models weighed 8% less than averageNow, models weight 23% less than averageMost models now are considered clinically anorexicHalf of American women wear a 14 or larger, and designer companies only make up to size 10 or twelveTwo conflicts became the modern ideal: unnaturally thin with large breastsModern idea of beauty is impossible to achieve and unhealthy to do so ................
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