Cambridge O Level Biology - Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-61450-5 ? Cambridge O Level Biology Key Stage 4 Revision Guide Ian J. Burton Frontmatter More information

Cambridge O Level

Biology

Revision Guide

Second Edition Ian J. Burton

? in this web service Cambridge University Press



Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-61450-5 ? Cambridge O Level Biology Key Stage 4 Revision Guide Ian J. Burton Frontmatter More information

University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom

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? Cambridge University Press 2000, 2015 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2000 Printed by Multivista Global Ltd, India A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-107-61450-5 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.

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NOTICE TO TEACHERS Teachers and students are reminded of the importance of safe laboratory practice and, while every care has been taken to ensure that all experiments and demonstrations appearing in the text are safe for both teachers and students to carry out, it must remain the responsibility of the teacher to ensure safe laboratory practice at all times and neither CUP nor the author accept responsibility for personal injury sustained while conducting procedures described in the text.

Exam question sections at the end of each chapter include questions from past Cambridge exam papers and other exam-style questions written by the author. Cambridge exam questions are reproduced by permission of Cambridge International Examinations. Answers to all exam questions are written by the author. Cambridge International Examinations bears no responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers which are contained in this publication.

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-61450-5 ? Cambridge O Level Biology Key Stage 4 Revision Guide Ian J. Burton Frontmatter More information

Table of Contents

How to use this book

iv

Revision Guidelines

vi

Acknowledgements

x

Chapter 1 Cell Biology

1

Cell structure and organisation

1

Movement in and out of cells

9

Enzymes

17

Chapter 2 Nutrition

27

Plant nutrition

27

Animal nutrition

39

Chapter 3 Transport

59

Transport in flowering plants

59

Transport in human beings

62

Chapter 4 Life Processes

81

Respiration

81

Excretion

88

Homeostasis

90

Coordination and response

93

Support, movement and locomotion

101

Chapter 5 Drugs, Microorganisms and the Environment

109

The use and abuse of drugs

109

Microorganisms and biotechnology

112

The relationships of organisms with each other

and the environment

117

Chapter 6 Development of Organisms and the Continuity of Life 133

Reproduction

133

Inheritance

153

Answers to Questions

172

Glossary

183

Index

195

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iii



C97a8m-b1-r1id0g7e-6U14nM5iv0ien-re5sri?atylCPnarmuetsbrsriitdiogne OinLaevpellaBnitology Key Stage 4 Revision Guide

Ian J. Burton

Frontmatter e importance of nitrogen-containing ions

More informaLtiivoinng organisms need proteins for growth and repair. Plants have to

manufacture (synthesise) their own proteins and this they do by converting

their carbohydrates rst into amino acids and then linking the amino acids

together to form proteins.

e additional element necessary to convert carbohydrate into amino acid is

nitrogen and although the atmosphere is 79% nitrogen, plants cannot make

direct use of it. e nitrogen used by a plant is absorbed from the soil as the

CHAPTER nitrate ion (NO?3) via the root hairs.

How to use this book

3 Transport e importance of magnesium ions

As with nitrates and all other ions, magnesium ions are also absorbed from

the soCilhthermouigchatlhsearroeotmhoaivrse.dMaargnoeusniudmliisvtihnegcoenrtgraalnaitsommsi.nHaecrhelotrohpehryell moleciuslea. description of the movement of water, ions, sugars and

Introduction ? sets the scene of each chapter, helps with navigation

amino acids within a plant (involving transpiration and

through the book and gives a

trAannsilomcaatlionn)u. Ttrhiitsiios nfollowed by a description of the human

circulatory system and of the constituents of blood.

dered, as well Caasrbtohheydirmatpeso, fratsaanncdeproteins are the three main classes of foods. eir

reminder of what's important about each topic.

living Vhseampriocioarlutstsriunctufrleos awreedresicnrigbedphlearen. ts

gether with the adaptations

noTe

mcrhfiocearmmlsicrTwaagtpdoalnlhecuaaidielscnltfdt,seoefttasir,rsefraiaafecatnrrnhnsirioessesdemecpactneniohdhosdrtCCac(daetsnahtannaabeasssefrssdregrutbytuyrsfbyoeslgar,soebeodorcaotrnfeahcxhecrrotmrdavymoohyycemriheddgm?sett`bslsreryahuoailoafntdfeocesdiostotlreturerearsdr.oogonotsotdmarniafst,oouwlaishentlonotnyrageei.wisii.l'tcnenrteshsithesgcopworceluiiiaarphthnnelscrghrheeigtghacferosmaeilhanptoslcoomteilsfrtfcaaioasooatnaltoyrpvwohlmntlesosleeaattsthfchasyih,cptautaeraseolssilcastnse.2nohilntdssc:etom1It,soaasfoiuwu(intpvsfinatscdecrihspiosohsiaunisefivlrucgenwanritthsdsyhesihuwtytieisdenheaodaitnnalgsetnarlthyoe)smprmir.etugrcrholoaehegi?eouspvnaamtgaehinonrdhndteesssolodytynntaaohn.tcngrcafestAoeoldthcypuolncceatachnmvhasaromdleriorrossgyrbuibiteteinnonohgemonghhdofgen,ayo,rdxehryiaIriicasygnnftetoldetapmyswntennhorohsie)dualeoellm.iubcinghtxnuehbbgyeettielillnn`veafperWokemwry,olohWeXafuatnttaathedtntoieressdprthcYohialnf'ro,retretheihmeeeIspwdmtroroaprvidogidsrhteitandfonefrtoawcrtahterhrdtemoepmsxicpo.l?satnicamlteipaoornrstaaannrdet

e

one

? usually

cell only.

to

bSemcaolnlevrecrtaerdbobhaycdkrtaotestmarochlewcuhleens

aitreresaoclhuebsleth, aensdtooracgceuroargsa: ns.

Xylem. Phloem carries the plant's food substances

Vascular bundl?es cocnotmaipnltehxestuisgsauress, sfourcthraanssmpoarltt?osxeylaenmd fsourccraorsryein(tgabwlaetseurgar)s,uaglalrwaintdhamino acids

nisms.

and ions and phloemthefofrorcmarurylainCg1s2Hug22aOr11(,sourcrose) and amino acids. The movement o?f sugsainrmoapntldee asumgianros,ascuidcshaarsouglnudcaospelaonrtfirsuccatlloesdet,rwanitshlotchaetifoonr.mula

(Phloem carries PCh6Hoo1d2O!).6.

the

plants

mntuoltaicnedlTslutoheluematprs.ooasfnitdiolneFhsaATnpayvohursdeetcotescsrssecteloioeeumc,n(gcpyupoetttalsiioaioennrotmsodpyncm,aloprbaanoi.aiykscdlsmreaxseslyoudalixopefinycmrdtggothaehtateynnhnelieedcyodAnpocahlnrhyorlo.seoeoeumetcsmlitiipicnisoqialnacnltunsritomtihdswaeesrh,vNieamihacstosohhcpwt2oueowcel0asovrnr?etn?aribCtn,aun)tqiFnnhtiudgepluitecrohrsaekeiton3ifose.t1rulsoe.oA.gmofltgeHesea,nfsttoitsnioOcsneaicrsntbitootohnne,remind you about key facts and highlight

ater. All other ules are unxayblelme

note

upper surface

Nutrition 39

y permeapbhlloee.m

DNA stands for 9781107614505_Biology_Ch_2.indd 39

atcetions ofvatshcuelar bundle

e nucleus. wise to collect

xylem

deoxyribonucleic

acid. Fold

a

leaf

(e.g.,

Lanptahlnoeam)

in

half,

so

its

upper

surfapchelocemomes

inxtyolecmoxn* tact with itself, then tear the leaf along its fold. With

22/05/15 7:26 AM

ermenatdtyepeosf otfhe

eysopuobnesgiibnl,esinfocer ebinetst.er than

practice, you should be able to leave a thin, transparent piece

notFiegure 3o.1f lTohewpeorsiteiopniodf exyrlemmiasnad lpohlnoegmoinn aesstiedme, rooofttahndelfeoafld. Carefully remove

t*h(Aismeamnordy aitdr: a`x'nfosr xfyelermimtatroks athedcernotrepofoafcwirclae.)ter on a microscope slide. Plant cells undergGoienngtclyelllower a cover slip onto the specimen, and using low

59

ng which each division do not hapveower on your microscope, identify the guard cells. You may

a vacuole. lls formed are 781107614505_Biology_Ch_3.indd 59

need a higher power to see the chloroplasts within the guard 25/05/15 11:28 AM

cells.

note

Task boxes ? check your own knowledge and see how well you're getting on by answering

ap (and, thus, ly of sugars. It e.

iv

regCinuesllolaulurlobqsleeuciesasratbitooohnuygsdThroaa,ntded.emdooinnsgtraactetivthiteiepsr.esence of stomata, submerge a leaf in a beaker of hot water, and watch as air bubbles form over the

Cambridge O LevesltoBmioalotagyas the air in the intercellular spaces expands and

passes out of the leaf.

1

? in this web seHrviocewCaamblreidagef Uisnivienrsvitoy lPvreessd in the process of photosynthesis

1. Carbon dioxide di uses down a concentration gradient from the



Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-61450-5 ? Cambridge O Level Biology Key Stage 4 Revision Guide Ian J. Burton Frontmatter More information

Aim: Apparatus:

Method:

To show that light is necessary for photosynthesis

? a well-wac(tthheeemrseuicdbasl,tmrdaoteele-ocsurt`lkeaeryc')hed, potted plant (for exampthleep, rPodeulcatrsgonium or Coleus)

? a cork cut into two pieces

? a pin

sunlight for 8 hours

The appaactrivaetus is set up as shown in

Figure 2.s2it.eThe cork is fixed in the evening

pin

so that the leaf has time to destarch over

night.

cork

enzyme (the `lock')

The experiment is left in sunlight for 8

hours. FTighuree 1c.1o7rkTheis`lorcek mandokveey'dhypfortohemsis otfheenzylmeeaaf,ctiown ell-watered

e `lock and key' hypaontdhetshiseesxtpalaricnhs etnezsytmisecaacrtiroinedbeocuautsoen: the leaf.

potted Pelargonium

1.ReOsnulyltthse: correct eWnzhyemree-stuhbestrcaoterkcocmobvinearteiodntchane wleoarkf,. the leaf

2. Increased tempesrtaatuinreedincbrreoaswesnt.hTehreatreesstatofwthhicehletahfe smtaoilneceudles of Figure 2.2 Experiment to show that light is

enzyme and subsbtrlauteem/bolvaec, tkh.us increasing the rate with which substrate

necessary for photosynthesis

molecules enter and product molecules leave the active site of the enzyme.

3.CoEnxtcrelmuseihoenat:cauOsensltyhewathoemrseolfigthhetenhzaydmbe meeonlecaubleletotmo orveeascohvitohleentlleyaf had starch been made; thus, light is that they changenpoesciteiosnsarerlyatfiovertpohonoetoansoytnhtehr e-stihsu.s changing the shape

of the active site so the enzyme stops doing its job.

4. Changes in pH are known to alter the shape of large molecules like proteins.

PraActiWimcha:elnstkhialtlspr?otreeiTnionisfsaonhreconewzyymtoheua,ratnpcdrhaaslcotthirecosahplahkpnye loolfwtihsleenadcegtcieveeassnsitade crshykaifnloglsersw,phitohtcolseyanr tehxepslaisnations and diagrams. Apthpeaernazytmuse:will w?orkalewsseell-wciaentetlry.ed, de-starched, variegated, potted plant (for example, Pelargonium

Note:

rPeominetms btoer A

or Coleus) variegated

plant

has

Points to remember ? at the end of Before starch tesetach chaptAererssotayrcohutecsatn check off the

? ?

Know Know

the the

sdiimeilrlwaeernahitcvieeeersbseaewntwdhcedheiicnlohetirrseoasnpurceehe,syogblrrlegetawenineseanndploarngtaanndsyasnteiwmmhaiatlencd(enllbose.chlorotpohpylilc) s

as

yoburorwenvi(sneo

stthaercmh p. resent)

able to de ne epacrhe.sent, and white

? Be able to de n(eudsiuaulslyio)nwahnderoesmthoseirse. is

? Learn what is menaontcbhy laocrtiovpehtryalnl.sport.

? Be able to write down de nitions of the following terms:

Metphlaosdm:olysis, tuLregaovr,ewattehrepotepnltainalt, pairntial(lcyogpnrteeareimnnienagble membrane. sunlight for 8 hours, chlorophyll)

blue/black (starch present)

after which remove one leaf and carry out the starch test on it.

Figure 2.3 Experiment to show that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis Cell Biology 21

Results: Exam-(sSteyeleFiqguuerest2io.3n.)sTfhoerwyohiutetoarteraystains brown (no starch present); the green area

9781107614505_Biology_Ch_1.indd 211. What isstmaeiannst bby lthueete/rbml`aducakl ci(rscutlaatriconh'? present). A. A blood cell passes through the heart twice in one complete circulation.

22/05/15 6:59 AM

ConclusionB.: BloSoidntrcaevelssttwaicrecrhounhdathse bbodeyebneforme baeidngepuomnpelyd towthheelurnegs.there was chlorophyll, chlorophyll is

Exam-style quCDe..stioeenrnheeeascarree?tstcwsotonahttraoyiypnresofsotouwrfogcphdhaihlmyeobretpenorrstsetinyypptnehasterohhefeevafasroltiv,sera..terixa aanmd vienntaritcileosn. s by completing the exam-style questions and

checking you2.r Faingusrew3.e11rsshwowhs aicsehctaiornethproruoghvtihdeehdearatt(vitehweedbfraomcktheoffrotnht)e. Wbhoicoh kva.lve closes

in order to ensure that blood ows to the lungs?

Nutrition 29

B

C

Cambridge O Level Biology v

9781107614505_Biology_Ch_2.indd 29

A

D

22/05/15 7:01 AM

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