How to calculate molar mass of unknown substance

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How to calculate molar mass of unknown substance

Mass percent composition of a molecule shows the amount each element in a molecule contributes to the total molecular mass. Each element's contribution is expressed as a percentage of the whole. This step-by-step tutorial will show the method to determine the mass percent composition of a molecule. Calculate the mass percent composition of each element in a potassium ferricyanide, K3Fe(CN)6 molecule. Step 1: Find the atomic mass of each element in the molecule. The first step to finding mass percent is to find the atomic mass of each element in the molecule. K3Fe(CN)6 is made up of potassium (K), iron (Fe), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Using the periodic table: Atomic mass of K: 39.10 g/mol Atomic mass of Fe: 55.85 g/mol Atomic mass of C: 12.01 g/mo lAtomic mass of N: 14.01 g/mol Step 2: Find the mass combination of each element. The second step is to determine the total mass combination of each element. Each molecule of KFe(CN)6 contains 3 K, 1 Fe, 6 C and 6 N atoms. Multiply these numbers by the atomic mass to get each element's mass contribution. Mass contribution of K = 3 x 39.10 = 117.30 g/mol Mass contribution of Fe = 1 x 55.85 = 55.85 g/mol Mass contribution of C = 6 x 12.01 = 72.06 g/mol Mass contribution of N = 6 x 14.01 = 84.06 g/mol Step 3: Find the total molecular mass of the molecule. The molecular mass is the sum of the mass contributions of each element. Simply add each mass contribution together to find the total.Molecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 = 117.30 g/mol + 55.85 g/mol + 72.06 g/mol + 84.06 g/molMolecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 = 329.27 g/mol Step 4: Find the mass percent composition of each element. To find the mass percent composition of an element, divide the mass contribution of the element by the total molecular mass. This number must then be multiplied by 100% to be expressed as a percent. For K: Mass percent composition of K = mass contribution of K/molecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 x 100% Mass percent composition of K = 117.30 g/mol/329.27 g/mol x 100% Mass percent composition of K = 0.3562 x 100% Mass percent composition of K = 35.62% For Fe: Mass percent composition of Fe = mass contribution of Fe/molecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 x 100% Mass percent composition of Fe = 55.85 g/mol/329.27 g/mol x 100% Mass percent composition of Fe = 0.1696 x 100% Mass percent composition of Fe = 16.96% For C: Mass percent composition of C = mass contribution of C/molecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 x 100% Mass percent composition of C = 72.06 g/mol/329.27 g/mol x 100% Mass percent composition of C = 0.2188 x 100% Mass percent composition of C = 21.88% For N: Mass percent composition of N = mass contribution of N/molecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 x 100% Mass percent composition of N = 84.06 g/mol/329.27 g/mol x 100% Mass percent composition of N = 0.2553 x 100% Mass percent composition of N = 25.53% K3Fe(CN)6 is 35.62% potassium, 16.96% iron, 21.88% carbon and 25.53% nitrogen.It is always a good idea to check your work. If you add up all the mass percent compositions, you should get 100%.35.62% + 16.96% + 21.88% + 25.53% = 99.99%Where is the other .01%? This example illustrates the effects of significant figures and rounding errors. This example used two significant figures past the decimal point. This allows for an error on the order of ?0.01. This example's answer is within these tolerances. Wayne Calabrese/The Image Bank/Getty Images To calculate the mass of a specific number of atoms of an element, divide the number of atoms by 6.02 x 1023 and then multiply by the molar mass of the element. The process for calculating mass from the number of atoms is the same for all elements. Step 1: Calculate the number of moles from the number of atoms. Divide the number of atoms by 6.02 x 1023, the number of atoms in one mole of the element -- also known as Avogadro's number. Step 2: Determine the molar mass of the element. The molar mass of an element is the mass in g of one mole of the element. Determine the molar mass by placing the units g/mol after the atomic weight of the element. (Atomic weight can be obtained from the periodic chart.) Step 3: Multiply the number of moles of the element by the molar mass. Your body mass is made up of two components: body fat and lean body mass. People often use the terms "lean body mass" and "muscle mass" interchangeably, but they're not the same. Lean body mass includes muscle mass, as well as bones and bodily fluid. Muscle mass is the size of your muscles. It includes:skeletal musclesmooth musclecardiac muscleHowever, when people talk about muscle mass, they're typically referring to skeletal muscle.This type of muscle is important for mobility, balance, and strength. It's a sign of physical function, which is why we're always told to build muscle.If you have low muscle mass, it means you have lower-than-average muscle for your age and gender. If you have high muscle mass, your muscle mass is higher than average. Depending on your body composition, you can have low or high muscle mass with low or high body fat. Muscle mass is difficult to measure. It also depends on many factors, including height, ethnicity, and fitness level.There isn't a lot of credible data on average muscle mass percentages. The only source with reliable information is a 2000 study in the Journal of Applied Physiology. In the study, researchers measured the muscle mass percentages of 468 men and women. The following charts are based on this study. While new research is necessary, this data will give you an idea of muscle mass percentages for different age groups. Muscle mass percentage averages for menMuscle mass percentage averages for womenIt's not possible to determine your exact muscle mass percentage without expensive technology.There are calculators, formulas, and scales that claim to measure muscle mass, but these options haven't been proven to be accurate.Here's what you can do to learn about your muscle mass and lean body mass: Use body fat percentageOne way to determine your lean mass percentage is to use your body fat percentage.To get your body fat percentage, weigh yourself on a body fat scale.A body fat scale uses bioelectrical impedance to estimate your amount of body fat. It sends an electrical current through your body. Since fat conducts less electricity than muscle, the current can measure how much body fat you have.You'll also need to enter your height, weight, gender, and age. The scale uses this data, along with the electrical current, to estimate your body fat percentage.You can subtract this number from 100 to get your lean body mass percentage. For example, a person with 30 percent body fat has 70 percent lean body mass.But remember, muscle mass is just one part of your lean body mass. Plus, body fat scales aren't always accurate. The percentages are estimates.Use a U.S. military formula The U.S. military has a formula for estimating body fat percentage. This method involves measuring the circumference of different body parts. These measurements are then used to determine your circumference value (CV). Your CV and height are placed on a chart with precalculated body fat percentage estimates. You can use this number to estimate your lean body mass percentage.If you're a man, measure your abdominal and neck circumferences. Your CV is abdominal circumference minus neck circumference.If you're a woman, measure your waist, hip, and neck circumferences. Your CV is waist circumference plus hip circumference minus neck circumference.While the military uses this method to assess body composition, it's not the most accurate method. The circumference measurements don't take into account muscle size.Get an MRI The most accurate way to calculate muscle mass percentage is to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An MRI uses strong magnets to take an image of your muscles. When you're placed in an MRI machine, the magnetic field briefly rearranges your body's hydrogen atoms. This releases energy, which the machine uses to determine your muscle mass.MRI is the gold standard for determining muscle mass percentage, but it's very expensive. It's not a practical choice for estimating muscle mass percentage.If you have high muscle mass, you have more muscle than is typical for your age and gender. BenefitsGenerally, greater muscle mass has positive health effects.As you get older, you naturally lose muscle mass. This age-related muscle loss, also called sarcopenia, begins at age 30. You continue to lose 3 to 5 percent of muscle mass every decade, which reduces physical function and increases your risk of injury. But if you have high muscle mass, you can slow down muscle loss and protect your physical ability. Skeletal muscle also improves your overall metabolism. Compared to fat, skeletal muscle burns more calories at rest. Additionally, greater muscle mass is associated with longevity. A 2014 study in the American Journal of Medicine found that older adults with more muscle mass live longer than those with less.Side effectsIf you have higher-than-average muscle mass, it may be difficult to find clothes that fit well. You'll also need to eat more calories to feel full, which can become inconvenient and expensive.Some people say having greater muscle mass reduces their flexibility and ability to jump or run.Having low muscle mass means you have less muscle than is typical for your age and gender.BenefitsThere aren't any real benefits of low muscle mass. Some people say having more fat than muscle offers a survival advantage because excess fat can provide energy when the body is stressed. However, this benefit is hypothetical.Side effectsLow muscle mass speeds up age-related muscle loss and reduces physical ability. This increases the risk of injury and disability.Having low skeletal muscle mass is also associated with:Although muscle mass declines with age, it's never too late to build muscle through exercise and diet.Exercise and good nutrition will also help preserve muscle mass as you get older.ExerciseStrength training, or weight training, is the best way to build muscle mass. This type of exercise strengthens your muscles by forcing them to work against resistance.You can:It's recommended to do two or three strength training sessions each week. Cardio is still important, though. Aerobic exercise, like jogging or dancing, supports muscle growth and slows age-related muscle loss. DietGaining and keeping muscle mass also depends on good nutrition. This includes eating enough nutrient-dense calories to fuel your body.Protein, which helps build and repair muscle, is particularly important. The amount of protein you need depends on your level of physical activity. Generally, 10 to 35 percent of your daily calories should come from protein. Examples of high-protein foods include:beefpoultryfisheggsbeansnutsYou also need enough carbohydrates to fuel your muscles. If you're strength training two or more times per week, carbohydrates should make up at least 50 percent of your daily calories.Additionally, adequate intake of fat, vitamins, and minerals is necessary for building muscle.It's also best to limit or avoid processed foods as much as possible. By eating whole foods, like vegetables and eggs, you can help your muscles stay healthy and strong.Muscle mass is a part of your lean body mass. Typically, the more muscle you have, the less prone you are to injury, chronic disease, and early death. Muscle mass also indicates physical function, including mobility and balance.It's difficult to calculate lean body mass, let alone muscle mass. The most accurate methods are expensive, and there isn't a lot of reliable data proving their accuracy. To better understand your physical fitness, it's recommended to use your body fat percentage instead.

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