This action is a contribution to the One UN Joint ...



I.Background…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………5Purpose of the studyMethodologyScopeLimitationsII. Women situation in the Mozambican context…………………………………………………………………………… 9III. Mozambique DRR/EP institutional appraisal: a assessment from the field study………………….. 13Main policies concerning climate change adaptation, DRR and social protection issues Summary of Government institutions, donors, CSO and policies on DRR& EP and CCH Government InstitutionsMultilateral Organizations: The United Nations SystemDonor bilateral agenciesCivil Society organizations, CSOThe main policies concerning, DRR&EP and CCHIV. Field visit to DRR & EP and CCH activities …………………………………………………….…………………………. 56V. Needs assessment and gender analysis: findings and recommendations ………………………………..60DRR/EP and CCH adaptation and mitigation: differences, similarities and areas of convergence Government institutions: a case of gender blindness in DRR/EP The UN ONE’s support Planning for the future: gaps of cross-cutting gender issues in DRR&EP and CCH (?)The gender-blind neutral language and the information vacuum Gender disparities, challenges and constraints in DRR&EP implementation activitiesRecommendations.............................................................................................................................69List of Anexxes.................................................................................................................................... 72List of Persons InterviewedStrengthening of the Integration of Gender into Disaster Risk Reduction & Emergency Preparedness as well as Climate Change Mitigation & Adaptation in Mozambique. Methodology for the International and National Consultant field trip.02814955FOTOGRAF?A PORTADA: BRYAN DELL00FOTOGRAF?A PORTADA: BRYAN DELLPrograma da visita do UNIFEM a Direccao Regional Centro do INGCAcronymsCTGCConselho Técnico de Gest?o das Calamidades(Disaster Management Technical Council)CCGCConselho Coordinador de Gest?o das Calamidades (Coordinator Council for Disaster Management)CCMACambio Climatico, Mitiga??o e Adapta??o ( Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation) CERUMCentro Distrital de Recursos e de Uso (Resource and Multiple Use Distric Center) CENOECentro Nacional Operativo de Emergencia(National Emergency Operations Centre)CERFUnited Nations Central Emergency Response FundCGRComité de Gest?o de Risco (Risk Management Committee)CP Plano de Contingencia. (Contingency Plan )COE’s Centros Operativos de Emergencia (Provincias ou Distritais)( Operative Emengencie Center)CLGRCComite Local de Gest?o de Risco de Calamidades( Local Committe for Disater Managemnet)CNAM Conselho Nacional para o Avanco da Mulher (National Council for the Advancement of Women)CSOOrganiza??o da Sociedade Civil ( Civil Society Organizations)CVMCruz Vermelha de Mo?ambique(Mozambican Red Cross)DARDepartamento de Aguas Rurais (Department of Rural Water)DARIDASDirec??o de Desenvolvimento das Zonas Aridas e Semi Aridas (Directorate for the Developmenent of Arid and Semi Arid Zones)DARHDirec??o de Administra??o e Recursos Humanos (Administrative and Human Resources Directorate)DNADirec??o Nacional de Aguas ( Water National Directorate) DPMDirec?ao e Preven??o e Mitiga??o ( Directorate for Prevention and Mitigation)DDSDirec??o Distrital de Saúde (District Health Department)DDMASDirec??o Distrital da Mulher e Ac??o Social (District Department for Women and Social Welfare)DPMASDirec??o Provincial da Mulhere Ac??o Social (Provincial Department for Women and Social Welfare)ESANSeguridade Alimentar e Estrategia Nuticional ( Food Security and National Strategy FIPAGFundo de Investimento e Patrimonio do Abastecimento de Agua (Water Investment and Promotion Fund)GAVGrupo de Asistencia a Vulnerabilidades ( Vulnerability Assistance Group)GFPs Punto Focal de Genero (Gender Focal Point) GTZ Coopera??o tecnica Alema ( German Technical Cooperation)GoMGoverno de Mozambique ( Mozambique Govenment)HWSASServi?os de Aten??o a Mulher e Ac??o Soicial (Health, Women and Social Action Services)INAMInstituto Nacional de Metereologia, (National Meteorology Institute)INGCInstituto Nacional de Gest?o de Calamidades (National Disaster Management Institute)INSANInseguridades Alimentar e Nuticional ( i Food and Nutrition Insecurity) INAS Instituto Nacional de Ac??o Social(National Institute for Social Welfare)MINEDMinisterio da Educa??o (Ministry of Education)MICOAMinisterio para a Coordena??o da Ac??o Ambiental Ministry for Environment Coordination)MINAGMinisterio da Agricultura ( Ministry of Agriculture)MIMAS Ministério da Mulher e Ac??o Social (Ministry of Women & Social Welfare)Ministerio da Mulher e Ac??o Social (Ministry of Women and Social Action)NAPA Plano De Ac??o Nacional de Adapta??o (National Adaptation Plan of Action)PARPAPlano de Ac??o para a Redu??o da Pobreza (Action Plan for the Reduction of AbsolutePoverty)PDPMCN Plano Director de Prevenc??o e Mitiga??o das Calamidades Naturais (Prevention and Mitigations of Natural Calamities Guideline Plan) PDDPlano do Desenvolvimento Distrital (District Development Plans) PDIPolitica de Genero e Estrategia de Implementa??o (Gender Policies and Implementation Strategy)SETSANSecretariado Técnico de Seguran?a Alimentar e Nutri??o (Food Security & Nutrition Technical Secretariat)Secretaria Tecnica de Seguridade Alimentar e Nutricional (Technical Secretariat for Food and Nutritional Security) SINASSistema de Informacao Nacional de Aguas e Sanidades (Water and Sanitation Information System) SIGSistema de Informa??o Geografica( Geographic Information System)UNAPROCUnidade Nacional de Protec??o Civil (Civil Protection National Unit)58293001543685FOTOGRAF?A: IFRC00FOTOGRAF?A: IFRCPART IBackgroundMozambique is prone to different natural disasters, such as floods, drought, cyclones and earth quakes. Some of these phenomena are cyclic while others are occasional. In addition to these facts, Mozambique has land areas classified as semi-arid and arid, where the rains, even during the best years, are not enough for rain fed cropping and shortages of drinking water throughout the year are a common trend.UNIFEM’s Sub-Regional Strategy for Southern Africa points out that more emphasis should be given to the humanitarian activities in the region. Following the “52nd Session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women”, UNIFEM has engaged more in climate change issues and disaster risk reduction activities. Moreover the humanitarian and disaster risk reduction issues received great attention in the Global SPW Meeting in May 2010.UNIFEM in Mozambique has identified the following reasons to include this new area in its country’s strategy:Mozambique is extremely prone to natural disasters which have devastating impacts on the development process in general;The Mozambican government has managed to establish a reasonable institutional framework on Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Risk Reduction over the past years;The recognized added value of the UN system in general in the area of Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Risk Reduction; In order to avoid duplication and to ensure a better impact of its activities, UNIFEM’s country office in Mozambique is implementing its activities under the framework of the DRR and EP Joint Programme. Climate Change is considered as an issue to be included in the DRR agenda and it is closely related to natural disasters.In Mozambique, various local, national and international organizations are currently engaged in a range of activities related to development with a focus on DRR&EP, though challenges, concerns and gaps remain in several of the areas where they perform their activities. Traditionally, the roles performed within communities have been to a large extent gender or age specific; men, for example, have responsibility for providing cash, security and decision-making, while women’s roles include mainly productive and reproductive roles like childcare and provision of food and water. The division of work according to gender and the men, women roles including children has considerable impact on DRR&EP. Moreover women are still severely underrepresented in most decision-making bodies and also have fewer income-earning opportunities.Purpose of the studyThe purpose of this study was to elaborate a needs assessment that could allow integration of gender in DRR&EP and CCH programming in Mozambique. The need to address gender in these programs has been stated in a self-assessment document on preparedness and response activities from the Sector Cluster Coordination Group that included IOM, donor organizations and UN agencies such as FAO, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF and WFP. In this document it was identified that among the top priorities areas to improve during 2011 was (i) the mainstreaming of priority cross-cutting issues, (ii) their advocacy and resource mobilization and (iii) the training and capacity building on such issues. Gender, being a cross-cutting issue, was addressed by very few organizations in the development of their strategies for DRR&EP and CCH.This needs assessment study will contribute to develop a toolbox and a guideline for donors, civil society and government institutions, on how to integrate gender in DRR&EP programming and activities adapted to the specific socio economic and institutional context of Mozambique. It will also contribute to the strengthening of gender equality aspects in EP and DRR activities of the UN Joint Programme. MethodologyThis study has as reference the summary of the literature review already developed which includes international best practices and lessons learned, policies, programmes and advocacy in this area. The needs assessment is also based on the information obtained from a workshop organized with most of the organizations and institutions dealing with the subject, interviews with stakeholders implementing DRR&EP activities in Mozambique as well as the information gathered in a three-day visit to INGC’s regional, directorate covering the central region of Mozambique, located in Caia to exchange experiences with institutions and beneficiaries on DRR&EP activities. The importance of the visit to this regional directorate, was to allow the consultancy team to meet with the main DRR & EP and CCMA, local bodies, namely the local authorities (district governments), the District’s Technical Council For Disaster Management (CTDGC), the civil society groups working or addressing DRR &EP issues in the region as well as with the Local Committees for Disaster Management (CLGRC). During the meetings conducted with beneficiaries in Caia and Chemba districts, data were collected following a semi-structured questionnaire administered to four beneficiary groups (one group of women and one of men beneficiaries per location) in two locations (Caia district - Bairro Sombreiro and Chemba district – Bairro Chimbue) The Caia example referred to a not so good example of post-floods reconstruction model and the Chemba one was a good example of post-floods reconstruction model. The meetings were conducted in the local language, with the help of a translator.During the field mission, apart from how the preparedness and response are organized and how the needs of men, women, children and elderly people are dealt with, special attention was given to get information on how the DRR & EP and CCMA system integrates gender perspective and women empowerment: programs on violence against women, training opportunities for adult men and women, employment opportunities and main sources of income and participation in decision making bodies. The issues of availability of natural resources in the area, community awareness on disasters and response attitudes, political, social, economic and cultural behaviors or traditions that could influence women and men during the DRR&EP, were addressed. ScopeThe needs assessment was based on the information available from national and international organizations working in DRR/EP as well as results of a three- day field visit to an area where the main DRR&EP institutions are working. This study focused on the role of national, international and civil society organizations (CSO) institutions that are coordinating the implementation of activities in disaster areas addressing women’s and men’s needs in the districts visited (Caia and Chemba). This needs assessment will be limited to the findings of meetings conducted with the main country institutions working in DRR , the consultant’s three-day field mission, coupled with findings from a meeting with a reference group of stakeholders. LimitationsINGC has divided the country into 3 regional directorates, namely Northern, Central and Southern Regional Directorates. The headquarters of these structures are located respectively in Nacala, Caia and Vilankulo. Their main mandate is to serve as coordination and resource centers to face natural disasters, where all the emergency preparedness, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation activities before, during and after disasters are held (rescue operations and post disaster reconstruction). It is in Caia where all the government institutions coordinated by INGC and their stakeholders (UN agencies and civil society organizations) converge to draw up and implement disaster response activities before, during and after emergencies in the whole Central Mozambique. As such, Caia responds for activities covering mainly the Zambezi River basin, where many floods have occurred in recent years, resulting in displacement of thousands of families and in the building of new villages in more secure areas. In some of such villages, in conjunction with the participation of beneficiaries in the building of their own houses with the support from the government and stakeholders, there are being implemented some income generating activities, involving mainly women, intended at reducing the exposure of beneficiaries to new flood threats. To have the desired information density, an assessment on DRR&EP on women and men needs, requires a series of group discussions that represent the situation in the northern, southern and central parts of the country. As stated earlier, during the present assignment, only the central region was visited and only 4 beneficiary groups (two of men and two of women) were met. Since the information was gathered from only these sources its validity cannot be bound for the whole country since it is not representative. Taking into consideration the socio-cultural and country’s traditional structure differences, a country’s representatively and a broader outcome of women’s and men’s needs study on DRR&EP must involve gathering of information on the situation in the northern and southern parts of the country using the same methodology applied in the central region.PART IIWomen’s situation in the Mozambican contextIn traditional terms, Mozambique can be divided by patrilineal and matrilineal socio-cultural systems – with the Zambezi River in the middle of the country being considered the divisionary line between the matrilineal above and the patrilineal below that river. In both, patrilineal and matrilineal, systems the positions of the women are based on the submission to male family members. Mozambique has a large number of different ethno-linguistic groups with their particularin socio economic organization, cultural perceptions and practices. Specific traditions and customary norms vary from one region to another. Despite the significant variety of customary norms among regions, a common feature is the patriarchal gender relations, which in community and private life alike restrict women’s access to land use rights and benefits, and access to natural resources. Even in matrilineal groups, women only have rights through their male relatives, namely brothers or maternal uncles. Men have more authority and power over women therefore economic and socio-cultural situation have a particular impact on gender relations, on women situation and position, influencing their practical and strategic needs.In the northern provinces of Mozambique, several ethnic groups are present with predominance to the Macua group (Nampula, Niassa and Cabo Delgado). Catholic and Muslim religions are predominant and the main social unit is the matrilineal extended family. The matrilineal system defines women and their children as the “property” of their own family. The maternal uncle is the head of the matrilineal family and of the household and is in charge of the lineage land rights. The woman, her sisters or the nieces, have no role other than that of being a link with the ancestral lineage. In this system, the husband moves to his wife’s home, and he cannot allocate land rights himself. Upon dissolution of marriage, the children and the land remain in the hands of the wives. Although the matrilineal kinship structure of the Macuas make it easier for women to maintain links with their natal families. These sharia laws are in a sense “gender sensitive” because they underline men’s financial responsibilities towards women and children. In the same region it is a fact that even though women work mainly in subsistence agriculture, their education and health levels are poor, they still show the lowest HIV /AIDS infection rate as compared to the central and the southern regions. The proportion of female headed households is relatively low and nearly 30% of the women live in polygamous households, a situation that has to be carefully looked upon as the country’s Family Law considers this practice as “illegal”, leaving these women without legal protection in family issues. In the central provinces, (Zambezia, Sofala, Manica and Tete) the family structure can either be patrilineal and matrilineal, probably because they are located in an intermediate position between the northern and southern parts of the country, with a majority being influenced by the patrilineal family structure. In these areas, the lobolo (bridewealth) is still prevalent and has implications for gender relations and women situation and position. The lobolo, - a traditional payment of a bride price - gives husbands the full custody of their wives who have no say in the administration of assets and cannot claim their right to access land. Bride wealth (lobolo) is a way to maintain control by men over women. According to customary norms, sons protect women, especially widows and the elderly. Moreover, according to the levirate custom, widows can continue to have access to cash income and land benefits by marrying their brother in law or other close relatives of their deceased husbands.In Southern Mozambique, (Inhambane, Gaza and Maputo) the lobolo and the patrilineal system prevails, where women and their children belong to their husbands and their husband’s families, depending women’s access to land on their husbands and male?s relatives. This region has witnessed important socio-economic changes, specially due to male labour migration to South Africa. Significant level of labour migration of the adult male population confines women to household chores and to heavy workloads. As a result of male absenteeism, there is a “feminization “of agriculture due to increased women participation in the small scale agriculture and informal economy .The first significant change in the politics of gender relations in Mozambique occurred in the 1960ies, with the promotion of the woman’s role in the fight for national independence. The Liberation Front of Mozambique (Frente de Liberta??o de Mo?ambique- FRELIMO) introduced the principle of equality between men and women (emancipation of the woman). At independence, the FRELIMO government had as it’s explicit policy, to support and work on gender equality and women empowerment. The first constitution of the Peoples Republic of Mozambique (1975) underlined the equality between men and women. In the constitution change of 1990, the issue of gender equality was maintained and consolidated in its Article ernment of Mozambique Gender PolicyIn 2002, the first National Plan for the Advancement of Women (Plano Nacional para o Avan?o da Mulher – PNAM, 2002-2006) was formulated and, in 2004, the Family Law was approved. This law defends women and gender equality. The guidelines for gender promotion in the country are contained in the Gender Politics and Implementation Strategy (Política de Género e Estratégia de Implementa??o - PGEI) approved in 2007, in the Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty 2006-2009 (PARPA II) and in the National Plan for the Advancement of Women (PNAM - 2007-2009). In the year 2000, the Ministry of Women and Social Action (MIMAS) was created, with the main objective of accompanying the implementation of gender policies and programmes approved by the government. In the same year, the National Directorate of Women (DNM) was created and in 2004, the Council of Ministers created the National Council for the Advancement of Women (CNAM) as MIMA’s consultative body. The CNAM is composed of two bodies, namely (i) the Executive Secretariat and (ii) the Technical Council with its gender focal points assigned to each ministry that has gender units. Within the context of the decentralization process and the strengthening of the local authorities, the Provincial Directorates for Women and Social Action have an Executive Secretariat and a Technical Council. The District Services of Health, Women and Social Action aim to implement activities addressed to women as well as other social activities that will lead to promote gender equality.The Mozambican gender policy aims at equity of participation and access for both women and men, recognizing their role pertaining to national sustainable development objectives. Its principles are based on the promotion and strengthening of both women and men at all levels as well as to women’s empowerment. The PGEI follows several principles such as unity, social justice, equity, equality, non discrimination, gender mainstreaming and support to non violence. This policy clearly states the need to ensure women’s use, access and tenure over natural resources. It promotes the legal mechanisms for control tenure, heritage systems and enhancement of women’s capacity over environmental management and conservation. The gender implementation strategy defines its activities in the areas of socio-cultural (preventive reproductive health) political (enhancement of women’s participation in the political arena), economic (implementation of poverty eradication policies and promotion of women employment), juridical (establishment of gender units in the government structure along with the promotion of women’s participation in the judiciary system) and security services. There is also a Gender Strategy for the Agricultural Sector designed in 2005 that aims at assuring access to and control over resources, benefits, rights and equal opportunities between women and men, enhancing the capacity of vulnerable farmers to improve food security and family income in order to contribute to poverty alleviation and a sustainable development incorporating gender perspective.The gender policy and the implementation strategy (PGEI) The recent approval of the PGEI was a step towards gender justice. However the development agencies supporting Mozambique have made critical evaluations of the implementation of the gender policies and concluded that the practical impact of these policies on the ground have been minimal, due to difficulties to make the transition from policy statements to practical implementation of activities that could lead to gender equality and women empowerment. Moreover, despite progress in the country’s social sectors (ex. education, and health), the evaluations concluded that in nearly all areas, women are still lagging behind men. They continue to have less political influence, are poorer than men, have heavier domestic responsibilities in the household, have lower employment and income chances, less access to land, yield lower agriculture production along with a lower educational and health status. Domestic violence remains a serious problem but very few cases end up in the courts, and even if statistics on such situations are scarce since many of these situations are solved locally by influent family members or local leaders. A large majority of women in the country depend on subsistence agriculture but there is also an emerging group that depends on the informal economy which generates income among women in both urban and rural areas. At last, the critical evaluations conducted by the development agencies supporting Mozambique on the implementation of the gender policies pointed out that some issues such as female headed households are on the rise and that increasingly they are forming part of the poorest portion of the population. Those studies also pointed out that the HIV-AIDS situation among women is deteriorating as compared to that of men. 58293002514600FOTOGRAF?A: MARCELA BALLARA00FOTOGRAF?A: MARCELA BALLARAPART IIIMozambique DRR/EP institutional appraisal: assessment from the field studyThere is a general consensus in that all development activities conducted in Mozambique under PARPA II have a strong commitment of accounting for the gender policy, responding to the goal of achieving gender equality as stated in the above mentioned plan. Additionally, the GoM recognizes that the empowerment of women is the main driving force in the efforts to eradicate poverty. The institutionalization of gender units in all sectors at national and provincial government offices is part of the gender policy implementation strategy Mozambique is a vulnerable country to climate change due to its geographic location (about 2,700 km long coastline) at the confluence of many international rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean and therefore has a high dependence on natural resources that require predictable rain. More than 60% of of the 20.5 million Mozambican population lives in coastal areas, and is therefore highly vulnerable to cyclones and storms along the coastlineWithin the GoM , at national level, there is a strong interest and a growing commitment to climate change and disaster risk reduction issues. As such, many efforts are being undertaken to include these issues in the country’s development plans. The Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Action (MICOA) coordinates implementation of Climate Change issues, while the National Institute for Disaster Management (INGC) coordinates disaster risk reduction and management as well as humanitarian response. On the other hand, the Ministry of Women and Social Welfare coordinates social protection. The UN system plays a coordinating role between the UN system, the GoM and the CSO’s.There is a commitment to improve community’s adaptation to climate change and to incorporate DRR &EP into Mozambique’s development strategy documents as an important way of alleviating the poverty of the majority of Mozambicans. Unfortunately, this commitment lacks a strong gender approach. This chapter will assess the main policies regarding climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction and social protection in Mozambique as well as gender mainstreaming. It highlights the main issues in terms of policies, main actors (government and non-government), coordination efforts, gaps, and ideas on how to improve the situation.Main policies concerning climate change adaptation, DRR and social protection issuesThe National Master Plan for Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Calamities (PDPMCN) The Master Plan followed the Disaster Management Policy of 1999 and became the country’s operative strategy for disaster risk management. It specifically emphasizes the links between development policies and preparedness, prevention, mitigation and vulnerability reduction. Attention is paid to developing arid and semi-arid zones through introduction of conservation agriculture and non-crop income generating activities, and rain water harvesting for human water supply and for increased rain fed crop productivity. For flood protection in risky areas, water resources infrastructures such as dams and dikes are considered keys elements for flood prevention on the long run. The PDPMCN provides guidance to all DRR activities in Mozambique (carried out by government, non-government institutions and donors), was aligned with PARPA 2006-2009 and contributes to the annual contingency planning aiming to reduce vulnerability of communities that are most exposed to natural disasters. In this context, the PDPMCN has four strategic lines and identifies several poverty alleviation activities but none of them make reference to gender issues. PARPA 2006 - 2009(Plano de Ac??o para a Redu??o da Pobreza Absoluta - Mozambique Poverty Reduction Plan) is the government’s overarching instrument for poverty reduction. In this plan, DRR and social protection are scarcely mentioned. After PARPA II, it seems the government is not planning to develop a PARPA III, but instead an Operational Plan to be incorporated in the government’s five-yearly plans (Planos quinquenais do governo – PQG’s). At the moment, each ministry and government institution develops their specific plans to contribute to the overall expected results of PARPA through the PQG’s. Specific mention of CCH, DRR or social protection activities are only highlighted in those sector plans. To guide the implementation of the PARPA, the government prepares an Economic and Social Plan (PES) every year.The main objectives of the Go M in the DRR and management as outlined in the PARPA II were to: (i) reduce the number of human victims and loss of property; (ii) consolidate a culture of prevention and; (iii) provide the country with prevention and mitigation means. Reducing the impact of disasters is related among others to early warning systems on most frequent disasters, appropriate responses and mechanisms, institutional strengthening, training and education. The PARPA II defines the importance of gender as a cross-cutting issue and refers that “…The priority actions designed to promote equality of opportunities between women and men and to empower women’s actions is/should be addressed in a cross-cutting manner by the different pillars, areas, and categories…”.In 2007, MICOA developed the National Adaptation Programme for Action (NAPA)and identified four adaptation priorities, namely (i) Strengthening early warning systems, (ii) Strengthening the capacity of farmers to deal with climate change, (iii) Reduction of the impacts of climate change along the coastal zones, and(iv) Water resources management. NAPA includes initiatives for various economic and social development sectors with special emphasis on the prevention of natural disasters, preparedness and early warning, aiming to coordinate activities at reducing the impact of climate change and to establish climate change adaptation initiatives.NAPA is a follow up to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) and is a critical policy document that outlines information on urgent and immediate needs with regards to climate change impacts and adaptation priorities. This document gives an overview of the situation in Mozambique and outlines the main actions to be undertaken to improve the country’s resilience to climate change and identifies the main hazards as drought, floods and tropical cyclones.Contingency Planning.Contingency plans are developed yearly by sectors under INGC’s coordination. Sectors involved include central, provincial and local government bodies, international donors, the UN system and civil society. The objective of contingency planning is to respond to emergencies in an effective and coordinated way. Contingency planning pays attention to flood, drought, cyclone and earthquake risks, providing guidelines for actions to be undertaken before, during and after the occurrence of the disasters. An important feature of the contingency planning is that planned actions have budget indicators assigned to them according to the risk magnitude as supported by INAM’s forecasts and the resources are allocated and easily accessible should the need arise, under INGC’s coordination. The role of the UN system and CSO’s is to contribute with the needed support.During emergency response operations, special attention is paid to prevent rape and sexual abuse to women and children. This includes monitoring the assistance provided to victims and provision of the Provincial Departments of Women and Social Action with the needed support in mitigation activities. As stated earlier, all institutions participate in the development and implementation of the yearly contingency plans through the provincial and local governments. At this stage, gender issues are often overlooked and not included in concrete response actions mainly due to lack of practical knowledge on how to do so among the different staff participating in the contingency planningSummary of Government institutions, donors, CSO’s and policies on DRR& EP and CCHThe National Council for Sustainable Development (CONDES) is situated at the top of the GoM’s environmental management hierarchy. CONDES is the cabinet’s consultative body on environmental issues, subordinated to the prime minister’s office and constituted by ministers and vice-ministers from relevant sectors (agriculture, tourism, energy, mineral resources, planning and development, health, etc.) and chaired by the Minister in charge of the Environment sector. CONDES was set up to (i) promote and coordinate all sectoral efforts towards sustainable use of natural resources while promoting sustainable economic and social development, (ii) promote dialogue on environment issues during the preparation of sector policies pertaining natural resources use and management and (iii) monitor and implement all policies of relevance to environmental management. 58293001482090FOTOGRAF?A: MARCELA BALLARA00FOTOGRAF?A: MARCELA BALLARAEven though DRR is included in all GoM main development policies and strategies and gender is considered as a cross cutting issue,, implementation still remains a challenge in practice. The main government institutions interviewed and that deal with CCH and DRR and are described as follows: GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONSMinistry for the Coordination of Environment Affairs - MICOANational Disaster Management InstituteNational Institute of MeteorologyNational Emergency Operations Centre CENOEMinistry of Public Works and Housing National Directorate of Water Rural Water DepartmentMinistry of Women Affairs and Social Action, MIMASMinistry of Agriculture, Director of Technical Secretariat for Food Security and Nutrition, SETSANMinistry of Agriculture Gender DirectorMinistry of HealthMinistry of Education and Culture, Head of the Department of Gender and Community Participation1Ministry for the Coordination of Environment Affairs - MICOAScopeMICOA is a coordinating institution that works closely with INGC, and mainly with the Ministries of Education, Agriculture and Health. Its top priority is the sustainable management of the country’s natural resources. In coordination with other line ministries, MICOA is promoting sustainable management of natural resources in various areas, from land to forests, coastal areas, water and fisheries. It is also responsible for the assessments of the environmental impact of mega projects. MICOA developed a National Adaptation Programme for Action (NAPA) in 2007 where four adaptation priorities were identified, namely:1. The strengthening of early warning systems;2.The strengthening of the capacity of farmers to deal with climate change3.The reduction of the impacts of climate change along the coastal zone, and4.Water resources management. In 2007, MICOA, in cooperation with UN Habitat, produced training materials for local communities living along river basins, using the Limpopo River as pilot. This set of materials (“O jogo do rio”, or River Game) is used in DRR & EP activities to train communities through the Local Committees for Risk Management.In 2007, MICOA developed the National Adaptation Programme for Action (NAPA)and identified four adaptation priorities, namely (i) Strengthening early warning systems, (ii) Strengthening the capacity of farmers to deal with climate change, (iii) Reduction of the impacts of climate change along the coastal zones, and(iv) Water resources management. NAPA includes initiatives for various economic and social development sectors with special emphasis on the prevention of natural disasters, preparedness and early warning, aiming to coordinate activities at reducing the impact of climate change and to establish climate change adaptation initiatives. Mozambique Napa has no gender considerations and it is envisage that in the next NAPA development, gender will be considered.NAPA is a follow up to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) and is a critical policy document that outlines information on urgent and immediate needs with regards to climate change impacts and adaptation priorities. This document gives an overview of the situation in Mozambique and outlines the main actions to be undertaken to improve the country’s resilience to climate change and identifies the main hazards as drought, floods and tropical cyclones.Furthermore, MICOA has recently developed and approved a Gender and Climate Change National Strategy and Action Plan, becoming the first Mozambican government institution to reach such an outstanding outcome of setting a strategy for gender mainstreaming into their activities.Actors As a coordinating institution , MICOA’s targets are all line ministries working with environment issues (such as MAE, MIMAS, MINAG and MEC), donors, private sector and NGO’s.Some of MICOA’s specific activities include working with (i) Vilas do Milenio – Millennium villages (exchanging different experiences specially on applied technology), (ii) CLGRC - around 600 in coordination with INGC, (iii) Formal Education, (incorporating DRR&EP in school curriculum), (v) Community radio programs and (vi) Fund for income generating non-agriculturally based activities.Main activities on gender Training, women and men. Community empowerment training activities Development of a training manual that includes gender, CCH mitigation and adaptation, bush fires , drought , drought resistant cropsPromotion of improved stoves Support to the Ministry of Education to develop a CCH and gender manual to be used in EP1 and EP2 educational levels.Planned activities MICOA developed a Gender and Climate Change National Strategy and Action Plan. This is a strategy document that encompasses several strategic objectives and concrete activities, outcomes, indicators responsibilities and budget indicators. The l strategic objectives and activities to be implemented are as follows:Strategic objective 1.Contribute to the empowerment of women and the local communities, through access to technologies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change and the sustainable use of natural resources. This e includes a list of strategic actions such as: (i) Development of women empowerment activities, (ii). Community empowerment, (iii). Mitigation of climate change negative impacts, (iv). Adaptation to climate change, and (v). Use of natural resources. Strategic objective 2. Ensure gender equity in the decision-making process, training and environmental capacity building. Strategic actions include (i) Participation, training and capacity building (ii) Gender equity.Strategic objective 3. Ensure that plans, policies, programs, strategies and budgets promote gender equity and reduce disparity in access to natural resources and measures for the mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Planned strategic actions are (i) Adopt directives so that proposals for the country’s budget are planned in such a way as to promote gender equality in the adaptation and mitigation of climate change activities. Strategic objective 4. Ensure that staff and technicians from all Environmental Cross-cutting sectors have an understanding of gender equity and are able to contribute to the purposes of this strategy. Strategic Actions (i) Establish an information and management system (SIG) with gender responsive indicators, (ii) Gender disaggregated data throughout the whole planning, monitoring and evaluation process to enable the definition of different interventions from a gender perspective, integrating environment and climate change, (iii) Train environmental focal points from other sectors and MICOA’s heads of central and provincial departments of gender, on issues regarding gender awareness and analysis, as well as environment and climate change, so that communication materials at large are formulated in such a way as to reflect the objectives and targets of gender equality and equity, challenging gender stereotypes within the Mozambican society and, in particular, at the level of rural communities.Strategic Objective 5. Contribute for MICOA to become a sector which actively practices and promotes gender equity in environmental management. Strategic Actions are (i) Participate in the drafting of strategic actions of the different sub-sectors at MICOA in order to ensure planning from a gender perspective, including environment and climate change, (ii) Make provisions for and monitor of the involvement of gender focal points in sector planning, (iii) Promote a greater gender equity in MICOA’s decision-making structures (iv) Participate in the curriculum reform of environmental subject training institutes in order to ensure the incorporation of the gender approach in training plans, making sure that newly-trained technicians or MICOA’s newly recruited staff members have the knowledge and skills to apply a gender approach, including environment and climate change issuesStrategic Objective 6. Make operational the Gender Department at MICOA as a national mechanism for the implementation and monitoring of priority actions within the scope of gender, environment and climate change. Strategic Actions include: (i) Build the capacity and strengthen the Gender Departments of the Environmental Sector to contribute to the fulfillment of the objectives of the Strategy for Gender, Environment and Climate Change, (ii) Appoint permanent gender advisors at the Provincial Directorates for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs and at the District Services of Planning, Infrastructure and Environment and build their capacity on issues regarding gender, environment and climate change.Mainstreaming of Gender in DRR/EP and CCHA Gender and Climate Change National Strategy and Action Plan developed and starting to be implemented, with emphasis to income generation activities;Collaboration with different government organizations, specially INGC to include CCH, environment and gender issues;An Environment, climate change and gender NGO network has been constituted, a plan of activities is in place and MICOA is training their constituents;Climate change, environment and gender issues are being incorporated into the primary scholl curriculumChallengesDifficult implementation of the POA on gender and CCHDevelop a training manual to be used in PECOA’s program, including good practice experiences in Mozambique specially in the areas of erosion prevention, aquifer recharge, reforestation and change of women’s rolesIntegrategender approach in theNationalAdaptation Programme for Action(Programa de Ac??o Nacional para a Adapta??o às Mudan?as Climáticas - NAPA)Practical implementation of the activities indicated in MICOA’s POAConstrains Weak coordination among institutions and civil society organizationsDifficulties in the practical implementation of gender mainstreaming in field activities. Need of concrete and easy to implement guidelines as indicated in their gender strategy A hostile or indifferent institutional culture;Ghettoization’ of genderA failure to highlight the construction of male as well as female gender identities, and the impact of changing gender roles and relations on men and masculinity, in any gender mainstreaming initiative; A failure to connect organizational (internal) gender mainstreaming efforts to broader political, social, economic and environmental realities; Framing of gender mainstreaming as a single and finite target, rather than a long-term undertaking, requiring extensive capacity-building and organizational change; Inadequacies in indicators, data, and analysis that reveal the gendered dimensions of issues or that support gender-disaggregated information;Limited accountability for follow-through; typically, there are no sanctions for not improving gender capacity.Without firm “institutionalization” of gender commitments, turnover in governments and leadership within agencies means that the political will and commitment to gender agendas often changes. Often successes or commitments to things such as collecting gender disaggregated data are specific to individual managers/ leaders and if they leave so does the gender agenda.A perception that gender agendas compete for scarce resources (at the project level, at agency levels, within NGOs, at national levels).The exclusion of women from decision-making/ policy-making venues and positions of authority where they might be able to advocate.2National Disasters Management Institute (INGC)Scope and structureThe National Institute for Disasters Management (INGC), established in 1999, coordinates disaster risk management activities in Mozambique. Under the Ministry of State Administration (MAE), INGC is mandated to (i) coordinate emergency towards the creation of a disaster prevention culture within the communities and government institutions and (ii) manage disasters by coordinating the rescue and safeguarding of disaster victims, the institute is undertaking disaster risk management at national, provincial and district levels. At national level, 4 national directorates are set (DPM – Directorate for the Prevention and Mitigation; DARIDAS – Directorate for the Development of Arid and Semi Arid Zones; DARH – Directorate for Administration and Human Resources and GC – Coordination cabinet), plus 3 subordinate units (CENOE – National Emergency Operational Centers; UNAPROC – Civil Protection National Unit and GACOR – Reconstruction Coordination Cabinet).Three regional directorates hold regional emergency operation centers (CENOE), responsible for ensuring regional coordination of disaster prevention and response actions (against cyclones, floods, earth quakes and drought). Such regional centers are specialized according to the most prevailing disaster situations, being the Southern centre (Vilankulos) for drought and floods, the Central centre (Caia) for floods and the Northern centre (Nacala) for cyclones. At provincial and district levels, INGC is represented by delegations, defined as INGC’s operational units. In selected drought prone districts, there are the CERUMs - Multiple Use Resource Centers. Currently, six CERUMs are operational and their main mandate is to coordinate drought prevention and mitigation activities in the arid and semi-arid regions.At community level, INGC is developing a network of Local Committees for Disaster Risk Management (CLGRC), that are typically community self-help structures geared at community empowerment to deal with disaster prevention, preparedness and mitigation.The Coordinating Council for Disaster Management (CCGC),chaired by the Prime Minister, ensures multi sectoral coordination of disaster prevention, assistance to victims, and disaster rehabilitation. It is advised by the Technical Council for Disaster Management (CTGC), which is composed by technical staff from line ministries represented in the CCGC. CTGC proposes technical responses to disasters for analysis and approval to the CCGC, whose decision is then forwarded for operationalization under INGC’s coordination through its regional, provincial and district structures. The CTGC is also active at provincial level (CTPGC), where it acts in the same way as with the CTGC, within the context of the provincial government.In 2006 Mozambique adopted a National Master Plan for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Disasters (PDPMCN). Such plan was based on the 1999 Disaster Management Policy and became the country’s operative strategy for disaster risk management. Specifically, the PDPMCN emphasizes the links between development policies and preparedness, prevention, mitigation and vulnerability reduction. Attention is paid to the development of arid and semi-arid zones through adapted crop productivity increase and post harvest loss reduction technologies appropriated, development of non crop sources of income and rain water harvesting technologies. Long term solutions for flood disasters are dealt with through infrastructure development such as dams and dikes.2.1 Component 1: Early warning and emergency preparednessDPM takes care of Prevention and Mitigation DRR activities. Within prevention this directorate is responsible for the management of disaster risk (GRC) through community education, information management and early warning. It coordinates activities with PRO-GRC, with the Ministry of Education (mined), CLGRC, UNAPROC, National Institute of Meteorology (INAM), National Directorate of Water Affairs (DNA) and the National Directorate for Mining and Geology (DNGM). Regarding Mitigation, DPM provides logistic support to CENOE, COE’s (Regional, Provincial and District). DPM has deeply collaborated with PRO-GRC (GTZ) in the preparation of a preparedness manual (the “Manual do Facilitator Local”) that describes all the stages to face natural disasters, detailing relevant steps before, during and after disaster events. In analyzing such document, in none of the above mentioned stages is any mention to how women and men different activities, roles and responsibilities should be approached, i.e., the manual is gender blind.ActorsPRO-GRC, MINED, CLGRC, UNAPROC, SIG, INAM, DNA, DNGM, CENOE, COE’s, civil society organizations and beneficiaries Main ActivitiesSupport to DRR&EP activities at all levels Finalization of a “Preparedness Manual” Printing of the Facilitators ManualImplementation of training activities using the DRR&EP Facilitators Manual (Manual do Facilitador Local). Coordination of Prevention and Mitigation activities at all levelsPlanned activitiesTo publish Manual do Facilitador Local (gender blind)To train facilitators using the Facilitators ManualTo finalize a disaster preparedness manual (Manual de Prontid?o)Mainstreaming of gender in DRR/EP and CCHBesides a visible effort being devoted to involve women in DRR & EP activities at community level, there is no specific and systematic approach on gender in the activities being carried out. The designed tuition material used in DPM’s activities analyzed, do not include concrete gender oriented approaches, apart from segregating the numbers of community members involved in DRR&EP activities by sex.Due to the fact that many women are heads of families as a result of men migration mainly to South Africa, there is a clear perception that they are very efficient at delivering DRR&EP related activities and that their participation promotes involvement of men.ChallengesImplementation of gender as a cross cutting issueConstraints Weak coordination among all institutions working in DRR&ET, specially with those with a gender focusDifficulty of mainstreaming gender in field activities as well as in the already developed manual2.2Component 2: Development of arid and semi-arid zonesDARIDAS acts within the scope of reducing drought vulnerability in around 27 districts im the whole southern region, in Sofala, Manica and Tete in the Central region and in Nampula and Cabo Delgado in the northern region. CERUMs are the main focus of intervention at community level, demonstrating and serving as extension of good practices for increasing rain fed crop productivity, reducing crop post harvest loss and rain water harvesting in dryland, using adapted technologies. It also gathers experiences on income generating activities non crop based, with potential to generate positive effects on the whole dryland ecosystems.DARIDAS coordinates activities with PRO-GRC, with the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG) and the National Directorate of Water affairs, DPM provides logistic support to CERUMs and regional directorates. It has finished a drought management manual (the “Manual para o desenvolvimento das zonas áridas e semi-áridas de Mocambique”) that coaches the readers to be able to implement many technologies appropriate for the development of arid and semi-arid zones. Within the scope of this manual, no reference was found on gender specific measures to balance activities, roles and responsibilities.ActorsPRO-GRC,MINAG, DNA, CERUMS, civil society organizations and beneficiaries.Main ActivitiesSupport to drought reduction activities at the CERUMs Printing the drought management manualCoordination of Dryland development activities at all levelsPlanned activitiesTo publish drought management manual (gender blind)To train communities and technicians from government and civil society organizations Mainstreaming of gender in DRR/EP and CCHBesides some concern to disaggregate beneficiary data by sex there is no specific and systematic approach on gender balance. There seem to be a tendency to ease women’s workload within the activities being undertaken by DARIDAS, in terms of promotion of implements or of crops which are nutritious while less time consuming to be used in meal preparation. ChallengesLack of orientation for gender inclusion in drought management activitiesConstraints Weak coordination among all institutions working in drought management, specially with those with a gender focusDifficulty of mainstreaming gender in field activities as well as in the already developed manual 2.3Component 3: Planning and monitoring of contingency plans and long term DRR & EP activitiesDRR and EP activities are coordinated at political level by the CCGC and at technical level by CTGC coordinated by INGC. This mechanism allows INGC to gather and systematize data necessary for contingency planning and implementation at national, regional, provincial, district and community levels. Contingency plans (CP)complement the long-term vulnerability reductions plans and provides concrete guidelines of activities to be undertaken before, during and after disasters. Each line ministry involved in DRR and EP activities develops its own contingency plan that is globalised by INGC, alongside with inputs from donors and civil society in the different stages of the CP process.ActorsMinistry of Planning and Development (MPD) and line ministries involved in DRR & EP, CENOE at central and regional levels and INGC’s provincial delegations Main ActivitiesInclusion of cross cutting issues into the government’s yearly planning and budgeting (responsible for the natural disasters areaEnsuring that cross cutting issues (HIV/AIDS and gender) are reflected in DRR & EP and CCh activities, but in practice, gender is not taken in account during planning of DRR & EP and CCh activities in Mozambique. Planned activitiesDrafting of the yearly government’s plan (Plano Económico e Social) observing the benchmarks set in the PDPMCN for training activities to be carried out directly by INGCDrafting of the yearly contingency plans in close coordination with all line ministriesMainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHThere is the willingness and obligation to include gender and other cross cutting issues into DRR & EP and CCh activities, but in practice it is proving to be a difficult exercise, not even the disaggregation of indicators by sex during planning. ChallengesSegregation of DRR & EP and CCh indicators difficult to insert in the current’s planning matrix used by MPD;Harmonizing activities from line ministries, with complex information reflecting provincial harmonization in a solid plan detailing indicators disaggregated by sex;Segregating PDPMCN’s indicators by sexEncouraging men to accept women empowermentSegregating displaced people victims of disasters, on gender and social status (higher priority to more vulnerable people)Increase women participation in training activities through development of indicators disaggregated by sex along with adoption of children day care centers (“creches”) during such training opportunitiesConstrains Women absenteeism in women empowerment activities;Complexity of MPD’s planning matrix does not allow a clear exposure of gender indicators in DRR, EP and CCh mitigation activities;Nevertheless MPD has urged planners to tackle gender issues in planning, this exercise is yet to be started due to lack of a clear orientation instrument;Lack of statistical data disaggregated by sex coupled with misinformation of planners with higher figures of affected people in emergency contexts by local leaders difficult DRR interventionsMIMAS is responsible for the coordination of gender oriented plans from line ministries, which in turn is difficult to combine with contingency planning and implementation by other institutions who have the task to implement such activities at Provincial, District and Community level,Lack of gender mainstreaming in field activities 3National Institute of Meteorology (INAM)ScopeThe National Institute of Meteorology (INAM) is responsible for weather and air quality monitoring and works closely with the Southern Africa Climate Regional Climate Outlook Forum. This body releases forecasts and based on its information, INAM draws up specific forecasts, helping in contingency planning.Main ActivitiesShort, medium and long-term weather forecastsSupply of climatic data in digital format (ranging from 1951 to 2000) for analysis of climatic trends and monitoring of climate change impacts.Early warning to INGC through seasonal (3-6 months) forecasting and participation in contingency planning as well as in emergency response activities. Planned activitiesOn-going digitalization of remaining climatic data Capacity building in order to develop capacity to deliver monthly early warning weather related information;Training of users on how to use weather forecasts in agriculture;Mainstreaming gender in DRR/EP and CCHDue to the nature of INAM, it does not have any gender component.ChallengesEnsure that forecasts are more relevant to the communityEarly warning on drought Huge costs faced in the effort to replace the climate monitoring network throughout the country Constrains High cost of weather forecast equipment and infrastructures 4Rural Water Department, National Directorate of Water Affairs, Ministry of Public Works and HousingScope The National Directorate of Water Affairs (DNA) in the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MOPH) is in charge of policy for water supply under which the public-private partnership is a key element for urban water supply since 1999. Mozambique’s water sector strategy is based on a delegated management framework – a public-private partnership set up whereby assets are owned by the government and operations are managed by the private sector under a concession, lease or management contract. The MOPH is in charge of policy formulation, and a regulatory agency is in charge for regulating the private contract for service provision. FIPAG, the Water Supply Investment and Asset Fund (Fundo de Investimento e Património do Abastecimento de Agua ) – is an asset holding company through which the operation of water services in the urban areas is delegated to private lessees. While the strategy for urban water supply is well defined, there is no clear strategy for rural water supply or for sanitation. In this context, revenues are by far insufficient to cover operation and maintenance costs. DNA is a national directorate within MOPH responsible for water affairs, including rural and urban water supply, water resources management, transboundary water issues and flood forecasting. The Rural Water Department (DAR) is responsible for promoting and supporting affordable and sustainable supply of water for the rural population and for defining and implementing policies, strategies and guidelines. It is also responsible for mobilizing resources and monitoring the rural water supply sub-sector. DAR is also responsible for supervising preparation of provincial master plans and for coordinating activities among stakeholders. DAR is also responsible for developing and managing the National Water and Sanitation Information System (SINAS).At district level, District Consultative Councils participate in planning and sanctioning development activities in the water supply framework. District governments, through District Planning and Infrastructure Services (SDPI) and the Health, Women and Social Action Services (SDSMAS), are responsible for rural water supply, sanitation, and health and hygiene promotion.Regarding DRR & EP and CCh, DNA contributes to lessen the impacts of floods around the rivers through monitoring and early warning along with water supply in emergency contexts. Likewise, DNA has a key role in drought vulnerability reduction through building of water supply sources in dry lands.ActorsINAM, INGC, donors, community water committeesMain Activities Manages the public private partnership for urban and rural water Flood forecasting and water supply in disaster areasGender is a new area, besides some unstructured interventions directed to increased women participation in water supply activities;Planned activitiesProgram Implementation Plan (PIP) is presented by Program Component and Activity for Phase I (2009-2011), with the following envisaged aims:Increasing rural water supply and sanitation coverage; Technology and management options that include the poverty mapping and targeting (possibility to promote gender equity and poverty targeting strategies) ;Capacity building and human resources development; Decentralized planning and financingMainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHNo specific and systematic activities for gender mainstreaming, but activities are planned to address women involved in the PIP.The national water policy tackles on women participation, the same as the manual for implementation of water supply projects, but not in a systematic way.Water committees include women and they also involve children in educational water activitiesWomen are encouraged to integrate decision making positions in water distribution and in maintenance of wells considering that 96% of women take care or are involved in activities related to water supply. In this way, Community animator teams are due to be composed by men/women in a balanced way. The National Water Supply Policy includes a gender component with an implementation strategy. DNA has developed a special project addressed to women.ChallengesUsing gender approach in water management is a novel situation, so very few people have the knowledge of how to implement such approach. The challenge is how to go about complying with instructions set in the National Water Supply Policy; Women must be integrated into water management committees (recommendation 50%) and must be in charge of some key decision making positions;Empowering women to exert decision making positions in the water management committeesWomen self-exclusion from water supply activities, usually seen as male related in the communities;Promote alternative water supply systems (ex. rain water harvesting) involving Social enterprises in the training of artisansArticulate the private and the public sector to develop water transport that reduce women workload (rolling cylinder containers, self-propelled water pumping systems) Research improved alternative wellsConstrains Better support and organization in areas suffering of drought. INGC is weak in this areaLack of guidelines on how to implement gender mainstreaming in field activities Lack of understanding of the meaning of “gender” and therefore, need for training on gender issues among the several enterprises of the Social sector that provide water to communities.Women self-exclusion from decision making bodies in the water management committees.5National Director of Women Affairs - Ministry of Women & Social Welfare (MIMAS)ScopeMIMAS is the national machinery for gender equality and women’s empowerment. National NGOs and the women parliamentary caucus form part of the national machinery. The overall mandate of the ministry is to execute and coordinate policies towards women’s equality development and social welfare. The Ministry has two areas: Women and Social Welfare.The specific functions of the Women Affairs Section are (i) to define and promote the implementation of support programs for the development of women and family in the political, economic, social and cultural arenas and (ii) to develop educational activities in support to the family roles in the society. They work also to maintain the moral, social, cultural and civic values of the country’s citizens. The Social Welfare Section is responsible for promotion and development of activities that support family and community roles to protect children’s education and development. This sector also organizes activities for elderly people that are not integrated in the family and community structure, promote the development of protection laws of their rights, support the protection of handicapped people and integrate them in family and community structures.The government also established the National Council for the Advancement of Women, an inter-sectoral -coordinating body, which consists of government and civil society representatives, responsible for the implementation, supervision, and follow up the implementation of approved gender policies and programmes.Main Activities Prevention, protection and support to women victims of violence Support to non decimation activities against women enhancing contribution to their families, their communities, and the entire society.Promotion of income generating activities benefiting the most vulnerable groups.Implementation of humanitarian activities under the social action policy (Politica de Ac??o Social), namely social welfare to vulnerable people (elderly, handicapped, street children, displaced, refugees, former convicts, drug addicts, former FRELIMO freedom fighters).Promotion of traditional social security systemsSupport and development of studies and research on social issues;Organization of statistical information and Establishment of coordination mechanisms among different institutions working with social welfare Mainly, the activities consist of (i) development of education material and leaflets specially addressed to children, (ii) cash support or (iii) funding income generating projects. MIMAS is part of the protection cluster, chaired by UNICEFPlanned activities in DRR and EPDevelop a voluntary women’s network on DRRImplement a system of child care addressed to children displaced due to natural disasters;Training women in DRR activities towards income generating activities Training of social activists on violence against women and implementation of psico social programs addressed to vulnerable people under natural disasters contexts, with emphasis to womenProvide trained day care assistants for displaced children in transit camps Undertake statistics of disaster victims disaggregated by sexMainstreaming gender in DRR/EP and CCHThis is a coordination ministry gender and social equity. MIMAS is represented in the CTGC through a focal point on gender issues. In this way, MMAS participate in the contingency planning to include gender mainstreaming. ChallengesEnsure enough resources for (i) community awareness campaigns and (ii) training of social activists on violence against women for humanitarian assistance in disaster contexts.Training social activists in DRRDevelop in DRR and EP contexts an information system with data disaggregated by sex Implement income generating projects benefiting womenEffectiveness of the National Council for the Advancement of Women as a coordination tool for gender mainstreaming in various issues, including DRR & EP and CChConstrains Difficulty to mainstream gender in DRR and other activities developed by line ministries, hopefully to be minimized by the National Council for the Advancement of Women;Gender focal points in government institutions have limited access to resources to fulfill their roles, lack decision power and have limited access to ministry’s decision making fora as they are not part of the Consultative Councils. Additionally, many of them lack specialized training on the subject and are frequently moved and replaced from the gender units.At field level, tradition and cultural practices subdue women to a lower status in relation to men.6Ministry of Agriculture6.1 Technical Secretariat for Food Security and Nutrition (SETSAN) ScopeSETSAN is responsible for implementing Mozambique's Food Security and Nutrition Strategy (ESAN) and monitoring progress made in reducing hunger and malnutrition and draws attention to the need to address issues such as food preservation, diet diversification, among other issues. SETSAN led the Food Security and Nutrition Strategy I and II (ESAN I II). During the last two years SETSAN developed a methodology to integrate Food Security and Nutrition in the District Development Plans (PDD) to insure a accurate interventional local and community level. Main Activities This is a coordination Unit and do not implement activities. Support the threecomponent to include SAN in PDDAdvocacy : to consider SAN as a priority for the country; SAN as a cross cutting issue in pacification, assessment and definition of Action Plans and annual budgetingTraining on SAN and Dereito Humano e Alimentacao adecuada (DHAA) addressed to people developing PDD , SETSAN Focal Points, Technical Provincial and Districts Teams, members of Concelho Colsultivo Distrital (CDD), NGOs, local leaders SAN Information analysis disaggregated by sex including place where vulnerable groups are located and causes of Food Insecurity ( INSAN)Monitoring and evaluationAt community level they support and promote good nutrition habits.Planned activities in DRR and EPContinue with advocacy, implement the training activities and develop information disaggregated by sex, and age Mainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHSETSAN has no special focus on gender issue. They are working develop a approach to work with women in Community SAN. Women play a key role in the family SAN. ChallengesSETSAN, Mozambique’s food security coordination body, and the Ministry of Justice have started the work on a food security law. The approval of the Law is an ambitious goal. For that to happen, Government, Parliamentarians and civil society at large must be familiar with the right to food and be conscious of the role of legislation in the fight against hunger. That translates into training, sensitization and capacity building of state institutions and civil society.Constrains There is a need to include gender in the PDD as a cross cutting issue.6.2Gender Unit in the Directorate of Economics (DE) ScopeThe Gender Unit within the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG), is responsible for supporting and monitoring the implementation the Gender Strategy for the Agriculture Sector (Estratégia de Género do Sector Agrário) developed in 2005 . The strategy envisages supporting the integration of gender concerns in all sectoral programmes and plans. It follows PARPA II; the National Gender Policy, and the four pillars of ProAgri I, namely access to markets, financial services, technology and natural resources. The unit has put some focus on activities related to gender training and the incorporation of gender in the planning process, and carried out gender mainstreaming activities on a limited scale and without substantial institutional support.The ProAgri I established mechanism for mainstreaming gender in the Ministry policies, plans and activities,. This was implemented by the implementation of a Gender Unit in the Directorate of Economics (DE) lead by a Gender Coordinator and supported by a network of Gender Focal Points (GFPs)at central, provincial and district level . Their task was to train the Ministry staff, promote and publish gender studies and ensure the incorporation of gender-sensitive data in planning and Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system. The work performed by the GFPs suffer of the same problems that has been mention ion many studies of their situation and roll : their position is weak as they are not participating at the decision-making processes, they lack resources to carry out their work , have a weak capacity to influence ongoing plans and activities and do not act as full-time gender specialists.At present, the Gender Coordinator faces strong constraints in carrying out gender-related activities, including the lack of staff and office space, and the poor gender-sensitiveness among Directors. The fact that the Gender Unit does not have formal legal status means that they do not have sufficient authority to make autonomous decisions and that they have been often excluded from key decision making processes. Moreover, coordination between the Gender Unit and GFPs at the provincial and district level appears to be very weak.Main Activities Training of gender issues to MEC personnelSupporting GFP at provincial and District levelMainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHThe ProAgri I established mechanism for mainstreaming gender in the Ministry policies, plans and activities. This has been very weak and no special activity in DRR/EP on gender issues. ChallengesTo implement a gender analysis at the beginning of each project activity specially before , under and after the natural disaster occurs.To continue training on gender issues all MINAG and DRR and staff , The challenge is to translate such awareness into concrete actions. Expand the training on Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB)to MINAG staff Special training on gender has to address to UNAPROC, WFP field facilitators and community leaders.Train and explain to CLGRC, the advantages of including women Provide information on the type of traditional food that is more suitable to be distributed to families during emergency situation Collect, analyze and share statistics disaggregated by sex and make gender- data analysis for the purpose of informing policy-making processes.Constrains Carrying out gender-related activities, including the lack of staff and office space, and the poor gender-sensitiveness among DirectorsGap between the actual capacity to understand gender issues in MINAG and the quality of gender disaggregated data and analysis in reporting. Changing deeply rooted norms, cultural values, and way of operating is difficult to achieve in the short term. MINAG is strongly dominated by men, who occupy the large majority of leadership positions.Scarce number of women extension workers, and gender awareness training with extension staff has been conducted sporadicallyWomen constrains in access to asset put them in a vulnerable situation. Most rural women get their rights to land through their relationships to male members of their communities, who are the decision makers or custodians of lineage and family land. In case of death or abandonment of the head of the household, women can lose the rights acquired on her husband’s land.Women overload of work that in many cases hinder women participation in community organizations, like CLGRCLack of gender studies and analysis limits the circulation of knowledge, best practices and lessons learnt, which in turn hampers the possibility to create more gender-awareness within the Ministry and strengthen the analytical and advocacy skills of gender specialists7Ministry of HealthScope The Health system in Mozambique is provided by the Ministry of Health through Hospitals, health centers and health posts. These different health facilities provide different services and the Direccao de Saude Publica is the responsible on emergency questions in the Ministry of HealthMain Activities During emergency, the DSP make a assessment of the main health problems , provide food support and participate in the “ movimentacao de abrigo”.Mainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHSame as activities ChallengesIn re allocations make aware DRR staff to allocate single women and families headed by women in the main and visible areas to protect them from different situations with a special view to avoid rape Contents in First Aid Kit should have special elements for women e.g. pilula do dia apos. Take care of reproductive health, women most common deceasesDistribute mosquito nets Develop “Women Committees” to take care of women constrains Constrains During emergencies activities are gender blind 8Ministry of Education and Culture MECMain Activities MINED participates in DRR activities through:Takingseat in CENOE and Conselho Coordenador de Gest?o de Calamidades (CCGC);Participating in activities at grassroots level with the role of ensuring continuing school activities whenever there is a disaster (improvised schools); Mainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHIn lecturing activities there is a clear focus on natural disasters and emergency preparedness, but not so much on gender mainstreaming. This meeting awoke MINED for the need of ensuring women and children get prioritized in a systematic way, during emergencies. Their current focus is on gender integration in education, but with no emphasis on disasters (i.e. the main aim is to teach the future generations for the need that boys should help the girls with domestic duties at home and that there should not have different roles for boys and girls, through joint lecturing of after class livelihood skills), trying to bring about a balance between future men and women as a result of reduction of the workload of girls so that they can have time to recap school classes at home and increase their success rates. In the past, MINED used to talk about “girls education programme”, which meant they discriminated positively for the promotion of women. The strategy was later turned to “gender promotion at school” in trying to change the mentality of boys and girls today, so that we can have less problematic women and men tomorrow, by promoting the equity between women and men. This is an area with a clear focus of MINED today, not only in the government’s education system, but also with their partners (private sector and NGO’s)ChallengesMINED is currently undertaking a gender strategy revision. Dr Esmeralda promised to influence the TOR in such a way that the consultancy will tackle the issue of gender mainstreaming in DRR and EP in the new gender strategy to be produced.Regarding activities with a gender orientation, MINED is currently working towards:Increasing the number of women with access to adult education. They are promoting what is called “functional adult education” (Alfabetiza??o functional), which means that the contents of classes lectured to each group of adult women respond to the main occupations of such particular group of women, dictated by the type of activities they performed (for example, more maths for women working in income generation activities; more EP activities for women living in disaster-prone areas; etc). MINED feels there is a room for improvement in this activity, as it is not so well conceived and structured.More female teachers in the remote rural areas, so as to motivate school attendance by girls;More women occupying decision making positions within the ministry.MINED thinks that gender mainstreaming could use as its main entrance gate, the 20% local curriculum, coupled with functional adult education, since these activities occur where particular types of events occur (lecturing on DRR, EP and CCH mitigation activities against different types of disasters in different locations). Adult education conducted throughout radio stations: the “Alfa-radio” program. It consists of radio contents produced by MINED which are broadcasted via radio and listened during adult school lecturing hours at listening centers, after which debates moderated by the lecturers are conducted on the broadcasted topics. Here, there is the opportunity to address topics such as those related to gender mainstreaming in DR, EP and CCH mitigation activities.As related to the selection DRR, EP and CCH mitigation activities of relevant to the 20% local curriculum, the strategy is very clear: Decision about the use of the 20% is taken with the active participation of the school councils (conselhos de escolas), which in turn reflect the consultative councils (conselhos consultivos). This body (school council) ensures that issues relevant to the local context get prioritized in the 20% local curriculum. However, it was not clear how women voiced their thoughts within these school councils, opening room for a clear recommendation on this in the toolkit.Main conclusions that could be taken in consideration for the toolkit are:Activities on “Gender promotion at school” to change the mentality of boys and girls today, are a good way to go about promoting equity between women and men.An efficient main entrance gate for gender mainstreaming into DRR, EP and CCH mitigation activities could be the 20% local curriculum, coupled with functional adult education. The alfa-radio programme seems to be a strong tool that could be considered.To ensure a gender balanced 20% local curriculum, something must be made in order to ensure that women interests are voiced in the school councils.MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS: THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM MEETINGSUNDP Project on Climate Change Adaptation Action and Mainstreaming in MozambiqueOne UN National Disaster ReductionFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationWFP World Food Program1UNDP Project on Climate Change Adaptation Action and Mainstreaming in MozambiqueScopeMozambique is one of the eight “One UN” pilot project countries. Since the mid-1980s, UNDP has had an increasingly active role in capacity building and support to emergency response. Some of UNDP activities in the country include:Preparation of a national disaster plan and establishment of a support network through NGOs and local governments for strengthening community initiatives for disaster reduction.Establishment of a fund for local and community support for mitigation of natural disasters.Improvement of the information system, public participation in the reduction of the impact of disasters and vulnerability reduction.Improvement of geographic and population information in risk areas.The main capacity building projects include five large components:Development of national plans for reduction of potential risks, through establishment of a financial support for more community mobilization, installation of an early warning system and community sensitization on disaster mitigation.Institutional strengthening through training of technicians in administrative structures such as INGC.Operating disaster management mechanisms through coordination of a technical council for disaster management based on a contingency plan either at the provincial or district level.Establishment of an early warning system managed by local authorities through INGC delegates.Promotion of public sensitization campaigns through training programmes and the creation of information centers.Beside the above project, UNDP have a number of activities ongoing, which include: The “Joint Programme on Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Preparedness”, Drought and climate change project in Gaza, support the proposals to the LDC fund to implement some of the NAPA activities, established a fund for local and community support to mitigate natural disasters, train the INGC and support institution strengthening, develop national plans for reduction of risks Main Activities The proposed project seeks to mainstream CCH mechanisms in Mozambique’s policy, development and investment frameworks. The project aim to strengthen the Government to manage the climate change agenda, formulated by UNDP, financed by the Japanese Government and endorsed by INGC, MPD and MICOA. UNDP sees this programme as an umbrella, connecting together the multiple adaptation initiatives going on in Mozambique. The envisaged strategy is to incorporate CCH in policy formulation (PARP, Plano quinquenal do governo, Plano Económico e Social, etc), including budgeting.Planned activities To implement the project in coordination with different stakeholdersTo strengthen coordination mechanisms between INGC, MICOA, Donors and NGO’s through a multi sector platform to deal with CCHTo establish a knowledge center in CCH, including a training component (Master and Doctorate degrees) for Mozambican scientists, where there is a possibility to integrate the gender approachTo finance the second phase of INGC’s Climate Change Project Actors in the fieldMICOA and INGC. Also other national organizations working with CCH, from which examples of good practices can be gathered.The Joint Programme from the UN system is implementing a pilot project on Climate Change Adaptation where there is an opportunity to integrate the gender perspectiveMainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHAt community level, pilot measures will develop guidelines and toolkits on how to climate proof gender dynamics, health and fisheries sectorsChallengesA key challenge is that CCHA institutional arrangements are clarified to enable the environment for effective CCHA action.Effective gender mainstreaming mechanismsEffective coordination between several stakeholders, with emphasis between INGC, MICOA and MPDConstrains /gapsThe Project encompasses mainstreaming of gender, but there is no strategy for reaching such objective.Lack of experiences in the energy sector, even though there is a focal point appointed.Lessons Learned Need to coordinate with gender issues specialist. There are many positive experiences on-going throughout the country, from which good practices could be gathered and amplified.Due to lack of gender approach in many CCH activities, under the on-going context of NAPA revision, there is a great possibility for gender mainstreaming.2UNDP - Joint ProgrammeScopeThe Joint Programme – Delivering as One encompasses 11 programmes, where DRR is one of them that involve 10 UN agencies, titled “Strengthening Local Risk Management and Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction” . It started in 2008, is due to end in 2020 and is led by UNDP.This action is a contribution to the One UN Joint Programme for Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Preparedness in Mozambique. All activities are implemented observing the 10 year National Master Plan for Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Disasters , the Poverty Reduction Action Plan (PARPA II) and the UN Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF 2007-2009), with the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 as their reference point.Actors National Disaster Management Institute of Mozambique (INGC), with 10 UN agencies are the partners involved in Disaster Risk Reduction activities in Mozambique. Synergies can be exploited between INGC and the Joint Programme on Climate Change Mitigation activities. Main Activities Mainstreaming of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and vulnerability reduction in national development plans and programmesStrengthening of government and civil society capacity at all levels to reduce the risks associated with disasters, and to mitigate the impacts of disasters on vulnerable populations in the country;Integration of DRR within the development plans;Establishment of a uniform information system needed to reduce disaster risks;Provision of technical assistance to support early recovery and development activities in the post-flood context in Mozambique, .Assistance to emergency preparedness activities, namely training of Local Risk Management Committees ,emergency simulation exercises, equipment of the Regional Emergency Operations Centers, and activities to improve early warning systems .Regular coordination meetings to mobilize synergies among stakeholders involved in DRRPlanned ActivitiesContinue implementing main activities. Implement the GRIP (Global Risk Identification Programme), to develop a long lasting database on disaster events and risks, Create an online e-library which will provide information on the studies available, where they are available, where the hard copies are kept and provide links to the relevant websites which host the reports in case electronic versions exist. Mainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHThey are in the process of coordinating ChallengesTo fully integrate gender in the project activities Constrains Develop effective gender activities that will lead to consider men and women particular situation in DRR and EP3FAO - Emergency and Rehabilitation UnitScope FAO Mozambique Emergency and Rehabilitation Programme is a poverty reduction and food security oriented package of integrated project activities. Main focus on DRR activities is to support preparedness, mitigation and linking DRR to developmentActors Government institutions at provincial and district levelsFood security clusterMain Activities Rehabilitation of small-scale irrigation schemes and promotion of Conservation Agriculture have been the main activities in arid and semi-arid areasCrop diversification, capacity building and practical demonstrations at school garden and community levels. Income Generating Activities through Junior Farmer Field and Life Schools (JFFLS) Food production for flood, drought and/or cyclone affected householdsProjects being implemented by FAO Emergency and Rehabilitation Unit in Mozambique: Strengthening Livelihoods through Food and Nutrition; Security in Vulnerable SADC Countries Surveillance and control of epidemic Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) and Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) ; Support to restore smallholder food production through Agricultural Input Trade Fairs (ITFs) in the flood-affected provinces of MozambiqueIn DRR management and support on preparedness and mitigation of disasters Planned ActivitiesCountry Programme under preparation, to shift from Project to Programme approach, a good opportunity to mainstream genderContinue DRR support program through implementation of activities listed aboveMainstreaming gender in DRR/EP and CCHEven though there is emphasis on desegregation beneficiaries by sex, enforcing a significant involvement of women, there is not a clear gender balance approach in FAO’s DRR activities of the Emergency and Rehabilitation Unit. . ChallengesFew women extension officers working in the field to increase effectiveness of the extension work;Use of Farmer Field Schools to mainstream gender issues at community levelSupport gender balance at community level by capacity building local partners and traditional/local leaders, in order to bring about changes in women roles ConstrainsTradition and culture that under estimate women in rural areas even if they are, in general, doing the main work in the agriculture sector. 4World Food programScopeThe overall objective of WFP in Mozambique is to enable constrained people cope with emergency situations that affect their livelihoods and to improve their resistance capacity to future shocks. Emphasis is placed on the crucial role of partnerships and increased government-led co-ordination and ownership. WFP supports the Government of Mozambique by providing food assistance to around 698,000 people through a range of activities. WFP is one of INGC’s main emergency partners and remains ready to assist the government in disaster response.Actors Local governments, INGC, MISAU , MEC, UNICEF, MIMAS Main ActivitiesDisaster relief and recovery: flood emergency support to the government’s National Institute for Disaster Management (INGC, victims of disasters).Livelihood protection and promotion: to build sustainable assets at the community and district level to facilitate DRR and provide a foundation for economic and social development in the most vulnerable districts. Under the leadership of INGC and district authorities, WFP supports community rehabilitation and infrastructure initiatives through food-for-training, food-for-work and food-for-assets activities in the provinces of Tete, Manica, Sofala, Inhambane and Gaza. These activities include reforestation, conservation agriculture, small scale irrigation, building classrooms etcSchool Meals: WFP provides food assistance through the national school system for vulnerable children and is supporting the government with the design of its own school meals programme.Social assistance for HIV/AIDS-affected people: WFP provides community-based support to orphans, vulnerable children and AIDS-affected people in home based care programmes. Assistance is provided through the Ministry of Women and Social Action (MIMAS) and cooperating partners at community level. Nutritional support for HIV/AIDS patients: Through the Ministry of Health (MISAU) and several NGOs in the health sector. Food support provides a nutritional supplement to patients for greater nutritional and health wellbeing, conducing to drug tolerance. WFP support is provided primarily in urban areas of southern Mozambique and along the Beira to Zimbabwe and Tete to Malawi transport corridors. MISAU requested WFP?to pilot and implement a new framework for the government's basic food basket via vouchers programme, commonly known as 'Cesta Basica', which aims to assist people on Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) and tuberculosis patients.Nutrition rehabilitation for malnourished children: WFP, UNICEF and MISAU manage a tripartite nutrition rehabilitation programme Local Procurement of food stocks (Compras locais): Local acquisition of food stocks for food assistance , a approach that helps development of the local agricultural economy in Mozambique , Purchase for Progress (P4P): As part of WFP’s global Purchase for Progress (P4P) Initiative, WFP is implementing a five-year project aimed at assisting Mozambican farmers to produce and sell greater food surpluses and thereby increase their incomes. Social Assistance, Labour-based programme (PAST): PAST?is an innovative social protection programme to assist and engage households in urban settings that are vulnerable but able to work. This programme will cushion the impact of rising food prices through cash transfers for members of vulnerable households, improved livelihoods and a work and training programme that upgrades basic infrastructure in Maputo's poor communities.‘Delivering as One’ UN reform initiative As Mozambique is a pilot country for the “Delivering as One” UN reform initiative, WFP participates in the development and implementation of six of the eleven joint programmes and supports the UN system in the areas of information and communication technology (ICT), operations management and communications.Planned ActivitiesContinue with the main activities : Disaster relief and recovery, Livelihood protection and promotion, School Meals, Social assistance for HIV/AIDS-affected people, Nutritional support for HIV/AIDS patients, Nutrition rehabilitation for malnourished children, Local Procurement, Purchase for Progress, Social Assistance, Labour-based programmeMainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHWFP’s activities since long time ago are trying, as much as possible, to be gender-based at various levels:At recruitment of WFP’s staff: The aim is to reach equilibrium of 50% for men/women. Currently, support staff is dominated by men and technical staff by womenAs such, recruitment procedures are trying to match these targets.At programme implementation: The aim is to reach a 50% ration men/women beneficiariesAssuming that WFP’s female target groups are generally disadvantaged against their male counterparts, WFP is trying to benefit more women than men in their activities. As such, they are including more women than men in food for training of food for work activities. As regards to the beneficiary of the food aid, priority goes to women – no matter who has been participating in the programme – as this ensures most of it goes to the family.To implement food for work/training activities, there is a need for the establishment of beneficiary selection committees, where WFP demands at least a 50% women representation.ChallengesDiscussion of community goods to be produced under DRR or CCH mitigation activities with the local governments should be conducted taking care of the following 3 aspects:Careful selection of the community good, having in mind who will it benefit (Men/Women);Selection of food aid recipients: strictly women (except in the vulnerable group);Selection of participants in the activities: balance men/women according to the type of community good to be produced, in the sense that the training should involve more women or men according if the activity benefits more the women or the men;The toolkit should have an introductory part, where basic concepts on gender are discussed because many people do not understand this concept. This chapter should be illustrated with examples of Mozambique, with specifications to differences between patrilineal and matrilineal society principles and practices.Humanitarian assistance personnel (from central to local institutions, mainly government) and community members in disaster contexts should be trained on violence and sexual exploitation against women and girls. An appropriate punishment system should be developed and implemented and everyone should be aware of the fact that sexual exploitation of women and girls under the context of emergency is a serious offence.The toolkit should propose something like a gender marker, which should guide all DRR project planners to incorporate gender concerns throughout the project cycle. Reaching a solid consensus about the format and contents of the toolbox demands a thorough discussion with all stakeholders concerned with the topic of gender on DRR, EP and CCH to help ensure that the instrument has a gender balance according to the socio-cultural reality of Mozambique.ConstraintsEmpowering women in Mozambique is a difficult task that should be looked upon in a long-term perspective as women culturally believe themselves that their inferior status is normal, since socio-cultural habits set them as inferior to men. The way forward seem to be to work with men, starting from the community leaders, to make them aware of the fact that with the empowerment of women they will not lose their power and it is going to be to their (men’s) advantage.The possibility of starting the women empowerment process by encouraging single mother or unmarried women should be looked at carefully in the sense that such women in many regions of Mozambique are not regarded as qualifying for such posts. So, sensitization campaigns should also take this aspect in consideration.Taking in consideration that the change process in gender roles and responsibilities is a long process, UNIFEM should avoid as much as possible, that this process could end up resolving one problem, but provoking others, as what happened after the 2000 floods, when USAID distributed cash in one of their emergency recovery programmes, amongst men and women, where the process ended up disrupting families, provoking divorces, etc, as it was conducted in such a way that it did not follow a careful long-term transformation process (at family level, men are supposed to be the some controllers of money, not women). DONOR BILATERAL AGENCIESFour donor organizations where met (GTZ, OXFAM Canada, DANIDA and DFID), having expressed their views on their activities as follows:GTZOXFAM CanadaDANIDADIFID1GTZ(INGC GTZ project PRO-GRC IIGRC II Institutional Advising Consolidation and Expansion on Disaster Risk Management 2007-2012)ScopeThis is a disaster management and effective early warning project. GTZ is supporting adaptation measures for coping with the effects of climate change. Working together with local actors in the province of Sofala on the Buzi River, GTZ has established a comprehensive flood early warning system with the aim of ensuring that in the future no one is harmed when flooding occurs. Several government institutions are also involved in the scheme. PRO-GRC has established itself in Inhambane too, where is doing the same as in Sofala, but in the later province, they have installed a pilot early warning project that goes beyond what is run in Inhambane.Planned activities i) To continue implementing the project activities in support to INGC’S Directorate of Prevention and Mitigation (DPM) up to 2012 and help promote coordination with different stakeholders ii) Strengthening and training of local risk management committees (CLGRC) and iii) expanding the CLGRC’s the network to other high-risk disaster districts.ActorsINGC’s National, Provincial and District personnel. Community-based facilitators working at field level Main Activities Community training, on:i) DRR prevention at district and community levels (Disaster risk analysis, concept of threat and vulnerability for men and women)ii) Leadership training Enhanced community participation in the risk areasFocus on vulnerability analysis desegregated by sex (4 components : physical, social, economic and environmental) DRR with a gender approach when implementing activities Development of a Facilitators Manual. The Prevention Department is responsible, among other activities, to provide education in risk management (educa??o em gest?o de risco de calamidades-GRC) and in this context, GTZ is supporting the development of instruments and tools, being . the manual one of themINGC’s internal rule document defies clearly the structure and functions of the CLGRC's, which acts also against manmade disasters, such as domestic violence, uncontrolled bush fires and pandemic diseases, among others.Mainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHWorking since 2008 with activities based at district and community levels with special attention towards leadership training- - Promoting women participate in the activities of the CLGRC. Development of a Continuous involvement in the de Facilitators Manual (including 8 modules) that includes gender analysis (only two paragraphs on page 28)Risk management with gender perspectiveChallengesTo make the Facilitators Manual a useful tool at district and community levelIncrease the participation of women in GRC activitiesRole change between men and womenMen’s dominance over the vision of the CLGRC’sConstrains andComplicated process in field activities due to traditional and cultural practices Migration in the southern part of Mozambique results in many Women Headed Households constrained by women’s difficulty to participate in activities outside of their home Lessons earned Gender mainstreaming is a long processDue to the high rate of men’s migration, many women get involved in DRR, where they show a great commitment, enhancing men’s participation2OXFAM CanadaScopeOxfam Canada knows of OXFAM Canada does not have programmes focused on DRR, EP or CCHMA, apart from the development of training activities on the integration of DRR in development. But other OXFAM constituencies , like OXFAM America are engaged in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) activities and projects over the course of the past five years, supporting partner organizations across the globe to help communities prepare for and reduce their vulnerability to disasters. ActorsInternational multilateral level, particularly around UN ISDR, the Hyogo Framework for Action, and the Global Platform for DRR, Regional sub-groups linked to UN agencies and other multilateral agencies , Bilateral agencies with an increasing interest in DRR, National platforms ; Research Institutions, academics, and think tanks on DRR ;Private institutions, foundations, and others interested in collaborating on the global effort to reduce risk to disasters Main Activities Development of DRR programs but WITH no specific GENDER APPROACHtraining activities to several stakeholders on how to integrate DRR in development programsImplementation of the organization’s general policy on gender equality and women rights in emergency situationsSupport organizations on “gender action balance”, an action to make decision makers think on and discuss gender relations, developing in the future new attitude changes in gender equity.Planned ActivitiesContinue training activities on DRR to several stakeholdersSupport Civil Society Organizations in projects addressing DRRMainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHGender mainstreaming in project and program supported by OXFAM is compulsory. Oxfam’s work on gender is driven by the belief that achieving gender equality is both a question of justice and of basic rights, and a means of addressing poverty and suffering more effectively. Oxfam aims to ‘put Women’s rights at the heart of all its work’ through gender mainstreaming.. Oxfam understands gender mainstreaming as a process of ensuring that all of its work, and the way it is carried out, contributes to gender equality by transforming the balance of power between women and men. Currently They do not enforce gender in their DRR projects but they will start to do so in the futureChallengesChanges in gender relations are a long processes therefore it is important to continue training decision makers.Constrains Develop effective gender training that will lead to changes in gender relations.3Danish EmbassyScopeDenmark has been an international partner for Mozambique since independence. In 1989 the two countries entered regular cooperation on development and in 1994 Mozambique became a main programme country for Denmark. Contributes in support of reform of the public sector and service delivery in education, energy, health, agriculture, and environment as well as for private sector development. These resources are made available in a combination of direct budget support, support to common funding arrangements and project funding. In relation to the environment sector, the Danish Development Cooperation (DANIDA), provides support within to National strategy for the environment, the PARPA and the MDGs. MICOA is the key national partner, but the main part of the support is provided through municipalities, provinces and districts.ActorsMICOA at National, Provincial and District level Main Activities DANIDA provides support within to National strategy for the environment, the PARPA and the MDGs. Danish support to the environment is provided on the basis of sector wide programme. The programme?is implemented though national and local institutions. The following areas?are supported:(i) Institutional Strengthening of MICOA to improve public environmental management services, centrally and locally, and across sectors (where decentralized environmental administration will be supported), ii) ?Natural resource management in Sofala and coastal zone management at provincial and district level to consolidate the capacity development of MICOA’s Centre for Sustainable Development of Coastal Zones (CDS-ZC) and to develop the capacity of provinces and lower levels for planning and managing sustainable development of coastal areas iii) Urban environment in Greater Maputo and 13 municipalities, with support for Environmental Management in 7 Municipalities stated as an extension of earlier support to 5 municipalities, to strengthen the urban environmental management services of MICOA’s Centre for Sustainable Development of Urban Zones (CDS-ZU) in Nampula?and the services of the involved municipal and district governments and (iv) Funding of INGC’s first and second phases of Climate Change effects studyPlanned ActivitiesAs From the end of 2010 they will start a DRR and Climate Change program 2011-2015 Mainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHGender is a compulsory program and must be mainstreamed in all activities supported by DANIDA. They have a gender manual that is the main guideline to be use in any cooperation activities Challengesi) During planning, envisage the structures and mechanisms already established, in the process of promoting gender mainstreaming into DRR, EP and CCH, avoiding the creation of new structures and mechanisms4Development for International Development DFIDScopeDFID, the Department for International Development, is the part of the UK Government that manages Britain’s aid to poor countries and works to get rid of extreme poverty. DIFID work towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, , in partnership with governments, civil society, the private sector and others. It also works with multilateral institutions, including the World Bank, United Nations agencies and the European Commission.DFID in Mozambique has large programmes in health, education, infrastructure and HIV and AIDS, support key processes of government, including public financial management and tax collection. In addition they have a number of programmes with civil society, which aim to strengthen voice and accountability.ActorsMICOA, Save the Children, INGC Main Activities DFID programs focus on:improving basic services; working with civil society to strengthen governance and accountability; andensuring that poor people benefit from new investments in natural resources. Also a new programme on climate change is being developed Planned ActivitiesClimate Change Mitigation and Adaptation – At preparation stage with the following main objective:“Technical capacity building: More women with knowledge on Climate Change can influence the planning process”It is going to operate at central level, to influence decision making at central and provincial levelsDecision will be taken by the ministries on how to implement the actions. Ministry of Planning (MPD) has decided to use the project to build a specialized climate change unit, where, according to DFID’s rules, gender will have to come very clearly marked.Proposals from Save the Children and Care have been acceptedPilot Project for Climate Resilience (USD100 million from the World Bank) – To test actions against cyclones, drought, sea level rise in the southern and central regions of MozambiqueWithin the context of this project, will be piloted (i) norms, (ii) experiences and (iii) proceduresThe project is in preparation for implementationMICOA and MPD will be the focal institutions, with each one assigning a focal point.Flood plain in the Zambezi Valley – Implemented by Save The Children It’s main objective is to develop sustainable survival alternatives for communities victims of floods in the Zambezi valley. It encompasses the following activities:Cash transfers: beyond the pure social security concept, since the money is borrowed and should be repaid to STC;Micro projects: Animal traction (draught power), cash crops, fish processing, etcAround 52% of participants (of the total of 26.000 beneficiaries) are women. The main gender indicator is “How many women benefited from the project”Funding for the building of 100 improved houses by INGC for vulnerable people in 4 districts of the Zambezi Valley It benefits single mother women, elderly people, blinds, and chronically ills.Number 3 and 4 are considered programs with good results by DFID.Mainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHDFID involved in two types of DRR programmes:Humanitarian/emergenciesDirect cash support to INGC whenever there is an emergencyDirect cash support to NGO’s whenever there is an emergency. To date, mostly international NGO’s benefit because national NGO’s do not show up.In this component there is no gender approach. DFID does not do anything directly apart from supplying the funds and waiting for the financial reports.Long lasting DRR programmes (Development)For this component, DFID demands that projects show in a very clear way, gender information in the indicators. This practice has became mandatory with the advent of the new British government: Any development project/programme that does not show activities/approaches towards gender equity is supposed to be reject immediately, no matter how well designed is the proposal.The forms for project proposal there is a specific template on gender, where DFID wants to have a clear clue on: “Project’s transformative implications on women and girls”CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONMozambique Red Cross (CVM)FORUM MULHERSave the ChildrenWORLD VISION (WV)MUGEDE1Mozambique Red Cross (CVM)Scope The of Mozambique Red Cross (CVM) is a voluntary organization that among a others is working in the country in DRR &EP. They have a Disaster Management Master Plan (DMMP) that is the national strategic pillar of Mozambique Red Cross (CVM) Disaster Management (DM) action for; 2010 - 2017. It presents the overall strategic approach to DM, defines a capacity building process, sets forth programmatic focus areas and represents the foundation on which to build a strong consortium of partner support to its activities. The DMMP is expected to form the centre of an Operational Alliance approach to DM programming whereby various external partners provide harmonized support following a set of defined standards. Through the DMMP CVM intends to focus on strengthening its own capacity for Disaster Management and thereby enabling itself to serve its vulnerable communitiesActors Population from vulnerable communities head of Household, older people, children and handicap in Gaza, Inhambane ,Manica , Sofala, Zambezia, Cabo DelgadoMain Activities CVM has 6.207 voluntary people and 308 employees distributed in 11 Provincial delegations. They are developing activities in programs such as DDR, HIV/AIDS , Health , Water and Sanitization, Social Area , Organizational Development , Income generation activities and fundraising. Some concrete activities are mentioned below: Provide support to communities in Disaster Management according to their DMMP that define the main target groups and activities that are mentioned as follows.In communities they work with CLGRC and provide kits for early warning At community level they work with voluntary people (mainly men) in early warning activities.Areas of work : Gaza, Inhambane ,Manica , Sofala, Zambezia, Cabo Delgado with head of Household, older people, children and handicapTraining of monitorsSupport early warning activities and emergencies movementWork with community groups ( women and men) in the identification of vulnerabilities need assessment and develop micro projects Planned activitiesIn disaster preparedness, CVM will continue strengthening the components by developing andImplementing its National Disaster Management Master Plan (DMMP). Primarily, attention will be on enhancing institutional capacity by training volunteers, prepositioning relief stocks and creating strategic partnerships with sector agencies.CVM aims to work with a comprehensive and holistic approach to Disaster Management taking into consideration the newest global trends and best practices, and adapting these to the Mozambican context. Risk reduction is an integral and crosscutting part of the way we work, not an add-on or a one-off action. The process entail working with every aspect of the DM continuum and importantly tying together the various disciplines under in a cyclic manner to balance the need for response preparedness and emergency relief and recovery operations with interventions that reduce risks locally through community-based risk reduction and disaster preparedness activities. CVM four programmatic objectives are Organisational Development, Disaster Risk Reduction, Disaster Response and Disaster Recovery. Those programmatic objectives will be operationalised and achieved through three Strategic Directions: Strengthening External relations (strengthen CVM national profile and to clarify and formalise its role in disaster risk and response management) ,Improving Capacity Building (improve risk and response management capacities and to ensure that DM is considered a cross-cutting issue and a core area both at HQ and branch level) and Developing Community Based Programmes (improve sustainability, quality and efficiency of CVM emergency operations, as well as recovery and disaster risk reduction programmes and projects)The Red Cross of Mozambique has assisted the majority of the vulnerable population and provides support to government institutions such as the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG), Health and INGC. CVM (Cruz Vermelha de Mozambique) activities are not limited to direct interventions, but also to anticipating disasters through planning directed at supporting the many sectors of Mozambican society.Mainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHGender sensitivity, anti-stigma and discrimination elements are incorporated in programme planning and implementation. CVM ensures that the vulnerable people it serves live in dignity and its activities are compliant to the Sphere minimum standards, at the same time contributing to the Millennium Development Goals. The Red Cross activities enlist the participation of women and children as they are key actors in family health, and more specifically, water and hygiene-related issues. They have a VCA (Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment)toolbox .On gender they recommend that in Direct Observation in the community “ take the opportunity to talk to both men and women. Understand the problems from both male and female perspectives, taking into account factors such as age, disability, socio-economic status, ethnicity, etc. Observe any differences in access to services or in the hazards and risks facing men and women in the community” In the case of Household/neighborhood vulnerability assessment when of assessing the main vulnerabilities faced by individual households and neighborhoods they indicate to “Be aware of any issues that might have gender implications. How are decisions made at the household level? How are they different for men and for women, for young people and for old people? How do men and women use resources differently”. Even these guide and the DMMP statements that gender issues have to be taken into consideration when working in DM , in practical implementation their work do not have a special activities on gender issues.ChallengesThe main challenge is implementing capacity building programme at all levels due the vastness of the country, thus projects are far apart from each other. It is therefore costly to conduct support visits to all provinces as well as to conduct national training workshops. More resources are hence required to support the capacity building initiatives.To implement the DMMP and harmonize support with external partnersInclude concrete activities for men and women in their practical implementation programs Constrains How to implement gender mainstreaming in field activities 2Forum Mulher (NGO)ScopeThis is a NGO that coordinate research , studies, project implementation addressed to woman.Forum Mulher is a national network of NGOs established in 1993 , that , that work on behalf of women. Its Mission is to Promote the active participation of women in development with a view to improve the quality of life for everyone: women and men of all ages, ethnic origins, races, etc. to the development t process. Its m main Objectives are to protect women's rights as an assumption for the development; - achieve gender equity; promote equity through campaigns for the revision of policies Actors Several Civil Society organizations working on gender issues such as ACTION AID, ACTIVA Associa??o Mo?ambicana das Mulheres Empresárias; ADOCA Associa??o Mo?ambicana das Donas de Casa, MMCJ Associa??o Mo?ambicana das Mulheres de Carreira Jurídica, AMME Associa??o Mo?ambicana Mulher e Educa??o, AMUDEIA Associa??o das Mulheres Despedidas, Reformadas compulsivamente, Viúvas M?es Solteiras (desfavorecidas) da Indústria A?ucareira da Manhi?a, AMR Associa??o das Mulheres Rurais, Associa??o Mo?ambicana das Mulheres pela Paz, AMODEG Dept?. Femenino da Associa??o dos Desmobilizados de Guerra , AMRU Associa??o Mo?ambicana para o Desenvolvimento Da Mulher Rural, AMORA Associa??o Mo?ambicana para a Promo??o da Rapariga, AMDH Associa??o Mo?ambicana para Defesa dos Direitos Humanos ASSOMUDE Associa??o da Mulher para a Democracia, AVIMAS Associa??o de Viúvas e M?es Solteiras, FAWE Fórum para a Mulher Africana Educadora, G.E.P.R. Gabinete da Esposa do Presidente da Repúbilca , IDIL-BALC?O DAMULHER Instituto Nacional do Desenvolvimento da Indústria Local?, LEM?SICA Levante-te Mulher e Siga o Seu Caminho, MBEU Associa??o para a Promo??o do Desenvolvimento Económico e Sócio Cultural da Mulher, MUCHEFA Associa??o Mo?ambicana para o Desenvolvimento da Mulher Chefe da Família, MUGEDE Mulher Genéro e Desenvolvimento, MULEIDE Associa??o Mulher Lei e Desenvolvimento, NAFEZA Núcleo das Associa??es Femininas da Zambézia, NUGENA Núcleo de Género de Nampula, NUMAC Núcleo da Mulher Académica, NUMMA –CEA/UEM Núcleo da Mulher e Meio Ambiente, OMM Organiza??o da Mulher Mo?ambicana, ORAM Associa??o Rural de Ajuda Mútua, OTM- COMUTRA Comité da Mulher Trabalhadora, PROMUGE Promo??o da Mulher e Genero, SINTIA Comiss?o Nacional das Mulheres da Indústria A?ucareira , SINTIQUIGRA – COMUTRA Projecto Mulher- Sindicato deo Ramo Químico, Borracha e Papel, SOROPTIMIST, UNACUni?o Nacional de Camponeses, WAKHELA Mulher Educa??o e Desenvolvimento, WLSA Women and Law in Southern Africa Research and Education Trust.Main Activities Their main programs are Gender, Trade and Poverty (Economic Justice Coalition of Mozambique (EJC), Advocacy, campaigns and information seminars in the areas such as land reform ; family law, poverty through their participation in the poverty reduction strategy and programme (PRSP) processes, governance and the national budgeting process . They also work in access to natural resources.They do not work with DDR and EP.Planned activitiesContinue working in supporting CSO and their main programsChallengesTo achieve gender equality in the country Constrains Constrains Difficulties with financial support 3Save the ChildrenScopeSave the Children focuses our work on interior rural areas ,The work with local partners, government and other international organizations in Zambezia, Gaza, Nampula, Manica and Sofala provinces, helping vulnerable children get food, healthcare and education, and protecting them from harm and exploitation. Their activities are based on four strategies to maximize the achievements in children’s lives: piloting innovative projects, advocating for change in policies, building capacity of government and communities, and working with partner organizations. In Climate Change and DRR Save the Children help emergency authorities in preparedness and to minimize effects on natural, resources disasters. They work together with Visao Mundial, CARE, OXFAM UK in 5 provinces Actors women, men children in the field , emergency authorities and emergency coordination structures,Main Activities improve people’s access to food and shelter, train staff from the Ministry of Education in how to minimize disruption to children’s schooling whenever an emergency occurs, contributed to the development of a national education emergency preparedness plan.through the National Food Security Secretariat, advocate for the use of cash transfers as an effective response to help vulnerable households cope in an emergency. Produce leaflets in many local languages, together with the National Disaster Management Institute, with tips for people who live in areas prone to flooding, drought and cyclones. Work- closely with the national emergency authorities and emergency coordination structures, and have contributed to the development of a national preparedness plan that includes a child protection component. Develop research and advocacy for good practices in CCH mitigation and adaptationPlanned activitiesContinue to incorporate home-based care and youth mobilization into programs for orphans and vulnerable children, and strengthen psychosocial support to children through "art as therapy" initiatives. continue to improve the quality of basic strengthen our collaborations with government and other maternal and neonatal, child health and nutrition and HIV continue to target the immediate and long-term causes of hunger and malnutrition by promoting improved agricultural and nutrition practices among rural households.?Mainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHThey do not have a special approach on gender. In Emergency Response they have distributed food to children and adults and helped create safe spaces for children in resettlement camps, distributed household and school kits and helped set up temporary classroom tents provide community awareness training as well as preparedness training for government institutions, local NGOs and community leaders.4World Vision (WV)ScopeWorld Vision is a Christian humanitarian organization dedicated to working with children, families, and their communities worldwide to reach their full potential by tackling the causes of poverty and injustice. World Vision’s involvement in Mozambique began in 1984 through the provision and distribution of food. In the last 10 years, World Vision has been involved with improving food security and natural resource management, promoting greater government assistance to farmers, increasing food crop production and diversification, and training church leaders and community members.Actors INGC’s emergency preparedness strategy, CLGRC’s, community leaders Main Activities The Community Access to Health Services Project is a grant-funded partnership with Johns Hopkins University to provide malaria relief and health education to community members in central Mozambique. Project leaders have provided mosquito nets, established improved malaria treatment, and conducted nutrition training and health education for health workers and community memberIncrease food security through the Sabe Agricultural Development Project. Nearly 300 head of cattle will be used to reduce time spent in the field, four new seed multiplication fields are being planted, organic fertilizers are being used to enhance soil fertility, and farmers are being trained to grow and commercially market their crops. Women are also being trained in food preparation techniques to reduce the rate of malnutrition in children.The Mozambique Abstinence and Risk Avoidance Project plans to educate more than 700,000 people in the Tete and Zambézia districts to either be faithful to their spouses or practice abstinence as a way to prevent contracting HIV. Youth and parent advisory groups have been established to promote healthy choices, and radio programs are now being aired with the same message.WV conducting DRR activities since 2005.Wv aim to draw an ideal DRR model at community level which will lead to the development of a toolkit for risk management. Activities are carried out under “GERANDO” project (Community Risk Management Approach). Essentially, WV is following INGC’s emergency preparedness strategy, but with a deeper approach in such a way they have the time to care for gender integration as follows:Activities start with traditional leadership and later on the proper community’s sensitization on risks and risk reduction activities. At this stage, a facilitator is placed to live in the community during a period of not less than 2.5– 3 months, period during which he/she guides the community through the process of creating the CLGRC’s. At this stage, emphasis is placed on promoting a gender balance and on encouraging women to exert their assigned leadership roles.Activities involve discussion and prioritization of the main 4 shocks affecting the community (according to their perception), in a very participative way. Response actions are then directed against those shocks.To make sure the interests of men/women are taken in consideration, large groups of people of different ages are formed during discussions.Each community receives a close attention from project staff during ± 1,5 to 2 years of continued activities. They feel it easier to transform the perceptions because WV has been working in the areas for 15 years during which gender has always been part.There is a clear difference on the degree of difficulty of change attitudes between areas where men migrate a lot, leaving their wives behind with a leadership role (in southern Moz, where men migration is a reality, men accept more easily the authority of women and women exert their power when in charge of decision making bodies) and where men are always around (central Moz, where the change process is slower). While in southern Mozambique they have many women exerting their leadership roles, in the central region women are shy. The strategy being pursued is to pair women with men, so that they can learn with their male counterpart how to facilitate community meetings. This goes hand-in-hand with continued sensitization about the importance of gender equality.Planned activitiesMainstream gender in DRR/EP and CCHThe way WV is encouraging women to participate in the CLGRC is by making them aware that if they are absent, it will be difficult that those who will be deciding upon them will have sensitivity to women problems, so their interests might end up not satisfied. Women are the most participatory in DRR activities despite they do not get paid for their role in the CLGRC. To help speed up involvement of women in decision making positions, the project encourages letting women try such positions, so they can be seen as able to perform their duties as well as men do.WV’s experience indicates that the secret for community change lies in (i) strong sensitization of community leaders (ii) long-term approach of the activities, (iii) beneficiary continued sensitization and (iv) the sharing of good practice experiences through religious leadersMy main conclusions from these meetings are:Gender equity at community level is attainable, after a long transformation process;Women can more easily exert a leadership role if the community is challenged with men migration and women have no choice than to be responsible for roles originally believed to be men’s. Women authority is not only well accepted by all the community members, but women themselves exert their power under such circumstances; Where men are always around (do not migrate), the transformation process is slower – men resist more to change, which demands a longer intervention munity leader’s involvement and a long-term approach are essential ingredients for better results of the mainstreaming of gender into DRR activities.5Women, Gender and Development MUGEDEScopeWomen, Gender and Development (MuGeDe) is a non-profit association officially established and recognized as a legal person in 2004. MuGeDe's focal area is environment and rural development from a gender perspective. MuGeDe is actively dedicated to civic education in matters directly and indirectly related to the environment as well as to the promotion of social values which include the gender perspective. Its work is based on the values of justice, equality, tolerance and solidarity. MUGEDE is conscious that the mission in which it is involved needs a multi-sectoral approach and can not be carried out as an isolated organization. It therefore established working relationships with communities, the government and non governmental institutions MGEDE is experienced in conducting civic education and how to work closely with communities.ActorsCommunities on civic and environmental education, Associations, Different networks (Food Sovereignty, Environmental one, G20, Forum Women, etc),Main Activities Mugede is implementing its first significant project, financed by UNIFEM’s global catalitic fund, in Boane and Ressano Garcia districts, having as target groups, the unions of local peasant associations. Ever since, even before this project (due to end January 2012), Mugede used to work with advocacy and public awareness activities on environmental management education, gender equality, rural development and food security, targeting mostly (but not only) women. In these activities, Mugede worked with FDC and Forum Mulher.On-going project is on women empowerment, i.e. activities to promote gender equality through the empowerment of women. As such, if it is true that women and men work hand in hand in the project, women are supposed to chair all decision making positions. Men also do hold some decision making positions, but only as deputy’s. The following activities are run in the project:Environmental management educationCooking courses Sewing courses Adult educationIncome generation skills and activities (ex. Broiler’s rearing)Agricultural projectsAn interesting characteristic of the whole project is that activities listed above are carried out following as basic steps:The beneficiary groups are composed mainly by women, but men are an important part of the group, since they must understand the need to transform and must act as community transformation engines for change in gender sensitive activities, roles and responsibility. As such, whenever possible, husband and wife are encouraged to enroll, this is rare because of shortage of family manpower. Nevertheless, husband and wife are at least encouraged to take seat during short-term training activities.A basic step during sensitization is to assure the men that women are not going to lose their respect to men. Women are thought not to disrespect men when they feel empowered. Religious leaders play a very important role for the implementation of the project, with them also getting involved in campaigning for respect to women and men during the gender role transformation process induced by the project.Any of the above referred activities is gradually introduced after a problematization exercise, where the community members are supposed to imagine a certain emergency situation caused by a natural disaster, affecting them and planning together their response attitudes. At this stage, gender role changes are simulated, based on an hypothetical incapacity of the party (man/woman) who is currently recognized as responsible for carrying out such a duty, due (or not) to the on-going disaster. In this way, for ex. Men are motivated to embrace activities such as cooking, sewing, etc, with the aim of them serving as future role models in their communities.According to Mugede, this strategy seems to work well after a long sensitization period. It seem to conform as another good practice towards gender mainstreaming into DRR, EP and CCH mitigation activities, to be considered in the toolkit preparation.Mugede suggests that community education on the correct environmental management is of paramount importance, and that indigenous knowledge on DRR and CCH mitigation should always be valued, i.e., communities should first be consulted about their thoughts on indigenous solutions for certain problems, before trying to implement academic solutions. This seems to be another hot point for the toolkit preparation.Mugede also thinks that being DRR and CCH affected communities dependent on agriculture (food and cash crops), and that such activity usually the first negatively affected by such phenomena, diversified non-agriculturally based income generation sources should be identified and developed at community level. Similarly, experiences exchange between communities of different villages, districts, provinces and even countries should make part of the core activities of projects, always making sure that environmental education and gender equality and equity are always part of the approach.59436002628900FOTOGRAF?A: MARCELA BALLARA00FOTOGRAF?A: MARCELA BALLARAPART IVField visit to DRR & EP and CCH activitiesA field visit was undertaken to Caia and Chemba districts, located in one of INGC’s regional directorates. The aim of the visit was to get in touch with practical DRR& EP and CCH activities in flood areas of Central Mozambique and learn how, in practice, gender is integrated in such activities. The objectives of the field trip were (i) to interview the main actors responsible for DRR&EP (ii) to review how national policies, strategies and plans were implemented in the field as well as (iii) to obtain information from local leaders and local women and men key informants on how DDR&EP activities were implemented and whether people have access to resources, control their use and how benefits and resources were distributed and used within the communities.During the field visit, meetings were organized withINGC’s Regional Directorate, with the main DRR & EP local bodies, namely the District’s Technical Councils for Disaster Management (CTDGC),as well as with Local Committees for Disaster Management (CLGRC) and community members from resettlement areas (Bairro Sombreiro in Caia and Bairro Chimbwe in Chemba). INGC’s district’s awareness on gender issues Interviews with the regional and district authorities showed that they were aware of women’s problems in disaster risk situations, in relation to their main practical needs (food, health and education). The problems highlighted were those in the agriculture sector (lack of seeds), education (high level of illiteracy) and health (malaria, HIV), and no special reference was made to intra-family violence against women.As regards to the findings from the contact with local stakeholders, leaders and communities, it could be concluded that despite the fact that many of the regional and district’s staff had gone through gender trainings “gender” as a cross-cutting issue was not mainstreamed in the activities. In fact, it was stated that there was a need for gender trainings in a very practical way, specially providing tools on how to incorporate gender issues before, during and after emergencies. It was also felt that the training should considerthe influence of the traditional culture, which poses obstacles for women’s equitable access to resources and benefits, especially for the single mothers or widows, affecting the impact of interventions at district and community levels especially those implemented during and after emergencies.In both districts, the CTDGC’s werewell organized in early warning and response to disasters and followed the guidelines provided by INGC headquarters, which in turn did not include gender as a cross cutting issue. The needs of the whole population were taken into consideration with no segregation. As a result, women were not privileged beneficiaries, therefore gender equality andwomen empowerment could not be ensured in those interventions, Opinions expressed in meetings held with CSO’s involved in support to DRR&EP activities within the communities also confirmed that no specific gender issues were taken into consideration in their activities, which were mainly oriented to welfare in all emergency stages. This was specially the case of CVM that provides tents, kits and first aid to families as well as supported food distribution and in some cases organized income generating activities. They also organize meetings on DRR and coordinate with the CLGRC to train them in disaster prevention with the participation of the community in general during early warning but no special activities addressed to women. The CSO’s proposed that to overcome the low involvement of women, more support should be given to the development of income generating activities addressed to women and to the establishment of day care centres where women could leave their children as to ease their participation in DRR&EP meetings and activities. Community leaders, CLGRC and women and men groups in DRR&EP INGC’s and the formal political provincial, and district structures generally work with the traditional community authorities, especially during emergencies. The selection of these authorities based on traditional rules (for the régulos) or popular choice (for the secretaries de bairro). They are key people in the community’s mobilization, thus in a very good position to influence, if adequately trained on gender division of labour, gender roles, equitable access to resources and benefits by women and men. Amongst the traditional authorities, the men largely exceed the women in numbers. As an example from the 177 traditional leaders in Caia district, only 1 was a woman (“rainha”). Following PDPMCN’s plan of action, the CLRGC is formed by 12 to 18 men and women, members of the community that work in a voluntary basis to help their own communities during and after natural disasters. Each member of the CLGRC performs specific tasks. The coordinator and the assistant coordinator lead the group while other members are assigned to different duties such as (i) radio listeners, (ii) evacuation, (iii) “abrigo”(shelter/support), (iv) rescue, (v) information and needs evaluation..In Caia and Chemba districts, both CLRGC groups met were lead by the “regulos” and it was clear that the division of labor envisaged assignments of responsibilities more to men than women, despite the recommendation that at least 50% of the CLGRC should be women. In fact, women appear in much lesser numbers, mostly grouped in the “abrigo” area (shelter/support - taking care of resettled people ensuring prevention of child abuse, cleaning the resettlement area, giving health advice, and promoting the use of latrines during emergencies), tasks that are an extension to their reproductive role. Among the reasons given for the poor women participation in other areas of activity of the CLGRC’s were difficulties in their children’s protection during their meeting participation, time consumed in performing their roles in the CLGRC’s which overloads even more their productive and reproductive roles and the lack of any cash reward or in access to other benefits, making it less attractive specially for single mothers and widows. The CLRGC’s are very active during emergency situations and a key link with the government and CSO organizations. Nevertheless, no gender issues are taken into consideration before, during and after emergency situations. In an event of floods, women’s, girls’s, and elderly’s vulnerability is higher, considering they have less possibility of protecting themselves as in general they don’t how to swim or have difficulties in climbing trees, activities mainly performed by men and boys. On women’s and men’s situation in the resettlement areas:During emergencies, women and men are deeply affected in their economic and social situation, with floods and drought resulting in food insecurity and hunger, which affects in a greater extent women headed households (WHH). The fact that single women have no partner to share responsibilities with during and after the a disaster situation and to help in their work in the crop plots (machambas) puts WHH in a more vulnerable situation than the men headed households (MHH). Since both, women and men practice subsistence agriculture with low productivity levels, the burden for ensuring food on the table daily remains with women. Women are mainly performing productive and reproductive roles and are mainly responsible for the machambas but at the end, men decide on the type of crops to be planted, as well as on how and where the harvests should be used. Women are overloaded with their household work and lack time to involve themselves in other activities like community work, income generating activities or skills development activities, which could increase their economic autonomy.During emergency situations, men perform most of the community roles participating in the DRR&EP meetings organized by government or CSO’s. Women headed household’s income is significantly in disadvantaged as compared to that of men headed households. Single mothers and widow-headed households have less income than male-headed households, due to their lower crop production capacity. In this way, INGC, the WFP and the CSO’s operating in the humanitarian arena usually provide relieve kits for basic needs (food, mosquito-nets, soap, etc), with this group getting top priority.Intra-family relations are still much influenced by the predominantly traditional social and cultural structure prevailing in Mozambique, in general, and in the central region, in particular, as explained at the beginning of this study. Women interviewed in both districts acknowledged the fact that men take the main household decisions during the different stages of women’s lives, before, during and after emergencies, including their right to manage the money and any crop harvests. This finding is true for both, patrilineal and matrilineal MHH. Similarly, as regarding to control of assets, men take the main decisions and have the control and access over all resources, which is pacifically accepted by women. The main constraints faced by women in the resettlement areas can be summarized as:Cultural behaviors or traditions: These are known as part of the root causes of the nearly nil participation of women in meetings;Work overload: Due to women productive and reproductive roles and scarce participation in community’s activities, a situation that is worsened when men migrate in search of employment;Subsistence agriculture: Being this a common feature of women involved in crop production,, coupled with the fact that in some resettlement areas (ex. neighborhood of bairro Sombreiro) the crop plots (machambas) are far away from their homes women are challenged with their role to ensure daily food; The illiteracy rate amongst women is higher than amongst men, which further constrains their possibilities to reduce their vulnerability to disasters, to be better informed during emergency situations as well as reduce their access to employment opportunities and economic autonomy.PART VNeedsassessment and gender analysis of stakeholders: findings and recommendationsAll government sectors are expected to integrate gender issues when planning and budgeting. With the objective of strengthening this integration, the Women and Social Welfare Sector is charged with coordinating all activities, not only to integrate gender in the general policies such as the PARPA and PES and the government’s general budget (Or?amento do Estado – OE), but also to coordinate the implementation of activities in the different sectors. Being gender as one of their main cross cutting issues as indicated in the PARPA II, in many government institutions’ specific implementing plans gender is not state clearly or are almost nonexistent.Opposite to the above described situation is MICOA, a leading institution that is addressing gender mainstreaming through its newly approved “Gender and Climate Change National Strategy and Action Plan”. The Rural Water Department has a water policy with a cross cutting gender component and a strategy that guides special projects addressed to women, promoting their integration in the Water Committees as well as in the maintenance of the water sources. On the other hand, MIMAS as part of the Technical Council for Disasters Management and as focal point for gender issues in the CENOE should integrate gender issues in the contingency planning, but besides its Basic Social Protection activities, there seem to not be a clear focus on gender issues in climate change adaptation or DRR&EP actions from the MIMAS side.DRR/EP and CCH adaptation and mitigation: differences, similarities and areas of convergenceDisaster risk reduction efforts are guided by the “Hyogo Framework for Action (2005 2015): Building resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters”, to which the world’s governments agreed in Hyogo, Kobe, Japan, in 2005. The Hyogo Framework aims for “…the substantial reduction of disaster losses, in lives and in the social, economic and environmental assets of communities and countries…” The Hyogo Framework calls on countries to reduce underlying risks by integrating risk reduction measures and climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in their development plans.The DRR/EP focuses on a vast assortment of natural and man-made hazards, of which climate-related hazards only represent one particular area. At the forefront of concern is vulnerability to current hazards and extremes. The responses are always through structural measures, such as community shelters and building protection structures in disaster areas to control natural processes and protect lives, property and critical infrastructure. In the Mozambican context, these activities are mainly coordinated by INGC and its regional and local structures, emphasizing on the developing of capabilities for hazard forecasting and providing immediate humanitarian relief once a disaster has struck.Efforts by DRR and CCH actions have concentrated on reducing the vulnerability of specific sectors to a particular hazard at local scale. Climate change increases disaster risks in two ways. Firstly, climate change will likely increase the frequency and/or severity of weather and climate hazards. Secondly, climate change will simultaneously increase communities’ vulnerability to natural hazards due to the combined effects of ecosystem degradation, reduced availability of water for ecosystems and agriculture, and changes in people’s H has a strong environmentalist approach since it focuses on longer-term changes in climate and the potential consequences of climate change. Climate change affects a wide range of ecological systems and creates complex interactions of social, economic and environmental factors, giving rise to vulnerability as they affect the ability of individuals and communities to prepare for, cope with, and recover from disasters. In this line, MICOA’s Gender Strategy and POA focus on poor and marginalized women and men specially because they are directly dependent on ecosystem services for their livelihood activities therefore, are particularly vulnerable to changes in environmental conditions and factors that may limit their access to such resources. Terminology used to define climate and disaster related risks is interpreted in different ways by practitioners engaged in these areas. Clarifying concepts that each discipline deals with is an important step towards determining the terms of future interaction and collaboration. Therefore, it is important to understand concepts and terminologies of how climate change and disaster risk reduction knowledge and practices presently interact with each other, something that was unclear during the interviews with several intuitions operating in CCH actions in Mozambique.To bring about more clarification and uniformity on these concepts and what they entitle, a through explanation of the main concepts such as Vulnerability, Risk and Disaster Risk Reduction, Risk Assessment, Climate Change Risk Assessment, Climate Change Impact Assessment, Mitigation, Adaptation, Adaptive Capacity, and Coping Capacity - all of them key components of DRR/EP and CCH is supplied in Annex III to this ernment institutions: a case of gender-blindness in DRR/EPDisaster risk reduction employs measures at all levels to avoid disaster losses, such as reducing exposure to different hazards and enhancing the coping and adaptive capacity of vulnerable populations. Therefore effective disaster risk reduction practices should take a systematic approach to reduce the human, social, economic and environmental vulnerability to natural hazards. This includes taking into consideration gender as a cross cutting issue. Prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, rehabilitation and recovery are crucial entry points for risk reduction, with the aim of building resilience to future hazards and therefore, women and men different needs in each stage need to be taken into ernment institutions addressing women’s needs and working in rural areas, do not specifically work on DRR&EP. This is the case of the Gender Unit in the Directorate of Economics of the Ministry of Agriculture that has a mechanism for mainstreaming gender in the Ministry’s policies, plans and activities, but none on gender issues in DRR&EP. Also is the case of SETSAN that aims to develop an approach to work with women in Community’s Food Security but lack instruments to take into practice activities that meet women practical and strategic needs. . Gender is absent from the INGC’s plans and the two facilitators training manuals analyzed do not refer specifically how to introduce gender in the district’s GRC plans. Nevertheless they were designed to work in concrete activities in all the DRR&EP processes.The support of the ONE UNThe UN system and donors as developed above, provide most of the support to DRR&EP and CCH activities, but gender issues are seldom taken into their plans and programs, besides being regularly mentioned as a cross cutting issue that should be considered. Exception goes to UNDP’s African Adaptation Programme (AAP) that does have a strong gender component. In fact, the project document has a chapter on “Gender mainstreaming in climate change initiatives” which refers to the fact that climate change is a cross-cutting issue as its effects may affect all the sectors that allow the society to function. This has also been possible because of the several mandates emanated from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which includes 189 countries and their subsidiary bodies. It was also positively influenced by the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), a coalition of governments, UN agencies, regional organizations and civil society organizations established to sustain a strong and focused international agenda for the implementation of disaster risk reduction, coupled with the Second World Conference on Disaster Reduction in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.In the case of civil society organizations like CVM and World Vision, it is important to mention though, that most of the social protection projects implemented by them give priority to women but not in a way as to approach gender imbalance disparities.Planning for the future: gaps of cross-cutting gender issues on DRR&EPWomen’s and men’slivelihoods may drastically change due to increased flooding, increased intensity of cyclones and sea level increase and particular groups like women, children and the elderly can be more exposed to vulnerability due to the existing social structure. Gender roles, division of labour and access to resources and benefits provide different opportunities and generate different impacts according to gender and age. Mozambique presents a general gender pattern of a patriarchal society, being matrilineal or patrilineal, in which men have historically been at the decision making level, uphold power over women and have been exposed to better socio-economic opportunities than did women. Impacts of natural resources disasters and climate change can contribute to increase such discrepancies. Considering that women are exposed to conditions of higher vulnerability than men, the DRR&EP efforts around gender and women‘s empowerment need to identify their particular practical and strategic needs to reduce women‘s vulnerability. Natural disasters and the effects of climate change may increase rural to urban migration with large groups of men abandoning their main activity in the rural areas (agriculture) and migrating to urban or trans-border locations in search for better employment opportunities, leaving their families behind and exposing them to face alone future natural disasters. From the interviewed organizations, only MICOA had a strong commitment to mainstream gender setting a strategy and a POA. The Rural Water Department envisage including include in their coverage poverty mapping, data on women’s and men’s situation and promote activities targeted to the most vulnerable groups. MIMAS plans to develop a women’s DRR&EP network and develop their their training as voluntary activists on that issue. For after disasters, MIMAS is also planning to implement psycho-social programmes for the support of women and children victims of natural disasters. Besides these government institutions there is seldom reference to gender issues when implementing DRR&EP and CCH activities. Amongst the main issues highlighted were the difficulties in understanding gender concepts and more often on how to provide with concrete advice, guidelines and tools to take into consideration women’s and men’s situation at provincial and district level. The gender-blind language and the information vacuumTo date, research in development issues has tended to focus on gender. But the concept of “household” means different things to different people, in different times and places, and by using the household or family as a uniform unit, researchers and policy makers make a set of implicit assumptions about what takes place within it. Several approaches have been developed to assess the impact of gender roles and the individual subordination of other forms of social difference in the household/family relations. Various gender-analysis frameworks attempt to promote understanding of the complex nature of intra-household relations, and to incorporate this knowledge into development planning, through the systematic study of the differences in the roles, responsibilities, and access to and control over resources of women and men. The concept of “household” (or family) should be understood as a site of multiple voices, gendered interests, unequal resource allocation, and (potentially) conflict. In a disaster situation, the household/family can even be a more complex unit of analysis where it is possible to find potentially differing levels of wealth, consumption, leisure, violence and work. Individuals within a household are often assumed to be equally wealthy or poor and to have equal access to goods and services. Many studies have recognized that intra-household resource allocation and decision-making are affected by multiple factors including tradition and culture, power and information asymmetries, supra-household social relations, and non-household institutions. Families headed by women have different social intra-family relations than those headed by men. Therefore, the use of neutral language such as “household, families, beneficiaries or vulnerable population” has to be considered carefully when analyzing needs and constrains. Putting every people in the “same basket” will lead to misunderstanding and ineffective activities excluding, in general, women and elderly people. This situation can be exacerbated when at field program implementation if any of the gender concepts is understood, mainly as a women’s issue with activities addressing more their practical needs than their strategic needs, this last one, an approach that will pave future changes in the division of labor and finally in women’s and men’s role.Finally, there is a vacuum with information regarding DRR&EP and CCH and among others on gender, health, agriculture, food security in general and other priority areas. Guidelines and toolkits for integration of gender in DRR&EP and CCH are absent in Mozambique, although available from experiences elsewhere in Africa or in the world.Gender disparities, challenges and constraints in DRR&EPand CCH implementation activitiesEngendering DRR&EP and CCH mitigation and adaptation is not only about empowering women to fill a good percentage of professional positions, but to recognize gender differences between men and women, as well as special needs of the youth and elderly, their culture and religion and to address such needs in national, provincial and district development planning and programming. Challenges were viewed by the government institutions mainly as addressing and implementing a gender strategy in DRR&EP and CCH and making gender as a cross-cutting issue, developing gender indicators in disasters, promoting gender training sessions at all levels (national, provincial and district including community leaders). According to several interviewed people, these activities could only be implemented if a gender analysis is performed before each activity is conducted, including a gender vulnerability assessment that would provide information on special activities to be developed with women and men disaggregated by age, before, during and after a natural disaster.A common issue that most of the national and international institutions working in DRR / EP including CCH agreed upon was the need to develop information and statistics disaggregated by sex and provide them with a gender data analysis to policy makers. This is a very positive action that if implemented, will highlight the fact that historically women have been victims of discrimination and have had no voice in the decision-making processes. This could provide solid arguments to ease the accomplishment of gender mainstreaming among others, to empower women’s and men’s roles with regard to the environment and to the negative impact of natural disasters and climate change, as well as to include community-based disaster planning and dissemination of information addressed to women, men and children and make that early-warning systems reach and are understood by all involved.Difficulties to understand (i) what entitles “gender”, (ii) to implement this cross-cutting issue in a practical way in all the stages of DRR&EP, (iii) the lack of tools and of guidelines to ease the gender mainstreaming exercise and other cross cutting issues during emergency (iv) the contingency plan, (v) to implement gender issues in field activities, etc, constitute part of the long list of constraints highlighted by the interviewed stakeholders . Another common constraint reported by all stakeholders was the weak inter-institutional coordination and communication mechanisms between government institutions, civil society, donors and the UN system. The multi-sectoral approach where government, development actors, private sector and other stakeholders are actively involved is weak, and unclear with an impact in the cross-cutting issues, among them the gender approach. It was mentioned that the technical working groups of development partners do not include CSO’s who also have a role in DRR &EP and CCH either as implementers or financiers (as the case of Crus Vermelha de Mozambique ) and they can play an important role in promoting the gender approach in disaster activities. Their field experience is very valuable and a contribution to include the situation of vulnerable groups, specially women, the elderly and children. The fact that in general, within the communities, the traditional and cultural practices still subdue women to men make it more difficult to government staff to implement gender mainstreaming activities, especially if there is not a clear understanding of how to tackle the issue. Therefore when some activities are developed at field level, very seldom they tackle women’s strategic needs. They mainly develop practical needs that bring about short-term solutions but do not have a view that in the future they will change women’s roles, the division of labour and will promote gender equality in access to resources and to benefits. As it has been repeatedly mentioned earlier, disasters have a greater adverse impact on women than on men since gender inequity is a condition of vulnerability with several causes. A heavy economic and social burden rests on women, as they often play the primary productive and reproductive roles. That is, women‘s roles consist of a wide range of domestic and community responsibilities essential to the well-being of the family and the community and the impact of disasters on women can result in subsequent negative impacts on their communities. Lower access to education, income-earning opportunities, and decision making also make women more vulnerable in the face of hazards. Integrating a gender component means ensuring women and men both have a role in decision-making at every level, that women’s and men’s unique needs and capacities are both capitalized upon to respond to the escalating problem before them. Gender equality principles and poverty eradication as prerequisites for sustainable development should be included in all DRR&EP and CCH programs and projects. Advancing gender equality is a critical tool which can help meet the poverty eradication long-term goals. Participatory gender-sensitive DRR&EP and CCH mitigation and adaptation action must be prioritized; likewise for capacity building. Mitigation strategies can only be effective by considering the needs and risks and by integrating capacities and opportunities both for women and men. Recommendations Based on the assessment this part will draw attention to needed inputs to meet women’s practical and strategic needs in DRR&EP and mainstream gender in all activities including men’s needs vis a vis women needs for gender equality. Capacity building Provincial and district level authorities (including INGC representatives), need to be supported to take on their leadership role in preparedness and response. As it has been highlighted in several worldwide experiences, local governments are key actors when implementing DRR&EP and CCH activities and tools in the region/area. Therefore effective DDR&EP in Mozambique requires that capacity building efforts at central level be replicated and strengthened at provincial, district and community levels where the disaster risks are more evident. Projects, programs and activities addressing DRR&EP should definitively include gender analysis and a vulnerability assessment especially when implementing activities at the decentralized level . Assessing vulnerability means to ascertain the physical, social, economic and environmental factors that determine men’s and women’s capacity to reduce the potential impacts of a hazard event, cope with its occurrence and adapt to changing environments. These capacities are different between men and women and the “how to do it” were one of the main concerns and difficulties highlighted by the stakeholders. As the effects of climate change become increasingly felt, it will be essential to assess vulnerability as an integral part of the causality of risk and to recognize that addressing vulnerability will lead to an effective, holistic “risk management strategy” All disaster coordinating bodies at national level - the CTGC, CCGC , CENOE _ and its sub-structures at provincial and district levels - should be strengthened with guidelines on how to mainstream gender. Following PARAPA II’s guidelines, gender perspective should be mainstermed into disaster risk reduction h providing clear guidelines in the implementation phases of sector plans and programmes, in particular in “different pillar, areas, and categories”.Institutions should provide their existing gender units and gender focal points with the necessary strong mandate to ensure that women’s and men’s situation are taken into consideration in all the activities and project cycles specially during emergency situations .Authorities at central and at decentralized levels should also be supported to further develop their capacities to use mechanisms to reduce the adverse consequences and effects of disasters. Coping activities include measures to develop economic and social safety nets such as diversifying environmentally-friendly and gender-sensitive projects for income generation, as well as preparedness activities. All of these activities should be gender mainstreamed as is also the case of early recovery once an emergency is over and the external humanitarian partners have left. In this phase it is important that institutions be prepared and already have a plan of action to provide and implement several activities according to women’s and men’s needs (e.g: skills training; income generation training activities, etc).Disaster risk reduction is a critical component of climate change adaptation. Disaster risk reduction and climate change mitigation and adaptation share common goals: reducing the vulnerability of communities and achieving sustainable development. Many of the differences between “climate change” and “DRR&EP” are related to differences in the perception of the nature and timescale of the threat. In general governments have recognized the importance of coordinating their climate change adaptation plans with disaster risk reduction measures a situation that needs to be worked out in Mozambique. MICOA and INGC recognize that these policies should be incorporated into the development and poverty eradication programmes, but the cross-cutting issues as gender should be incorporated and develop indicators to ease their monitoring and evaluation. Early warning is a crucial element of DRR.For early warning to work appropriately, it must convey information in timely and effective ways, allowing individualsexposed to a hazard to avoid or reduce their risks and prepare foreffective response.To be effective, early warning systems must be people-centered and integrate the four elements identified in the Kyoto Declaration (risk knowledge; monitoring and warning service; dissemination of meaningful warnings to those at risk; response capability). Early warning systems that present themselves as gender neutral cannot be effective because they must consider that men and women access, process, interpret and respond to information in different ways, due to the social and cultural organization of gender relations and the gender division of labour. Moreover, women are usually responsible for children, the sick and the elderly; therefore the demands on them immediately prior to and during a disaster are very different from those of men’s. If no gendered consideration is included in early warming, it could result in not being effective in reaching women adequately. These different demands are especially important to consider in the case of rapid onset disasters, when the time between receiving a warning and responding can be very limited.There is an imperative need to develop policy guidelines and practical guidelines on how to institutionalize gender-sensitive risk assessments, implement gender-sensitive early warning systems and use gender-sensitive indicators to monitor gender mainstreaming progress.TrainingDevelop and implement DRR&EP and CCH mitigation and adaptation training activities in all institutions and organizations working with disasters. This includes also the UN system working with DR&EP. All proposed training activities should be very practical and provide concrete guideline and tools on how to mainstream gender in all project and activity stages.To promote changes in women’s roles, division of labor and access to resources and benefits it is crucial to include training on DRR, leadership and conflict resolution to community leaders. These training sessions should be conducted in their mother tongue and take into consideration their socio cultural situation, traditions and costumes.Appropriate response is based on disaster knowledge dissemination, which would include information and training. In many societies, women have less access to information than men. Education and training to support appropriate and timely response before, during and after the natural disaster is urgently needed. Data collection and informationCollecting data disaggregated by sex in DRR&EP is important in order to inform relief, rehabilitation and disaster mitigation policies. During the stakeholder’s interviews, the importance of gathering this information also disaggregated by age was acknowledged. It was also referred that the database should be periodically updated and data analyzed from a gender perspective to provide policy makers with information on women’s and men’s situation and develop specific programs to address their particular needs. It must be noted that these actions alone are not enough. There is also a need to establish a gender-sensitive systematic and standardized process to collect, assess and share data, maps and trends on hazards and vulnerability.The lack of a gender perspective in dissemination and communication can exacerbate the negative impacts that a disaster can have and communities may not be able to develop strategies that include men and women. It has to be considered that in their social and cultural contexts they can have different ways and times to access information. Women’s involvement increase the number of people informed because they are connected to different social networks and often have specific and different communication strategies that take into consideration women’s practices, concerns and needs. Gender-sensitive communication and dissemination systems ensure that women and men are warned well in advance, reducing greatly the negative impacts of natural hazards and facilitating national and regional coordination and information exchange.Reference MaterialsByrne, B. and S. Baden.( 1995) Gender, Emergencies and Humanitarian Assistance. Bridge Report 33.CARE (2010). Community-Based Adaptation Toolkit.Digital Toolkit. July 2010.------------Toolkit for Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Projects Digital Toolkit. July 2010.CONSELHO COORDENADOR DE GEST?O DE CALAMIDADES (2010) Plano de Contingência para a época Chuvosa 2010-2011.Maputo October 2010.Crus Vermelha Mozambique (2009). 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Programa de Ac??o Nacional para a Adapta??o às Mudan?as Climáticas (NAPA).Direc??o Nacional de Gest?o Ambiental. Ministério para a Coordena??o da Ac??o Ambiental.República de Mo?ambique. Dezembro 2007.------------(2010) Estrategia e Plano de Ac??o de Género, Ambiente e Mudan?as Climáticas.Plano de Ac??o para Implementa??o da Estratégia de Género, Ambiente e Mudan?as Climáticas.Mozambique Humanitarian Country Team Emergency Preparedness and Response Needs Related to Drought. (2010) Final Version for submission.Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norwegian policy on the prevention of humanitarian crises. Report No. 9 (2007–2008) to the Storting.------------Norway’s Humanitarian Policy. Report No. 40 (2008–2009) to the Storting.OXFAM (2010).Gender Equality and Women’s Rights in Emergencies, Policy and Practice Review RESEARCHREPORT, Full Report. Oxfam Emergency Managers Network, Gender in Emergencies sub-group. OXFAM (2008) Disaster Risk Reduction Strategic Framework 2008-2012 Final version(2009) Gender, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Climate Change Adaptation: A Learning Companion. Oxfam Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Resources. Little Gender Handbook for Emergencies or Just Plain Common Sense (2001) Gender and Natural Disasters.Plano de Ac??o para a Redu??o da Pobreza Absoluta 2006 - 2009 (PARPA II). Maio de 2006.Programa das Na??es Unidas para a Alimenta??o ( 2007) . Manual sobre comidas por Bens. Um Guia de Abordagens, Métodos e Gest?o de Actividades de Comida por Bens (CPB) na ?frica Austral Baseado em consultas com o PMA e parceiros em Lesoto, Malawi, Mo?ambique e Z?mbia.------------(2007)Getting Started: HIV, AIDS and Gender in WFP Programmes.Save the Children (2009). Evaluation and Integration of Environmental issues within Save the Children. Programmes in Mozambique. Maputo. February, 2009.SETSAN (2006). Baseline Survey of Food Security and Nutrition in Mozambique, December 2006.------------(2010) Relatorio da Analise de Vulenrabilidade a InSAN. Ministerio da Agricultura de Mo?ambique.------------(2010) Relatorio da Monitoria da Situacao de Seguranca Alimentar e Nutricional em Mo?ambique.UNISDR, UNDP and IUCN, (2009) Making Disaster Risk Reduction Gender-SensitivePolicy and Practical Guidelines Geneva, Switzerland.United Nations Country team in Mozambique Delivering as One, (17 October 2007)Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Preparedness.VCA toolbox with reference sheets (2007) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IList of Persons InterviewedGOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS Ministry for the Coordination of Environment Affairs - MICOASonia Silveira - National Director for the Promotion of Environmental AffairsRosália Pedro- Head of the Gender and Environment Department National Disasters Management Institute - INGComponent 1: Early warning and emergency preparednessAna Cristina Manuel, National Director for the Prevention and Mitigation (DPM), INGC Component 2: Development of arid and semi-arid zonesMarta Manjate, National Director for the Development of Arid and Semi Arid Zones (DARIDAS), INGCGigo Sumbane- Technical officerComponent 3: Planning and monitoring of contingency plans and long term DRR & EP activitiesRita Almeida, Technical officer responsible for contingency planing and monitoring of PDPMCN’s implementation - Coordination Cabinet (GC), INGCNational Institute of Meteorology- INAMAtanásio Jo?o Manhique- Deputy National Director, INAMRural Water Department, National Directorate of Water Affairs, Ministry of Public Works and HousingFelicidade Paulo- Head of Rural Water DepartmentIdalina Roia Alfai- Technical officer responsible for the Community development (Communication and training)National Director of Women Affairs - Ministry of Women & Social Welfare (MIMAS)Josefa Langa - National DirectorSebasti?o Estêv?o- MIMA’s representative in CTGCTechnical Secretariat for Food Security and Nutrition -SETSAN - Ministry of Agriculture Marcela Libombo:National Coordinator of SETSANGender Unit in the Directorate of Economics -DEZilda Jaime Masango, Gender Coordinator Ministry of AgricultureFrancelinaMinistry of Health Esmeralda MutembaMinistry of Education and Culture -MECHead of the Department Gender and Community ParticipationUN ORGANIZATIONSUNDP Project on Climate Change Adaptation Action and Mainstreaming in MozambiqueCarmen MunhequeteUNDP - Joint ProgrammeEunice Mucache -UNDP’s National Disaster Reduction AdvisorMaried Heffro -UNDP’s Programme OfficerFAO - Emergency and Rehabilitation UnitJose da GracaEmergency and Rehabilitation Unit CoordinatorTatenda Mutenga -Programme OfficerWFP World Food ProgramNadia Vaz Jerónimo Tovela DONORSGTZ(INGC GTZ project PRO-GRC IIGRC II Institutional Advising Consolidation and Expansion on Disaster Risk Management 2007-2012)Wolfang StiebensJacobzazeb GuerreroOXFAM CanadaSylvie Desautels(Coordinator)Danish EmbassyFarida Saifodine (Environment Program Officer)Development for International Development DFID Rita Zacarias (Director)CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONSMozambique Red Cross (CVM) Rebeca Chalufo, Alsida do Santos, Joel Tomas, Jorge UomusseFórum Mulher (NGO) Nzira de DeusSave the ChildrenJose MacanhingeWorld Vision (WV)Claudio Jamal at headquarters and telephone interviews toMagalo in the Southern (Gaza) and Juliana in the Central (Zambézia) regions of MozambiqueWomen, Gender and Development MUGEDESaquina MucaveleANNEX IIStrengthening of the Integration of Gender into Disaster Risk Reduction & Emergency Preparedness as well as Climate Change Mitigation & Adaptation in MozambiqueMethodology for the International and National Consultant mission and field tripThe objective of the consultancy is to elaborate a toolbox, that is provide the concrete and technical foundation for more coordinated, comprehensive and effective integration of gender into the Disaster Risk Reduction & Emergency Preparedness as well as Climate Change Mitigation & Adaptation (DRR&EP and CCMA) activities and programming carried out by donors, civil society and government in Mozambique in order to address the vulnerability and poverty of women in disaster prone areas as well as empower them and increase their capacities and participation in relation to DRR&EP and CCMA. As stated in the TOR, ”There is a wide understanding of the importance of gender mainstreaming in DRR&EP and CCMA, however, there is also a lack of knowledge about how to implement in practice. To develop the toolkit that will help INGC and other stakeholders to mainstream gender in their activities a mission with a IC and a NC will be implemented between 23 Oct to 6 November 2010 The mission is divided in two stages. The first stage 23/10/ 2010 03/11/ 2010 are already planned visits and discussions with INGC, other reference groups and stakeholders already identified by the NC The second stage is a 4 day Field trip to Caia, ( 01/11/010 and 04/11/10) ; to get in touch with practical DRR& EP and CCMA activities in flood areas of Central Mozambique and learn how gender is integrated in such activities. Meetings will be organized with INGC’s Regional Directorate, where the consultancy team can meet with the main DRR & EP and CCMA local bodies, namely the District’s Technical Council For Disaster Management (CTDGC), SDSMAS, SDAE as well as with some Local Committees for Disaster Management (CLGRC). Possibilities to meet with local leaders will also be explored.The objectives of the field trip is to interview the main actors responsible of DRR&EP and review how national Policies and Strategies Plans are implemented in the field as well as to obtain information from local leaders , key informants how DDR&EP activities are implemented , whether people have access to resources, control the use and distribution of benefits of a community’s, use of resources. Activities to be developed in CAIAIntroduction and courtesy meeting with Caia district’s administrator (objectives of the visit and locations to be visited); SDAE SDSMAS SDEJT; NGOs working DRR& EP (agriculture, violence against women , education and who are the main beneficiaries. Visit to activities and meetings in Chemba district (a good example of post-floods reconstruction model) and meeting with local authorities, CTDGC and CLGRC SDAE SDSMAS ; Meeting with women and men group ( one group of each and preferably separated ) beneficiaries of reconstruction activities. Also be consider meetings with community leaders (suggest 1er, 2ndo e 3er escalao )Visit to activities and meetings in Marromeu district (a not so good example of post-floods reconstruction model) and meeting with local authorities, CTDGC and CLGRC SDAE SDSMAS ; Meeting with women and men group ( one group of each and preferably separated ) beneficiaries of reconstruction activities. Also consider meetings with community leaders (suggest 1er, 2ndo e 3er escalao )A final meeting with INGC’s Regional Director on field findings and his view on the integration of gender in DRR & EP and CCMA in the whole central region of Mozambique.During the field mission, apart from how the preparedness and response are organized and how the needs of men, women, children and elderly people are dealt with, the following issues should get special attention:How the reasonably efficient DRR & EP and CCMA system integrates gender perspective, i.e. which mechanism ensure women are going to be privileged beneficiaries from those actions; how are men included in those mechanisms.Which women’s empowerment strategies (to be thoroughly detailed) are part of the DRR & EP and CCMA strategies or are missing and should, therefore, be incorporated;How awareness on disasters and response attitudes are dealt with in the communities and which are the needs in this regard;How is gender perspective tackled in DRR & EP and CCMA activities by government and non-government institutions, with special attention to training of trainers (especially in the dry land development programs);Which political, social, economic and cultural behaviors or traditions are known as part of the root causes of women vulnerability (including children and elderly people);Which guidelines, tools and training activities available in DRR & EP and CCAM are developed and implemented with gender sensitivity;Which practical gender mainstreaming activities in DRR & EP and CCAM activities are being implemented and how;Which donors, civil society and government organizations have decisive roles in disaster-prone areas, with focus on empowering and increasing the capacity of women; Which are their POA.To get more detailed info on how the preparedness and response are organized and how the needs of men, women, children and elderly people are dealt with, the following guideline of questions to be asked to the district’s CTDGC and CLGRC in Marromeu and Chemba local authorities What kind of activities are women and men involved in DRR and EP?What is the status attached to each activity? And time used for each activity daily and monthly Are there programs that support violence against women girls and children? By whom and how effective they are ? Which programmes on promotion of school attendance by children are there and what is the perception of the balance between boys and girls? If imbalances are there, how are they being overcome?Which training opportunities for adult men and women are on-going/planned and how it is ensured that men and women have equal opportunities to attend them. If imbalances are there, how are they being overcome?Which employment opportunities are being created in the district and how it is made sure women and men have equal opportunities to get hired?Which decision making bodies are established at village level and how women and men have equal rights in them?How is the representation of women and men in DRR, EP and CCAM?What are the main livelihood strategies used by the population: men and women? In “NORMAL SITUATION” and during EMERGENCY/CRISIS SITUATIONS, normally the strategies might differ throughout the year or in such different circumstances.What kind of formal and informal employment is available in the community? Recruitment procedure regarding gender and/or age group preferencesWhat main sources of income are practiced in the region and who controls the income in each of them. How the community view the need for balance in the control of the income at family level?What climatic events/ natural disasters have been experienced in the community? Most frequent?How do these climatic events/ natural disasters impact on the community and men and women within the community?What natural resources are available in the area? What are the current land tenure rights in the community? Do men and women have equal opportunity to own or inherit land? How?What local institutions and programmes exist in the community that deal directly with DRR&EO, CCHMA?How does households and the community deal or cope with climatic events/ natural disasters, EP ? What social structures (e.g. social networks) help the community to cope and deal with climatic events/ natural disasters? Who makes use of these social structures? Women, men, both?Who benefits from these social structures? Women, men, both?Are there a DRR&EP programs, activities in the schools? In the adult literacy groups? In the churches?In the case of the two communities to be visited also questions should inquire why one was a good post-floods reconstruction model successful and the other not successful.Natural resource baseLivelihood sourcesUplifting programmes:Violence against womenEducation and trainingEmployment and income generation opportunitiesParticipation in disaster management programmesOrganizational set-upLocal leaders Interview guideline ( this should be applied as a common conversation supported by the translator ) If there are possibilities to interview local leaders in their mother tongue (preferably of both sex) suggest the following guiding questions How long have you lived in this community?What climatic changes have take place over time? What climatic events are most frequent? “Who suffers the most (men/women) during such events and why. What could be done to reduce suffering Are people coping better today than in the past? What was it like in the past? What has changed today? How do men and women currently cope with climate change (we should get another way to ask this question as they might not know what is such thing of “climate change”, disaster and how do they prepare for emergency situation?.Are there any government, community networks that help to reduce vulnerabilities of men and women? Explain. What are the existing challenges among women and men in DRR and EP and to cope and adapt to future climate change? What could suggest you to reduce women, men, children and the elderly risks and vulnerability in climate change mitigation and adaptation and in DRR and EP?If eventually there are meetings organized with Caia SDSMAS , suggest the following guiding questionsActivities develop to support women access to natural resources and environment managementCoordination with MICOA activities especially with the activities proposed in their Plano de Accao para a implementacao da Estrategia de Genero, Ambiente e Mudancas Climaticas ANNEX IIIRepública de Mo?ambiqueMinistério da Administra??o EstatalInstituto Nacional de Gest?o de CalamidadesDirec??o Regional CentroCAIAPrograma da visita do UNIFEM a Direccao Regional Centro do INGCPROGRAMADIRECCAO REGIONAL CENTRO DO INGCDataHoraActividadeResponsavel1/11/2010Por informar a DRCChegada a Caia2/11/20108:00Encontro de cortesia com Exmo. Senhor Administrador de Caia?8:30Encontro com o CTDGC, SDAE, SDSMAS, SDEJT e CVM e ONGs atraves de representantes bem informados sobre as actividades na area de Genero e disastres naturais?9:30Encontros em privado com CTDGC e ONGs especializadas em questao de Genero?10:00Encontros com lideres comunitarios do 1° ao 3 escalao?11:00Visita ao Bairro Sombreiro?11:45Encontro com CLGRC?12:00Almoco?13:30Encontro com beneficiarios divididos em grupo de 20 mulheres e 20 homens?14:30Balanco da visita?15:00Fim da jornada?3/11/20107:00Partida de Caia para Chemba?8:30Chegada a Chemba?8:45Encontro de cortesia com o Exmo Senhor Administrador de Chemba?9:00Encontro com o CTDGC, SDAE, SDSMAS, SDEJT e CVM e ONGs atraves de representantes bem informados sobre as actividades na area de Genero e disastres naturais?10:00Encontros em privado com CTDGC e ONGs especializadas em questao de Genero?10:30Encontros com lideres comunitarios do 1° ao 3 escalao?11:30Almoco?13:00Partida para Chimbue (45Km)?14:00Chegada e Visita ao Chimbue?14:30Encontro com CLGRC de Chimbue?15:00Encontro com beneficiarios divididos em grupo de 20 mulheres e 20 homens?16:00Regresso a vila Sede de Chemba?17:00Balanco da Visita?17:30Regresso para Caia?4/11/20107:30Encontro com o Exmo Senhor Director Regional Centro do INGC?9:00Fim do encontro, lanche e despedida?10:00Partida para Maputo?O Director RegionalDr. Gabriel Belem Monteiro(Tecnico Superior Agro-Pecuario) ................
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