The GNU C Library Reference Manual

The GNU C Library Reference Manual

The GNU C Library Reference Manual

Sandra Loosemore with

Richard M. Stallman, Roland McGrath, Andrew Oram, and Ulrich Drepper

for version 2.38

This is The GNU C Library Reference Manual, for version 2.38.

Copyright c 1993?2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and "GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in developing GNU and promoting software freedom."

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Short Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Error Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4 Character Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5 String and Array Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6 Character Set Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 7 Locales and Internationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 8 Message Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 9 Searching and Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 10 Pattern Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 11 Input/Output Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 12 Input/Output on Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 13 Low-Level Input/Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 14 File System Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 15 Pipes and FIFOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 16 Sockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 17 Low-Level Terminal Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 18 Syslog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 19 Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 20 Arithmetic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 21 Date and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 22 Resource Usage And Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 23 Non-Local Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 24 Signal Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 25 The Basic Program/System Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 26 Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 27 Inter-Process Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 28 Job Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 29 System Databases and Name Service Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 30 Users and Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 31 System Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 32 System Configuration Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904 33 Cryptographic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926

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