TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON ... - UNFCCC

FIRST BIENNIAL UPDATE REPORT OF THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA

TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION

ON CLIMATE CHANGE

The National Council for Sustainable Development

The Kingdom of Cambodia

MAY 2020

Published by: The General Secretariat, the National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, the Kingdom of Cambodia ? 2020 the General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, the Kingdom of Cambodia. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the permission of the copyright holder.

Contact Information The General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment Morodok Techo Building (Lot 503), Tonle Bassac, Chamkarmon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Email: maohakccd.se@ |

FOREWORD

Cambodia became a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) with official membership on 17 March 1996 after her ratification in December 1995. The country ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2002, which entered into force in February 2005. Cambodia also signed the Paris Climate Agreement on 22 April 2016 and ratified it on 6 February 2017. This demonstrates Cambodia?s active participation with the global communities to address the adverse impacts of climate change.

The Convention and the Kyoto Protocol?s primary goal is to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system. On this, Cambodia is committed to implementing a comprehensive response to climate change, while considering "common but differentiated responsibilities" aligned with respective country capabilities.

In reference to mitigation actions and targets, Cambodia presented her Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2015 proposing a GHG mitigation contribution for the period 2020?2030, conditional upon the availability of international community support. Based on the NDC, Cambodia is implementing actions in accordance with her sustainable development needs, which include addressing climate change.

Although Cambodia is one of the lowest contributors to the causes of climate change, she remains one of the most vulnerable countries to its impact. Hence, Cambodia takes climate change seriously in her development agenda to ensure a greener, low-carbon and climate-resilient, equitable, sustainable, and knowledge-based society, while contributing to global efforts to addressing climate change. This is reflected in the Rectangular Strategy Phase IV (2018-2023) and the National Strategic Development Plan (2019-2023).

Cambodia is implementing relevant measures: building institutional capacity, formulating and implementing her Climate Change Strategic Plan (2014-2023), and mainstreaming climate change into her planning and budgetary processes. Thus, Cambodia is conducting pioneering efforts to: increase climate change financing, create monitoring and evaluation frameworks, implement strategies that build community resilience and sustainable livelihoods, and promote a low-carbon development path.

In line with the UNFCCC requirements, Cambodia submitted two National Communications, the first in 2002 and the second in 2016. Further, Cambodia voluntarily submitted a national forest reference emissions level to the UNFCCC in 2017. The National Council for Sustainable Development/the Ministry of Environment of the Kingdom of Cambodia is now pleased to present the first Biennial Update Report (BUR) to the UNFCCC and requests for relevant stakeholders to use this as a reference for preparing policies and strategies to address climate change in the country.

The report includes relevant data and information regarding Cambodia?s major sources of GHG emissions and sinks, coupled with necessary mitigation measures already implemented or planned; thus, furthering her contribution to global efforts to reducing GHG emissions. The report is also developed in accordance with the UNFCCC BUR Guidelines. It has been integrated inputs and comments from a series of consultative meetings and workshops both at technical and management level with key line Ministries, Development Partners, Research Institutes and Academia, and relevant stakeholders. We thank all relevant stakeholders for their kind contribution to this report, particularly, the United Nations Environment Programme for the overall support and quality insurance.

Say Samal Minister of Environment Chair of the National Council for Sustainable Development

CONTENTS

FOREWORD ...................................................................................................................................................... II LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................................. IV LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................. V LIST OF ACRONYMS....................................................................................................................................... VIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................... X COUNTRY PROFILE......................................................................................................................................................... X GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY....................................................................................................................... XV MITIGATION ACTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ......................................................................................................................XVIII DOMESTIC MEASUREMENT, REPORTING, AND VERIFICATION............................................................................................... XX SUPPORT NEEDED AND RECEIVED...................................................................................................................................XXII CONSTRAINTS, GAPS AND CAPACITY BUILDING NEEDS .......................................................................................................XXIII INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1: NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES ......................................................................................................... 2 1. CLIMATE CONDITIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 2 2. SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................................................... 3 3. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 16 3.1. NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (NCSD) ............................................................................... 16 3.2. GENERAL SECRETARIAT OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (GSSD) ...................................... 17 3.3. CLIMATE CHANGE TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP ................................................................................................... 18 3.4. NATIONAL GHG INVENTORY TEAM ..................................................................................................................... 18 3.5. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR COMPILING THE GHG INVENTORY ..................................................................... 18 3.6. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE......................................................... 20 3.7. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR FINANCIAL SUPPORT........................................................................................ 25 CHAPTER 2: NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY ................................................................................. 26 1. OVERVIEW OF INVENTORY PREPARATION AND MANAGEMENT ................................................................................ 26 2. GHG EMISSIONS IN 2016.............................................................................................................................. 28 3. DESCRIPTION OF EMISSION TRENDS .................................................................................................................. 32 4. KEY CATEGORIES OF EMISSIONS AND UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT ........................................................................... 36 4.1. KEY CATEGORY ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................................... 36 4.2. UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................................................. 37 5. OVERALL METHODOLOGY FOR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CALCULATION.............................................................. 38 6. ENERGY SECTOR .......................................................................................................................................... 40 6.1. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SECTOR ........................................................................................................................ 40 6.2. METHODOLOGY AND EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY.......................................................................................................... 41 6.3. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE REFERENCE AND SECTORAL METHODS .............................................................................. 44 6.4. ENERGY EMISSIONS TREND .................................................................................................................................... 45

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7. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE SECTOR ............................................................................................ 47 7.1. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SECTOR ........................................................................................................................ 47 7.2. METHODOLOGY AND EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY.......................................................................................................... 48 7.3. IPPU EMISSIONS TRENDS ...................................................................................................................................... 51 8. AFOLU ..................................................................................................................................................... 52 8.1. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SECTOR ........................................................................................................................ 52 8.2. METHODOLOGY AND EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY.......................................................................................................... 53 8.3. AFOLU EMISSIONS TRENDS................................................................................................................................... 65 9. WASTE ...................................................................................................................................................... 66 9.1. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SECTOR ........................................................................................................................ 66 9.2. METHODOLOGY AND EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY.......................................................................................................... 67 9.3. WASTE EMISSIONS TRENDS.................................................................................................................................... 76 10. COMPARISON OF GHG EMISSION/REMOVAL IN 1994 AND 2000 WITH THE RECALCULATED GHG EMISSIONS/REMOVAL .. 78 11. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL OF THE GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY ............................................... 79 CHAPTER 3: MITIGATION ACTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS................................................................................. 80 1. NATIONAL POLICY AND PLANNING FRAMEWORK................................................................................................. 80 1.1. NATIONAL AND SECTORAL STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT PLANS ................................................................................... 81 1.1.1. NATIONAL STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT PLANS ..................................................................................................... 81 1.1.2. SECTORAL STRATEGIC PLANS........................................................................................................................... 81 1.2. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN...................................................................................... 84 1.3. CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGIC PLAN..................................................................................................................... 85 1.4. SECTORAL CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLANS ......................................................................................................... 87 2. MITIGATION ACTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS.......................................................................................................... 89 2.1. NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION UNDER THE PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT .................................................... 89 2.2. MAIN MITIGATION SECTORAL INSTRUMENTS ......................................................................................................... 92 2.2.1. MAIN MITIGATION INSTRUMENT IN THE AFOLU SECTOR ...................................................................................... 92 2.2.2. MAIN MITIGATION INSTRUMENTS IN THE ENERGY, INDUSTRY AND WASTE SECTORS .................................................... 94 2.3. MAIN MITIGATION PROJECTS BY SECTOR............................................................................................................... 98 2.3.1. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND OTHER LAND USES SECTOR ..................................................................................... 98 2.3.2. ENERGY, INDUSTRY AND WASTE SECTORS......................................................................................................... 101 3. MARKET BASED MECHANISMS....................................................................................................................... 105 3.1. CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM) ....................................................................................................... 105 3.2. JOINT CREDITING MECHANISM (JCM) ............................................................................................................... 106 3.3. VOLUNTARY EMISSION REDUCTIONS (VERS)....................................................................................................... 108 CHAPTER 4: DOMESTIC MEASUREMENT, REPORTING, AND VERIFICATION .................................................. 110 CHAPTER 5: NEEDS AND SUPPORT ............................................................................................................... 119 1. SUPPORT RECEIVED .................................................................................................................................... 119 2. CONSTRAINTS AND GAPS ............................................................................................................................. 122

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