* Note: This information was compiled by Natalie Ledra, a ...
ccTLD FOREIGN REGISTRATION COMPARISON STUDY
Compiled by Natalie Ledra, of The Muscovitch Law Firm / , on August 27, 2010.
|Domain Name Registration Requirements |
|Country |Organization that |Domain Name |Requirements |Foreign Registration |
| |manages domain names |Suffix | | |
|Canada |CIRA |.ca |According to CIRA only the following can register the domain name |Only companies that fulfill the Canadian Presence |
| | | |suffix .ca. |Requirements are qualified for registration. See left panel|
| | | | |for further details on which categories qualify. |
| | | |1. Canadian Citizens | |
| | | |2. Canadian Permanent Residents | |
| | | |Canadian or Provincial Legal Representatives | |
| | | |4. Canadian or Provincial Corporations | |
| | | |5. Canadian or Provincial Partnerships | |
| | | |6. Canadian or Provincial Educational Institutions | |
| | | |7. The Canadian or Provincial Government | |
| | | |8. Canadian or Provincial Trusts | |
| | | |9. Canadian or Provincial Associations | |
| | | |10. Canadian or Provincial Trade Unions | |
| | | |11. Canadian or Provincial Political Parties | |
| | | |12. Canadian or Provincial Libraries, Archives or Museums | |
| | | |13. Canadian or Provincial Hospitals | |
| | | |14. Canadian or Provincial Indian Bands or Aboriginal Peoples | |
| | | |15. Trademarks registered in Canada | |
| | | |16. Canadian or Provincial Official Marks registered in Canada | |
| | | | | |
| | | |For more information on any of the categories listed above please see:| |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
|United States |NEUSTAR |.us |1. A natural person |Foreign corporations, individuals or trademark owners may |
| | | | |register .us if they have a bona fide presence in the |
| | | |(i) Who is a United States citizen, |United States this means that an organization or person may|
| | | |(ii) Who is a permanent resident of the |register a domain name with the suffix .us if they do so in|
| | | |United States of America or any of its possessions or territories, |good faith. |
| | | |or | |
| | | |(iii) Whose primary place of domicile is in the United States of | |
| | | |America or any of its possessions | |
| | | | | |
| | | |2. A United States entity or organization that is | |
| | | | | |
| | | |(i) incorporated within one of the fifty (50) U.S. states, the | |
| | | |District of Columbia, or any of the United States possessions or | |
| | | |territories, or | |
| | | |(ii) organized or otherwise constituted under the laws of a state of | |
| | | |the United States of America, the District of Columbia or any of its | |
| | | |possessions or territories (including a federal, state, or local | |
| | | |government of the United States or a political subdivision thereof, | |
| | | |and non-commercial organizations based in the United States) or | |
| | | | | |
| | | |3. A foreign entity or organization that has a bona fide presence in | |
| | | |the United States of America or any of its possessions or territories,| |
| | | |with bona fide presence meaning | |
| | | | | |
| | | |Regularly performs activities within the United States related to the | |
| | | |purposes for which the entity or organization is constituted (e.g., | |
| | | |selling goods or providing services to customers, conducting regular | |
| | | |training activities, attending conferences), provided such activities | |
| | | |are not conducted solely or primarily to permit it to register for a | |
| | | |usTLD domain name; | |
| | | |Maintains an office or other facility in the United States for a | |
| | | |business, non-commercial, educational, or governmental purpose and not| |
| | | |solely or primarily to permit it to register for a usTLD domain name; | |
| | | |or | |
| | | |Derives a material portion of its revenues or net income from sales to| |
| | | |purchasers located in the United States. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |For more information see: | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
|United Kingdom |NOMINET |.co.uk |Everyone within the European Economic Area is eligible to register a |Anyone within the European Economic Area may register |
| | | |.co.uk domain name. |co.uk. However, corporations and trademark owners around |
| | | | |the world are also eligible to register the domain name |
| | | |For more information see: |provided that they have a VAT number; a VAT number is 15 |
| | | | |digit registration number and is used for tax purposes this|
| | | | |number allows corporations to conduct business in countries|
| | | | |that require registration. |
|Germany |DENIC |.de |In order to register a .de domain name a corporations or trademark |.de may be registered to individuals and corporations |
| | | |holders must have an administrative contact residing in Germany, they |outside of Germany provided they have an administrative |
| | | |must also have a VAT number. |contact residing within Germany and has a postal address to|
| | | | |serve documents. |
| | | |For more information see: |The administrative contact must also be the person formally|
| | | | |authorized by the domain holder to receive service of |
| | | | |official or court documents. |
|France |AFNIC |.fr |As of March 10, 2010 those permitted to register a .fr domain name are|.fr may be registered by corporations outside of France |
| | | |as follows: |provided they have registered office within France and may |
| | | | |be verified on the French electronic database. It also |
| | | |1. Corporate entities with a registered office or branch in France, |states that adults living in France or have French |
| | | |whose details can be verified in such electronic databases as |citizenship may register .fr and that individuals or |
| | | |Infogreffe (and its derivatives), RNCS, the SIRENE directory and |corporations owning a trademark registered with the |
| | | |BODACC. |France’s Institution of Industrial Property or the European|
| | | | |Union or an international trademark stating France, who can|
| | | |2. The State, local authorities and their establishments. |be identified in the electronic database may register .fr |
| | | | |name. |
| | | |3. Trademark Holders who are adult individuals or corporate entities | |
| | | |owning a trademark registered with France's National Institute of |This means that foreign individuals, corporations or |
| | | |Industrial Property (INPI) or a registered EU or international |trademark holders may register .fr provided they have a |
| | | |trademark specifically stating France, whose details can be verified |registered office in France, are registered with the INPI |
| | | |in any electronic trademark database. |or have a trademark that can be verified in France’s |
| | | | |electronic database or have French citizenship. |
| | | |4. Individuals who are natural persons of full legal age living in | |
| | | |France or have French citizenship but reside outside of France. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |For more information see: | |
| | | | | |
|Italy |Registro.it |it |An .it domain name suffix can be registered by citizens that are of |Companies, individuals and trademark owners outside the |
| | | |age, self employed people, organizations, belong to one of 27 members |Italy must have a presence within the European Union and |
| | | |of the European Union. |have a VAT number. |
| | | | | |
| | | |For more information see: |Letter that must be submitted to request a domain name by |
| | | | |those who are not natural persons: |
| | | | |
| | | | |.pdf/at_download/file |
|China |CNNIC |.cn |China’s policy on who is not permitted to register .cn include: |Overseas registration of .cn is not permitted. |
| | | |Those that are against the basic principles prescribed in the | |
| | | |Constitution; | |
| | | | | |
| | | |Those jeopardize national security, leak state secrets, intend to | |
| | | |overturn the government, or disrupt state integrity; | |
| | | | | |
| | | |Those harm national honour and national interests; | |
| | | | | |
| | | |Those instigate hostility or discrimination between different | |
| | | |nationalities, or disrupt the national solidarity; | |
| | | | | |
| | | |Those violate the state religion policies or propagate cult and feudal| |
| | | |superstition; | |
| | | | | |
| | | |Those spread rumours, disturb public order or disrupt social | |
| | | |stability; | |
| | | | | |
| | | |Those spread pornography, obscenity, gambling, violence, homicide, | |
| | | |terror or instigate crimes; | |
| | | | | |
| | | |Those insult, libel against others and infringe other people's legal | |
| | | |rights and interests; or | |
| | | | | |
| | | |Other contents prohibited in laws, rules and administrative | |
| | | |regulations. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |According to the Domain Name Wire: | |
| | | |As of January 1st, 2010, China domestic registrants are no longer | |
| | | |allowed to register a .cn domain via an overseas registrar. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |2. If any registrant’s business license or personal ID are not in | |
| | | |Chinese or English, he/she has to file in a notarized English | |
| | | |translation of these documents for domain name application starting | |
| | | |January 15th, 2010, 9:00 AM (Beijing Time). | |
| | | |For more information see: | |
|Australia |AUDA |.com.au |Those that can register .com.au must be: |The domain name suffix .com.au is a domain name suffix used|
| | | | |for commercial purposes. Foreign corporations and trademark|
| | | |an Australian registered company |owners may register .com.au provided they are involved in |
| | | |trading under a registered business name in an Australian state or |trade with Australia. |
| | | |territory | |
| | | |A foreign company license to trade in Australia | |
| | | |An Australian partnership and sole trader | |
| | | |Be an owner or applicant of the Australian registered trade mark | |
| | | |An association incorporated in any Australian state or territory | |
| | | |An Australian commercial statutory body | |
| | | | | |
| | | |For more information see: | |
| | | | | |
|India |INRegistry |.in |Registration is available to all parties worldwide however the |The domain name suffix .in is available for corporations, |
| | | |registry has the authority to deny or suspend a registration if it |individuals and trademark owners around the world. |
| | | |conflicts with sovereign national interests or public order. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |For more information see: | |
| | | | | |
|European Union |EURid |.eu | Those that can register .eu must be a natural person’s or resident of|The domain name suffix .eu is limited to individuals living|
| | | |the European community, organization’s established within the European|in the European Union and organizations or corporations who|
| | | |community, undertakings that have a registered office, central |have a registered office, central administration or |
| | | |administration, or principle place of business within the European |principal place of business within the European community. |
| | | |Union. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |For more information see: | |
| | | | | |
|Brazil |Registro.br |com.br |Registration of a com.br domain name suffix is permitted to any legal |Foreign individuals, corporations, and trademark holders |
| | | |entities established in Brazil such as individuals or institutions |may register a com.br domain name if they have a |
| | | |that have a contract in Brazil. However individuals, trademark holders|representative in Brazil who has a CPF or CNPJ number, this|
| | | |and corporations located outside of Brazil may also register .com.br |is a number attributed to the Brazil revenue agency for tax|
| | | |if, |purposes, the corporation must also sign a declaration |
| | | | |stating that they will begin business and outline their |
| | | |1. There is a power of attorney appointed in the country of origin of|business activities in Brazil for the following 12 months, |
| | | |the corporation in which power is delegated to the attorney for domain|the corporation must also have a power of attorney with an |
| | | |registration, cancellation and other such duties. |authorized signature that gives the representative the |
| | | | |right to register the domain name suffix .com.br. |
| | | |2. A statement of business of the corporation, which requires the | |
| | | |name, address, telephone number, social object, activities performed, | |
| | | |and the name and title of legal representatives. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |3. A declaration of commitment of the company, clear declarations of a| |
| | | |company’s activities within Brazil in the following 12 months. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |4. A consular legalization of attorney, a declaration of commercial | |
| | | |activity and a declaration of commitment to be held at the consulate | |
| | | |of Brazil in the home country. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |5. A certified translation of the proxy, a declaration of commercial | |
| | | |activity and declaration of commitment. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |6. A copy of the CPNJ or CPF | |
| | | | | |
| | | |7. The office of the attorney setting ID which connects the | |
| | | |corporation. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |For more information see: | |
| | | | | |
|Netherlands |SIDN |.nl |Registration of a .nl is permitted to: |Anyone around the world is permitted to register a .nl |
| | | | |domain name. |
| | | |Anyone, living or based anywhere in the world may apply through a | |
| | | |registrar to SIDN to register a .nl domain name. SIDN may attach | |
| | | |additional conditions to legal and/or natural persons based outside | |
| | | |the European Union. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |For more information see: | |
| | | | |
| | | |20Conditions%20for%20.nl%20Registrants.pdf | |
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