Learning Guide for Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues
A Different Canada
Resource: Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues, Chapter 1
Society and Manners
1. Where did most Canadians live in 1900?
On farms or in small villages.
2. Identify several Victoria era values in Canada.
• Families were expected to attend church.
• Support for Britain and the monarchy.
• Valued honour, virtue, and duty.
• Families were expected to take care of their members.
• Hard work was rewarded. Poverty was the result of laziness.
3. Describe how women were treated in the early 1900s.
• Had few rights over property or their children after marriage.
• Salary belonged to their husband.
• Were not considered persons by the law.
• Mainly found work as servants or in factories.
4. Define the term suffragist.
Women who campaigned for the right to vote.
5. Identify several goals of the suffragists.
• Right to vote.
• To address the social problems of their day.
• To ban alcohol.
Still a British Nation
6. Who was responsible for settling Canada’s disputes with other nations in 1900?
The British government.
7. What was at stake in the Alaska Boundary Dispute?
Control of access to the Yukon gold fields.
8. Why might Britain not have supported Canada’s desire to control the Lynn Canal in Alaska?
Britain did not want a conflict with the US during or after the Boer War.
9. Define the term imperialist.
People who want to take over other lands.
10. Why did many English Canadians support Britain in the Boer War?
They shared Britain’s desire to expand the Empire.
11. Why were French speaking Canadians not enthusiastic supporters of the British Empire?
They saw themselves as Canadian and separate from the British and their Empire.
12. Define the term nationalist.
A person who feels strongly about the interests of their country.
13. Why did Henri Bourassa resign from Wilfred Laurier’s government?
He opposed Laurier’s decision to send volunteers to South Africa to assist the British.
14. What Manitoba issue caused disagreements between French and English speaking groups in Canada?
The Manitoba provincial government took away the right to French language instruction in Catholic schools.
Canada’s Changing Population
15. What did Wilfred Laurier do to help Canada prosper after he became Prime Minister in 1896?
Recruited settlers for the prairies.
16. What did the federal government offer immigrants who settled on Canada’s prairies?
160 acres for $10.00.
17. What did they have to do in return?
Build a house and start cultivation within three years.
18. Define the term ethnocentric.
Belief that one’s own group or race is superior to others.
19. Why did some French speaking Canadians fear the arrival of immigrants?
They would reduce the percentage of Canadian who spoke French.
20. Why were some eastern European immigrants ridiculed?
They dressed differently and had different customs.
21. Under what circumstances were Asian immigrants tolerated?
As long as they did work that others did not want.
22. Why did many “white” Canadians oppose Asian immigration?
Feared they would compete for jobs by working for less.
23. Why did the federal government place a head tax on Chinese immigrants?
To limit immigration.
24. What was the Komagata Maru incident of 1914?
Sikhs from India (citizens of the British Empire) tried to enter Canada and were sent back.
25. Explain why today’s government should or should not apologize to the descendents of Asian immigrants for Canada’s past treatment of these people.
Varied – opinion.
26. What are reserves?
Land set aside for Aboriginal people.
27. Why were Aboriginal peoples on the prairies forced to live on reserves?
To make land available for settlers; to avoid conflicts similar to those in the American west; to help assimilate Aboriginal peoples.
28. How were Aboriginal people expected to support themselves on the reserves?
By farming.
29. Why was the Aboriginal population declining in the early 1900s?
Disease; poor diet; inadequate housing.
30. What were residential schools?
Boarding schools for Aboriginal children.
31. What problems did Aboriginal children face in these schools?
Overcrowding and unsanitary conditions.
32. Based on what you may have read in the media or seen on TV, what other impacts did residential schools have on Aboriginal children and their culture?
Separation from their family and culture; abuse in many forms.
33. Define assimilation.
To draw a group (e.g. Aboriginal people) into mainstream Canadian life and extinguish their own cultural traditions.
34. Suggest why Aboriginal people often resisted assimilation.
Valued their own way of life and traditions.
Urbanization
35. List the luxuries that wealthy city dwellers often enjoyed in this era.
• Servant.
• Houses lit by electricity.
• Central hot water heat.
• Running water.
36. List characteristics of the living conditions of working class people in cities around 1910.
• Lived in shacks or crowded tenements.
• No running water or sewer.
• Pollution from nearby factories.
• Disease was common.
Canada and World War I
Resource: Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues, Chapter 2
The Beginning of World War I
1. Put the following events in the correct order.
2 assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie
4 invasion of Belgium
1 creation of the Triple Alliance
5 Britain declares war on Germany
3 Russia mobilizes its troops
2. Which countries formed the Triple Alliance?
• Germany
• Austro-Hungary
• Italy
3. Which countries formed the Triple Entente?
• France
• Russia
• Great Britain
4. Define nationalism.
A strong attachment to one’s country.
5. Define militarism.
A nation’s policy of building and maintaining powerful armed forces.
6. What is meant by the term balance of power?
Where alliances try to maintain the same level of armed forces as its opponents.
7. List three causes or factors that contributed to the outbreak of World War I.
• Nationalism in Europe.
• Competition for colonies in Africa and Asia.
• The assignation of Arch-Duke Ferdinand.
8. Who were the Allies in World War I?
France, the British Empire, Russia, Italy and eventually the US.
Canada’s Response to the War
9. Look at the two posters on p. 25. What do they tell you about the attitude of people in Canada toward participation in the war?
Varied.
10. What attitudes in Canada in 1914 led to the exclusion of women and other groups from participation in the war?
Too frail and emotional; needed at home to care for children and to support the men.
11. Read the quotation in the second column on p. 26. How does it show a growing Canadian identity among the troops.
Varied.
12. Why did the government need the power of the War Measure Act to fight World War I?
Varied – granted extraordinary powers for the government to fight the war.
13. Name the civil Liberties that were threatened by the War Measures Act.
• Mail could be censored.
• Allowed arrest without trail – suspended habeas corpus.
• Set up interment camps.
14. Define habeas corpus?
The right to appear before a judge when arrested.
15. What were internment camps?
Detention centers for anyone the government saw as a threat.
The War on Land
16. What was the Schlieffen Plan?
German plan to conquer France by attacking through Belgium prior to attacking Russia.
17. Why did the Schlieffen Plan’s failure result in a stalemate on the Western Front?
Trench warfare, new means of warfare made it hard for any side to advance
18. Describe three new inventions used in World War I.
Varied descriptions of things such as: dirigibles; airplanes; machine guns; submarines; tanks; poison gas.
19. Describe life in the trenches.
Varied.
The Canadian Expeditionary Force in Battle
20. What was “new” about the Battle of Ypres?
Gas was used by the Germans.
21. What strategy did the British General Douglas Haig use at the Battle of the Somme?
Repeated waves of frontal assaults.
22. What was unique about Vimy Ridge compared to many earlier battles?
Better training and planning; underground tunnels to transport troops; the Canadians took the objective where others had failed.
23. Why was the Allied victory at Passchendaale so expensive for Canada?
A quagmire in which many drowned plus high casualties.
24. What role did women have in Canada’s war in France?
Nurses and ambulance drivers.
The War in the Air
25. What was the average life expectancy of a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps during the First World War?
Three weeks when dog-fighting peaked in 1917.
26. How many pilots and aircrew died in WWI? 50,000
27. Why is Billy Bishop remembered?
He shot down 72 German aircraft.
The War at Sea
28. What was the role of the submarine during WWI?
To destroy Allied shipping.
29. How did the Allies counter the effectiveness of German U-boats?
Used convoys escorted by warships and underwater listening devices.
30. What role did Canada’s navy and merchant marine have during WWI?
Escorted convoys; Halifax was a major refitting base and departure point.
The War at Home
31. Describe the impact of WWI on Canada’s economy.
• Increased manufacturing and resource production.
• Built up a demand for higher pay after the war.
32. List three ways Canada’s government paid for the war.
• Bonds.
• Taxes – introduced an income tax of 3-4%.
• Borrowed from other countries – especially the US.
33. List three ways Canadian women contributed to war.
• Volunteers in organizations such as the Red Cross.
• Worked in factories etc. when men were unavailable.
• Worked as nurses and ambulance drivers in France.
34. What is propaganda?
Information present ed such a way as to promote an organization’s cause.
35. What were the purposes of the poster on p. 38?
Varied.
36. How was propaganda used to portray Germans?
Varied – generally portrayed as evil barbarians.
37. How did this affect the German residents of Berlin, Ontario?
Residents changed its name to Kitchener.
38. Describe the Halifax disaster.
Two ships collided and 2500T of dynamite aboard one exploded; 2000-3000 people killed; 10,000 injured; much of harbour and city destroyed.
The Conscription Crisis
39. What was conscription?
Mandatory service in the armed forces.
40. Why did Prime Minister Borden believe conscription was necessary?
PM Lloyd George of Britain convinced him that more troops were needed in France.
41. Why were many Canadians opposed to conscription?
• The French feared they would be spread throughout English-speaking units.
• French-Canadians had no particular loyalties to France or Britain.
• Farmers needed workers.
• Industry needed workers.
42. Why might Henri Bourassa have claimed that conscription was not good for Canada?
Felt it would divide the nation; war was already expensive and the cost of conscription would bankrupt the nation.
43. Why do you think Robert Borden did not allow conscientious objectors to vote in the 1917 election?
Wanted support for the war and feared conscientious objectors would oppose the government.
44. Why do you think Borden gave only women with husbands or children in the war the right to vote in the 1917 election?
He thought they were more likely to support his government than women whose men might be subject to conscription in the future.
45. How did people in Quebec react to conscription and Borden’s victory in the 1917 election?
Continued protests and riots.
The Central Powers Collapse
46. What two events occurred in 1917 – and what effect did they have on the course of the War?
• Czar abdicates, communist revolution and Russia quits the war freeing German troops for use on the Western Front.
• The US enters the war bringing its material and manpower resources.
47. What was the effect of Germany’s successful 1918 offensive on its ability to wage the war?
It used up scarce resources and the Germans were not able to resist Allied counter-offensives.
48. Where did Canadian troops win battles in the last 100 days of the war?
Arras, Cambrai, Valenciennes.
49. What was the significance of Canada having a formal place at the Paris Peace Conference and in signing the Treaty of Versailles?
It asserted Canada’s independence and recognized its material contributions and the successes of its troops.
50. List four terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
• German had to accept responsibility for the war.
• German had to pay reparations of $30,000,000,000 to the victors.
• Germany was partitioned.
• The size of Germany’s armed forces was limited.
51. What is meant by the term collective security?
Members of a group pledge military support and cooperation to resist aggression.
52. What was the purpose of the League of Nations?
To ensure the security of its members.
53. Which countries supported the League and which didn’t?
Small powers tended to support it, large powers didn’t.
54. Explain why the League was viewed differently by countries?
Small powers saw the League as protection from stronger imperialist powers; the Great Powers saw it as a limit on their imperial ambitions in Asia and Africa.
55. Describe how the Spanish Flu spread and what its impact was in Canada and the world.
Soldiers brought it home; 22,000,000 died worldwide; 50,000 died in Canada; some communities required people to wear protective masks.
Canada and the Twenties
Resource: Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues, Chapter 3
Introduction
1. Describe two competing views of life in Canada that existed in the 1920s.
• Life was prosperous for some.
• Life was filled with discrimination, poverty, lack of political influence for others.
An Uneasy Adjustment
2. What did soldiers returning to Canada after World War I face?
No pensions; no special medical services; few jobs.
3. What rewards did workers who had taken wage reductions during the war face afterwards?
Cost of goods soared and wages did not cover living expenses.
4. Why were there so many strikes in years after WWI?
Workers wanted higher wages, better working conditions and the right to join unions.
5. What political ideas may have influenced union leaders in western Canada in this period?
Socialism or communism.
6. What was the OBU?
The Western Labour Conference (March 19191) founded the One Big Union to get more control of industry and government through peaceful means.
7. Define collective bargaining.
Negotiations between a union and an employer about conditions of employment.
8. What did Winnipeg’s metal and building workers demand when they went on strike in 1919?
• Shorter work week.
• Higher wages.
• Right to collective bargaining.
9. Describe the effects of this strike on Winnipeg.
Varied – 30,000 on strike; city paralyzed.
10. How did the Citizens Committee of One Thousand see the strike?
A communist conspiracy to overthrow the government.
11. What was the federal government’s response?
Deported strike leaders; RNWMP and Winnipeg’s special constables attacked a strikers’ parade; would charge some leaders with treason.
12. Describe the events of Bloody Sunday.
Police on horseback charged a strikers’ parade with pistols and clubs killing 1, injuring 20, and arresting scores.
13. Describe what happened to the strikers after it was all over.
• Seven leaders convicted of conspiracy to overthrow the government receiving sentences from 2 months to 2 years.
• Many strikers were not rehired or hired only on promise not to join a union.
• Distrust between workers and business leaders grew deeper.
14. Which side do you think was right? Explain.
Opinion.
15. Who was J.S. Woodsworth?
Minister; arrested during the strike; helped strikers and their families; would eventually help found the CCF party.
New Challenges to Federalism
16. Define the term regionalism.
To be more concerned with the affairs of one’s region than the affairs of the larger country.
17. What issues faced the Maritimes in the Twenties?
• Population was shrinking – representation in Parliament was declining.
• Businesses and banks were moving to Ontario and Quebec.
• Products such as coal were declining in importance.
18. What two issues concerned farmers?
• Tariffs protecting eastern manufacturers made the cost of equipment expensive.
• Freight rates and wheat storage costs were high.
19. Why were political parties such as the United Farmers Parties and The Progressive Party formed in this period?
To support farmers’ demands for free trade and public ownership of the railways.
20. What successes did they experience?
United Farmers were successful in some provinces; Progressives had some success at the federal level and had a bit of influence on the Liberal government.
21. Who was Arthur Meighen?
Replaced Borden as leader of the Conservatives and was a Prime Minister.
22. What approach to politics did he take?
Believed in adhering to his principles rather than compromising to stay in power.
23. Who was William Lyon Mackenzie King?
Leader of the Liberals after 1919; would go on to be a long-serving Prime Minister.
24. What approach to politics did he take?
Conciliatory; sought the middle path to offend the fewest people.
25. List the results of the 1921 election.
• Conservatives: 50 seats
• Independent Labour Party: 2 seats
• Independent Liberals: 1 seat
• Labour-Liberals: 1 seat
• Liberals: 117 seats
• Progressives: 64 seats
26. Who formed the government?
Liberals lead by WLM King.
27. What is a minority government?
Where the party forming the government has less than 50% of the seats in Parliament.
28. Which party’s support did the Liberals need in order to continue to form the government?
Progressives.
29. What influences on government policy did this party have?
Persuaded the Liberals to introduce an old age pension.
Canada’s Growing Independence
30. How did Prime Minister King assert Canada’s independence from Britain in international affairs?
• 1922: refused to support Britain’s plan to invade Turkey.
• 1923: insisted Canada sign international treaties without Britain’s “co-signature”.
• 1926: challenged Britain’s role in Canadian politics in the “King-Byng” affair.
31. King’s Liberals formed another minority government in 1925. When the Conservatives called for a motion of censure King asked Governor General Lord Byng to call an election. Byng refused because he felt the motion of censure should be voted on first. What election issue did King create out of this refusal?
That it was undemocratic for a Governor General appointed by Britain to refuse an elected Prime Minister request for an election.
32. Who do you agree with? King or Byng? Explain.
Varied.
33. Who were the four dominions?
New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and Canada.
34. Define autonomy.
The power to make one’s own decisions.
35. What did they demand of Britain at the 1926 Imperial Conference?
Formal recognition of their autonomy and freedom to govern themselves.
36. What was the Statute of Westminster?
An act of the British Parliament which changed the Empire to a Commonwealth where the Dominions were equal to Britain.
37. How was the British Commonwealth different from the British Empire?
Varied.
38. Define the term amending formula.
The procedure for changing the BNA Act or Canada’s constitution.
39. What two restrictions remained on Canada’s independence?
• Canada’s constitution (the BNA Act) had to be changed by Britain at Canada’s request.
• Canada’s highest judicial court was in Britain.
40. Why did this limitations exist for Canada and not the other dominions?
The provincial and the federal governments could not agree on a way to change the constitution.
The Economy Improves
41. What country became Canada’s main economic partner after WWI? Why?
US; Britain, Canada’s former main trading partner was in debt due to WWI and the US had more surplus money to invest and buy Canadian goods.
42. How was American investment in Canada different from Britain’s had been?
Britain had lent money to Canadian companies while the US bought them.
43. What is meant by the term branch plant?
Factories in Canada owned and operated by larger companies often based in the US.
44. What is meant by the term primary industry?
Industries that extract (mines) or collect (forestry) raw materials.
45. What is meant by the term secondary industry?
Manufacturing and construction industries.
46. Explain how the American economy benefited more than Canada’s from all the US investment.
Canada gained jobs in the primary sector but the US gained more in the processing and manufacturing sectors using resources from Canada.
47. Why was Canada able to export great quantities of alcohol to the US up to 1933?
US had prohibition.
48. Compare this export trade to one that exists in our day.
Varied.
49. How did Canadians go about deciding to once again allow the sale of alcohol?
Each province made the decision for themselves – through plebiscites.
50. Why did more and more people move to Canada’s cities during the Twenties?
Increased employment in the manufacturing sector (combined with increased mechanization on farms) attracted them.
51. What is meant by urbanization?
The changing from an area from rural to urban.
52. Why did the city centre become an undesirable place to live?
Industry concentrated there increased pollution causing the area to become one of cheap and often undesirable housing.
53. What made it possible for affluent families to move out of the city centre?
Automobiles.
The Role of Women
54. What prospects did women have in the society of the Twenties?
Wives and mothers; teaching, nursing, secretarial and clerical jobs; few women in law or engineering.
55. What issue was at the centre of The Persons Case?
Emily Murphy’s appointment as a magistrate was questioned as she was not a “person” under the BNA Act.
A New Prosperity
56. Identify several features of the prosperity of the Roaring Twenties.
• People could afford radios, cars, …
• Movies were popular.
• Fads spread from US to Canada; US fashions were popular
• US tourists discovered Canada.
• Jobs increased.
57. Describe the changes brought about by the introduction of inexpensive automobiles such as Henry Ford’s Model T.
Increase miles of paved roads; BC changed to driving on the right; drive-in restaurants; easy commute to the city from the suburbs.
58. Describe the impact of the airplane on Canada’s remote frontiers.
Mineral exploration made easier; used to deliver supplies; helped in police searches (e.g. the hunt for the Rat River trapper).
59. Why did the invention of the radio have such a powerful impact on Canadians, especially those in rural areas?
Broke down the isolation of rural communities; allowed US cultural invasion through programs and powerful US transmitters.
60. How did movies, especially those from the US, impact Canadian culture?
Highly polished US productions overwhelmed homegrown productions; shows US culture as a model for Canadians.
61. How did the Group of Seven impact how Canadians saw themselves and their country?
Their style portrayed Canada in a new and distinct manner quite different from traditional European influence forms.
62. What was the focus of Emily Carr’s art?
West coast forests and Aboriginal life.
63. List several prominent Canadian athletes of the Twenties and give their accomplishments.
• Percy Williams: won 2 Olympic gold medals in sprinting.
• Ethel Catherwood: won an Olympic gold medal in high-jumping.
• Charles Gorman: set 7 world speed skating records.
• John Myles: set a record for the Boston Marathon in 1926.
• Lionel Conacher: star in wrestling, baseball, lacrosse, football and the NHL.
• Bobby Rosenfell: won gold and silver medals in the 1928 Olympics.
• Various Canadian hockey teams were very successful.
Missing the Roar
64. What discriminations did Aboriginal peoples continue to experience after WWI?
Were not persons; could not vote; reserves were poor; discriminated in with respect to employment; residential schools tried to undermine their culture.
65. What are potlatches?
West coast ceremonies to celebrate special events and to establish status by distributing wealth.
66. Why did the federal government ban them?
They were seen as obstacles to assimilation.
67. Do you agree with this? Explain.
Opinion.
68. Define the term Aboriginal Title.
Claims by Aboriginal peoples to land occupied by their ancestors.
69. What were the cut-off lands?
Lands taken away from reserves without the permission of the people of the reserve.
70. BC’s native leaders objected to the loss of their ancestral lands during this period. Describe their actions to assert their claims.
Varied – court challenges.
71. What were the views of the federal and provincial governments on this matter?
The government claimed that the expense of running the Department of Indian Affairs justified the cut-offs; rewrote the laws to permit.
72. How were blacks treated by Canadian society in the Twenties?
Separate schools in Nova Scotia; open discrimination elsewhere.
73. Suggest reasons why the government favored immigrants from Britain and the US?
Varied.
74. Suggest reasons why the government restricted immigrants from Russia and Eastern Europe in this period.
The government feared they were socialist revolutionaries.
75. Suggest reasons why farmers, railway owners and other businessmen welcomed immigrants.
Could pay them low wages to do work others did not want.
76. Why do you think labour groups opposed immigration in this period?
Feared they were willing to work longer hours for lower wages and would take work from those already in Canada.
77. Why do you think there were most severe restrictions placed on immigration from Asia?
Opinion.
78. What conditions were faced by immigrants when they did get to Canada?
Often ended up in company towns or in urban slums working for low wages in poor conditions.
The Stock Market Crash
79. What is the significance of Tuesday, October 29, 1929?
US stock market crashed.
80. Why do you think this happened?
Varied – over production; inflated stock prices; loss of confidence.
81. Define the term depression.
When economic activity slows and unemployment rises.
82. How could such an event affect ordinary people?
Varied.
The Thirties: A Decade of Despair
Resource: Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues, Chapter 4
Introduction
1. What was life on the prairies in 1935 and 1936 like according to James Gray?
Cold winter; not much food; heat – like a furnace, wind and dust in the summer.
Falling Off the Economic Edge
2. What are stocks?
Shares in a company.
3. What is buying on margin?
Buying shares with only a small down payment; when the loan comes due one hopes to sell the shares at a higher price, pay off the loan and make a profit.
4. Why did people buy stocks on the margin in the 1920s?
Loans were easy to get; people wanted to get rich quickly.
5. Why did the values of stocks start to fall in 1929?
Shares were over-valued; companies had over-produced; some investors sold stocks to get out of the stock market and to take their profits; other investors panicked when share prices started to fall.
6. What were some of the effects of the stock market crash?
Investors went bankrupt; banks who had loaned too much money using stocks as security went broke; social hardship and unemployment.
7. Define the term depression.
A severe downturn in the level of economic activity.
Leading Up to the Depression
8. What was the impact of falling wheat prices in 1927 and 1928?
Farm income dropped; farmers unable to meet their loan and mortgage payment – many lost farms.
9. Identify three effects of over production in manufacturing industries.
Manufactures stockpiled their products, cut back on production, laid-off staff; unemployed workers could not purchase goods.
10. Why did countries like the United States impose tariffs?
To protect domestic markets for their own manufacturers.
11. What was the effect of such protectionism on world trade?
It slowed.
12. How did World War I contribute to the depression?
Germany’s economy was devastated by its huge reparation payments; Britain and France had borrowed heavily from the US to finance the war found it difficult to repay the US..
13. How did Canada’s dependency on the export of wheat and newsprint make it particularly vulnerable to the changes in world markets as the depression struck?
When foreign markets were closed to Canadian exports, Canadians were laid off and unable to purchase manufactured goods – which caused even more lay offs.
14. How did Canada’s close economic ties to the US affect its economy?
When the US economy crashed, Canada lost the main market for its goods.
Desperate Years
15. How many Canadians were unemployed in 1929? (See p. 75) 4.2%
16. What was pogey?
Government relief payments given to those who had no alternative source of income.
17. How did you qualify for it?
Wait in line for hours; declare financial failure; swear you had nothing of value; prove you were about to be evicted from your home.
18. How did the hungry and homeless exist in these years?
Relief, food vouchers, soup kitchens, private charity.
19. Are today’s street people the same as the homeless in the 1930s? Explain.
Opinion.
20. How many Canadians were unemployed in 1933? 25%
21. What did many unemployed men do to find work?
Hop freight trains to seek work “elsewhere” staying in shanty towns by the railways.
22. Describe the drought that hit the prairies between 1928 and 1936.
So dry the top soil blew away and drifted like snow, burying building, stalling trains and clogging car radiators.
23. How did the depression affect:
• domestic workers (women): few jobs for only a few dollars a week; blamed for the depression by some because they work.
• aboriginal peoples: relief paid them only $5.00 per month.
• Chinese people in Vancouver: many were starving.
• immigrants: viewed with hostility when looking for jobs; 10,000 deported; immigration halted in 1931.
24. How were Jewish people treated by many Canadians at this time?
Many professions were closed to them; some employers posted signs forbidding them to apply; many clubs and organizations banned them.
Responding to the Depression
25. Who did Prime Minister King believe should provide aid to people suffering from the Depression?
Municipal and provincial governments.
26. Why were many municipalities unable to provide relief?
They were bankrupt.
27. What was the result of King’s comment that he wouldn’t provide financial support to Conservative provincial governments?
It became an election issue – he lost.
28. What approach did the new Conservative Prime Minister R.B. Bennett take to fight the Depression?
Gave the provinces $20,000,000 for work creation; raised tariffs by 50%; banned the Communist Party fearing the unemployed would join it (and rebel); created work camps for unemployed males.
29. What were work camps?
Camps in remote areas to isolate unemployed males; provided a base for workers on roads, land clearing and other projects.
30. What were conditions like in them?
Paid 20¢ per day plus room and board; lived in bug-infested bunk houses with tar paper walls and blankets but no sheets; bad food; no recreation facilities.
31. Why was the On-to-Ottawa Trek organized?
To protest camp conditions.
32. What did it hope to accomplish?
To take complaints about the camps to Ottawa – plus …
33. How did the trekkers try to get to Ottawa?
Road the freight trains picking up more supporters along the way.
34. What happened when their leaders met with Prime Minister Bennett?
Bennett called the leaders radicals and troublemakers and even criminals and thieves; leaders of the Trek called him unfit to govern Canada.
35. What happened to the trekkers in Regina?
A riot started when the RCMP tried to drive the trekkers out of a local stadium; one killed, many injured and 130 arrested.
36. Describe the reasons for and the events of the 1937 Vancouver sit-in.
Many men were left destitute when the camps were closed and relief payments reduced; riots started when the police tried to evict protesters from the Post Office.
Politics of Protest
37. Why was the CCF party formed in 1932?
Many were dissatisfied with how the government dealt with the depression. It endorsed government ownership of key industries; social programs to assist people in need, the elderly, the unemployed; homeless, sick, … The CCF also endorsed public works to employ people.
38. What did Bible Bill Aberhart’s Social Credit Party propose to do to end the Depression?
To provide a social dividend of $25.00 per month to each citizen to get money into circulation instead of it sitting in banks.
39. Mitch Hepburn of the Ontario Liberals came to power championing the man in the street. What did he really do with respect to Ontario’s economy?
He did little to help the unemployed; he helped suppress strikes.
40. Who did Quebec’s Union Nationale leader Maurice Duplessis blame for the Depression?
The English minority that controlled Quebec’s economy.
41. What steps did BC’s Premier Dufferin Pattullo do to counter the Depression?
• Shorten the work day.
• Increase the minimum wage.
• Increase relief payments by 20%.
• Built a bridge across the Fraser River.
• Built a new City Hall for Vancouver.
42. What was the federal government’s response to some of his initiatives?
Opposed his programs if they infringed on the federal domain.
A Change in Government
43. The Rowell-Sirois Commission examined the problems of federal-provincial relations in 1937. It found that disputes over which government had the right to tax was a major issue. What did it recommend?
• That the federal government get more control of taxation.
• Give poorer provinces equalization payments.
44. What were equalization payments?
A means of transferring wealth from the richer provinces to the poorer so that all citizens would share the same standard of living.
45. How did the richer provinces feel about these recommendations?
They objected to giving up their revenue and the loss of provincial powers.
46. Why were the Commission’s recommendations not acted upon?
The economy was starting to improve and people were becoming more optimistic; World War II put such issues on the back burner.
Distractions from Despair
47. Why were movies, magazines and radio popular during the depression?
They provided escape from harsh conditions.
48. Comment on how the Dionne Quintuplets were treated.
Varied – put on display by the provincial government in a special hospital.
49. What accomplishments did Grey Owl make?
Writer, public speaker, conservationist; hob-nobbed with royalty, prime ministers and public figures.
50. Who was he really?
Archie Belaney – an Englishman.
The Rise of Dictatorships
51. Identify three totalitarian dictators who came to power in the 1920s and 30s.
• Josef Stalin
• Benito Mussolini
• Adolph Hitler
Germany After the War
52. Why did the German people elect Adolph Hitler Chancellor in 1933?
He was critical of the Treaty of Versailles treatment of Germany; he claimed he had solutions to the depression.
53. List four things Hitler did to counter the effects of the Depression.
• Stopped all reparation payments.
• Started a massive expansion of the armed forces.
• Rebuilt agriculture though subsidies to farmers.
• Lots of public works projects (e.g. the autobahn).
54. How did Hitler and the Nazis deal with political opponents?
Didn’t allow it – persecuted them.
55. How did Hitler see the German people?
As a “master race” of Aryans.
56. How did Hitler and the Nazis treat non-Aryan people?
Persecuted by prohibiting them from teaching, attending schools, holding government office, working in professions, writing books; mobs were encouraged to assault them, destroy their homes and businesses; eventually sent to concentration camps.
57. How did Hitler and the Nazis treat people with handicaps?
Despised them as they undermined the idea of the “master race”; eventually “liquidated” them.
58. How did Hitler and the Nazis treat people such as communists or homosexuals?
Arrested and jailed; sent to concentration camps.
59. What was Kristallnacht?
November 9, 1938 – Jewish businesses were attacked.
60. What was the holocaust?
Refers to the destruction of over 6 million Jewish people and others by the NAZIs.
On the Road to War
61. What was the League of Nations?
An international organization established to maintain peace after World War I.
62. How did it fail China?
It condemned Japan’s invasion – but did nothing.
63. How did the League fail Ethiopia?
It imposed economic sanctions on Italy. Ineffective because oil was not covered by the sanctions.
64. Why was Hitler able to take back the Rhineland in 1936 despite the fact that the Treaty of Versailles declared it to be demilitarized?
He gambled that neither the League of Nations nor France would do anything.
65. What stand did Hitler and Mussolini take in the Spanish Civil War?
They supported the rebel forces of Franco.
66. What was the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion?
1200 volunteers from Canada who fought on the side of the socialist Spanish government in the Spanish Civil War.
67. Give three examples of how countries like France and Britain appeased Hitler?
• They did nothing when Hitler took the Rhineland.
• They let Hitler take Austria in 1938.
• They allowed Hitler to occupy the German speaking Sudetenland parts of Czechoslovakia in September 1938 and when he took the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939.
68. How did Hitler ensure that Russia would not feel threatened by a German invasion of Poland?
He signed a non-aggression pact which also agreed to partition Poland.
69. What happened when Hitler invaded Poland on September 3, 1939?
Britain and France declared war.
Canada’s Response to Growing Tensions
70. What were isolationists in the 1930s?
People who felt their country should not get involved in the affairs of others.
71. Why did Canadians not want to get involved in affairs outside of Canada during the 1920s and 1930s?
Some thought the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh; some were pacifists who did not want to see thousands of Canadians killed in another war; some felt Canada was not threatened.
72. How did Prime Minister King see Hitler when they met in 1937?
He saw him as a kindly and affectionate person who loves his fellow man; that he had no warlike intentions.
73. Why did King not want to get involved with Jewish refugees in 1938?
He seemed to see them as a potential cause of internal discord.
74. Do you believe this? Explain.
Opinion.
75. What was Canada’s Secretary of State’s opinion about Jewish refugees being allowed to enter Canada?
That as long as Canada has unemployed, no Jewish or political refugees would be allowed.
76. What was the position of Immigration Director Fred Blair on Jewish immigration?
“None was too many.”
77. What happened to the 900 Jewish refugees aboard the ocean liner St. Louis who were forced to return to Europe?
They were forced to return to Europe and many would die in concentration camps during World War II.
78. What do you think Canada’s government should have done for Jewish refugees in this period?
Opinion.
You might want to watch the movies: The Pianist; The Boys in the Striped Pajamas; Schindler’s List.
Canada and World War II
Resource: Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues, Chapter 5
Canada Declares War
1. What was the Munich Agreement of 1938?
Britain and France agreed to Hitler taking over part of Czechoslovakia on the promise that he would cease aggression.
2. What happened in March of 1939?
Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia.
3. Why did King George IV and Queen Elizabeth visit Canada in May 1939?
To rally support for Britain.
4. Why did Prime Minister King not want a war?
Canada had too many scars from WWI; conscription was disruptive; the economy had improved and he didn’t want the expense of a war.
5. What happened on September 1, 1939?
Germany invaded Poland.
6. What did Prime Minister King recommend to Parliament on September 8, 1939?
That Canada declare war on Germany.
7. What qualification did the Justice Minister put on his and Quebec’s support for the declaration of war?
He supported the war but opposed conscription.
8. What did PM King promise Quebec and Parliament?
No conscription.
9. What happened on September 10, 1939?
Canada declared war.
10. What was the condition of Canada’s armed forces in September 1939?
Army had 4500 soldiers, 16 tanks, a few dozen anti-tank guns and no artillery.
11. How many volunteered for service in September alone? 58,330
12. Who was Tommy Prince?
An Aboriginal Canadian; was allowed to enlist at the start of the war; would become Canada’s most decorated soldier by war’s end.
13. What was the government’s response to black volunteers?
Initially rejected; later accepted as manpower needs rose.
14. What pay could a private (the lowest ranked soldier) expect?
$1.30 per day plus $60.00 per month for a dependent spouse and $30.00 per month for each child.
15. What was the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan?
Canada agreed to train air and ground crew; trained 130,000 by war’s end; cost $2.2 billion with Canada paying 70%.
16. Why was PM King glad to have Canada fill this need?
Because it kept Canada’s contributions within Canada.
17. Who was C.D. Howe?
Minister for the Department of Munitions and Supplies.
18. What powers did he have?
Had total control over what companies could produce and responsibility planning and controlling the economy.
19. What was total war?
Total management of the economy and work force and capital dedicated to winning the war.
20. Why was it necessary?
Opinion.
The War in Europe
21. What countries were known as the Allies?
Britain and the Commonwealth, France and eventually Russia, China and the USA.
22. What countries were known as the Axis?
Germany, Italy and eventually Japan.
23. What was the phony war?
The seven months between September 1939 and April 1940 when both sides were gearing up to fight.
24. What was the blitzkrieg?
The German tactic of attack with mechanized troops (tanks, mobile artillery, and troops in trucks) supported by aircraft and characterized by rapid advances.
25. Where did the Germans launch their first attacks in April 1940?
Denmark and Norway.
26. Where was their next attack (in May 1940)?
Netherlands followed by Belgium and France.
27. How was this attack similar to German strategies in WWI?
Resembled the Schlieffen Plan.
28. Describe the evacuation of Allied troops at Dunkirk.
Varied.
29. What happened on June 22nd?
France surrendered.
30. What was Operation Sea Lion?
The German plan to invade Britain.
31. What targets did the Germans attack in preparation for invading England?
Harbours and shipping facilities in southern England.
32. What defenses did the British have?
Radar, Spitfire and Hurricane fight plans, the Royal Navy.
33. Describe the Battle of Britain.
Varied – fighter battles, the bombing of English cities.
The War Spreads
34. What was Operation Barbarossa?
The German plan to invade Russia.
35. What helped the Russians stop this 1941 German invasion of Russia?
The Germans got off to a late start and were ill-prepared for winter conditions.
36. What is the significance of the battle of Stalingrad?
The Russians and Germans fought over the city in winter; the Germans were eventually surrounded and cut off from supplies; 300,000± Germans surrendered; represented a major turning point in the war.
37. Why did Japan plan to invade US and European colonies in SE Asia?
To control resources such as oil rubber and tin in those areas.
38. How did Japan start their attacks?
Attacked Pearl Harbor.
39. Why do you think they attacked a military base of such a powerful country?
Opinion – if they could destroy the US Navy’s battleships and carriers they would be able to dominate the Pacific.
40. What became of the 1975 Canadian soldiers sent to defend Hong Kong?
Killed in battle of taken prisoner. Half of the 555 dead died as prisoners of the Japanese.
Canada’s Role in Europe
41. What was Dieppe?
An Allied raid on the French port.
42. What was Dieppe’s purpose?
To test techniques, equipment and German defenses in preparation for future invasions.
43. Why were Canadian troops chosen for this raid?
Opinion – Canadians wanted to get involved in the war.
44. What was the size of Canada’s navy at the start of the war?
13 ships and 1819 sailors.
45. How did Germany try to stop supplies from reaching Britain from North America?
U-boats would attack Allied shipping.
46. How did the Allies try to protect its ships?
Grouping ships in convoys defended by Canadian warships, land-based bombers and eventually small aircraft carriers.
47. Describe the corvettes Canada built to defend the convoys.
Small quick and maneuverable but not especially seaworthy ships.
48. What helped the Allies track the movements of German U-boats?
The British obtained a German Enigma machine which enabled the Allies to read their instructions to the U-boats.
49. Why were the Allies able to get materials to Europe despite heavy losses to their ships?
Because North America was able to produce far more ships and material than was lost.
50. How big was the Canadian navy by war’s end?
400 vessels, 99,688 men and 6500 women; large enough to provide half of all the escorts across the Atlantic.
51. How big did Canada’s air force get during WWII?
250,000 men and 48 squadrons.
52. What sort of attacks was it making on Germany in mid-1943?
Night raids such as the fire bombing of Hamburg.
53. Describe the effects of the raids on cities such as Hamburg as detailed by Johnnie Fauquier.
Varied – incendiaries caused hundreds of fires turning the whole city in to a sea of fire; strong winds, little oxygen; thousands of German casualties.
54. What is your opinion of such activities?
Opinion.
55. How many Canadian bomber crews died in this war?
10,000± (one quarter of Canada’s casualties in the war.
56. What roles did women have in the RCAF’s women’s division?
Clerks, cooks, hospital assistants, drivers, telephone operators, welders, instrument and engine mechanics, some were non-combatant pilots (in the ferry command).
The Tide Turns
57. Canadians did not participate in the fighting in North Africa but they did help invade Sicily and Italy. Describe the fighting they faced in towns such as Ortona.
Varied – house-to-house street fighting.
58. Which beach did Canadians attack on D-Day during the invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944? Juno
59. How many Canadian soldiers participated in this attack? 30.000
60. What casualties did they suffer?
359 dead, 715 wounded.
61. What task were Canadian soldiers given in March of 1945?
To retake Holland.
62. What conditions were faced by the Dutch in the winter of 1944-1945?
Food and fuel were cut off; people were starving; the winter weather was very cold.
63. Why do you think the fighting was so difficult in Holland?
The Canadians were undermanned (they had a 1:1 ratio with the Germans instead of the customary 4:1 advantage sought by attacking forces); fighting was over breached dikes and house-to-house.
64. What were the Russians doing while the fighting in France etc. took place?
Attacking all along the eastern front into Poland and Germany.
The Holocaust Discovered
65. Describe the Nazi’s final solution for eliminating all those they considered “undesirable”.
Varied.
If you haven’t already seen them you should watch The Pianist or Schindler’s List.
Japan Surrenders
66. What happened on August 6 and 9, 1945?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki attacked with atomic bombs.
67. What reasons did US Admiral William Leahy give for not using the atomic bomb against Japan?
He was opposed to deliberate attacks on civilians; he felt Japan was ready to surrender.
68. What arguments did Colonel Paul Tibbets give to support the use of the atomic bomb against Japan?
The objective was to win the war – atomic bombs enabled that and prevented further loss of lives.
69. What did Robert Oppenheimer mean when he said, “We knew the world would not be the same”?
Opinion - the genie was out of the bottle and he feared for the future of the world.
70. Suggest reasons why President Harry Truman of the United States decided to allow the use of the atomic bombs instead of some other means to end the war with Japan.
Varied opinions.
The War at Home
71. How did women help the war effort?
Factory workers and filled in for men away at war; released men for combat duties.
72. Why were single women desirable workers in war factories?
They had no family obligations and could work long hours.
73. What would contribute to inflation during the war if nothing was done?
People had lots of money but there was little available to buy. Competition for goods would cause inflation.
74. How did the government initially hope to stop inflation?
Tried to encourage people to buy war bonds with their extra dollars.
75. What steps were taken in 1941?
Wages and prices were frozen.
76. What further anti-inflation policy was introduced in 1942?
Rationing.
77. Give examples of a weekly ration for a single adult.
1 kg of meat, 220g of sugar, 250g of butter, 115g of coffee.
78. Why were unions able to make gains for workers even though the government tried to restrict their activities?
Manpower shortages gave unions an edge in spite of anti-union regulations and laws.
79. What influence did the CCF have on government social policy during the war?
Its social programs were increasingly popular and government direction of the economy showed it could be done. PM King brought in unemployment insurance and family allowances.
80. Why did PM King hold a plebiscite or referendum on conscription in April 1942?
Canada needed more troops and he wanted to be released from his 1939 promise of no conscription.
81. Why did PM King continue to avoid sending conscripted soldiers overseas until 1944?
He didn’t want the hassle.
82. Why was it necessary to send even conscripted soldiers to Europe in 1944?
Heavy losses after the invasion of Normandy.
83. What was their reaction? riots
84. How many of the 12000 soldiers sent actually reached the front? 2463
What the War Meant to Canada
85. Describe the effect the War had on Canada’s economy.
The value of goods produced increased from $5.6 billion in 1939 to $11.8 billion in 1945; increased exploration for oil.
86. What changes in the relative importance of agriculture and other industries occurred as a result of the War?
The manufacturing sector became a larger portion of the economy; cities became more important as large numbers of people moved to them to work in new factories.
87. What attitudes do you think contributed to support for the removal of Japanese-Canadians from coastal BC during WWII?
Opinion.
88. Why do you think the property of Japanese-Canadians was confiscated?
Opinion.
89. What choices were Japanese-Canadians given after the war ended?
Move east of the Rockies or return to Japan.
90. What compensation do you think should have been given the Japanese-Canadian by Canada?
Opinion.
91. What “rank” did Canada’s air force and navy have at the end of the War?
3rd largest navy, 4th largest air force.
92. How do you think this might affect Canada’s image of itself on the world stage?
Opinion.
Canada in the Post-War World
Resource: Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues, Chapter 6
Introduction
1. Who was Igor Gouzenko?
A clerk in the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa.
2. What effect did Gouzenko’s revelations have on how Canadians saw international relations?
They encouraged Canada to align itself more closely with the US.
The Cold War Begins
3. Why were the USSR and the US reluctant to engage directly in armed conflicts after WWII?
They feared the effects of nuclear war.
4. How did they compete?
Through proxies in what was known as a cold war.
5. Complete the following chart outlining the differences between the US and USSR.
| |USSR |USA |
|Government form |Totalitarian |Democratic |
|Economy |Controlled by government. |Based on private investment and ownership |
|Political freedoms |No opposition permitted |Freedom of speech, press, … |
6. Why were western countries suspicious of the Soviet Union?
Feared the Soviets would try to overthrow their governments.
7. Why were the Soviets suspicious of the west?
Feared invasion.
8. How did the Soviets try to protect themselves from invasion?
Created a buffer by taking over their neighbours.
9. How did the US try to combat the spread of communism within its own boundaries?
The Committee on Un-American Activities investigated those reported to be communists (e.g. led by Senator McCarthy) and blacklisted them.
10. List how some Canadian governments responded to fears of communist spying in Canada?
• Union leaders were suspect.
• The defense industry had the RCMP do secret checks on employees.
• Workers were fired if suspected of communist sympathies.
• QPP raided offices and homes in search of “revolutionary material”.
• Quebec’s Padlock Law was used to shut down suspect organizations and newspapers.
• The collapse of the Duplessis Bridge was blamed on communists.
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
11. What was the purpose of NATO?
A mutual defense treaty – to attack one was to attack all.
12. How did the Soviets react when West Germany was admitted to NATO?
Set up the Warsaw Pact.
13. What was the Soviet response to a revolution in Hungary?
Crushed it brutally – sent tanks against protestors.
14. Why did the Soviets build a wall around West Berlin?
To keep East Germans from leaving and westerners from entering East Germany
15. What was Canada’s commitment to NATO?
An army brigade; several fighter squadrons; maintained bases in Europe; tracked Soviet submarines
The Issue of North American Defense
16. What did the United States build to protect itself from attack by Soviet manned bombers?
Three radar lines across Canada – Pine Tree, Mid-Canada and Dew Lines
17. What technological change countered these defenses?
Inter continental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).
18. What organization did the US and Canada form to manage the air defense of North America?
North American Air Defense Command (NORAD)
19. What steps did the federal government take to protect Canadian citizens from the effects of a nuclear war?
Conducted air raid drills and built shelters. (Duck and head for cover!)
Planning for Peace: The United Nations
20. Why was the United Nations created?
To prevent another global conflict.
21. What powers did it have to oppose aggression?
• Condemnation through speeches and resolutions.
• Economic sanctions.
• Military intervention.
22. What is the Security Council of the United Nations?
The part of the UN that is responsible for maintaining peace and security.
23. What special power do the five permanent members of the Security Council possess?
A veto.
24. Why did they have this power?
Allows them to reject actions they disagree with.
25. What non-security goals does the UN have?
Abolish disease; protect human rights.
26. Why was the International Monetary Fund created?
To stabilize the world economy by helping countries that face great debt and the collapse of their economies.
27. How has Canada supported the UN?
Supports various agencies; participated in every peace keeping operation from 1956-1998.
28. What was the Korean Conflict?
The communist North invaded the South. The US led a UN response to support South Korea.
29. What is the Suez Canal?
Water link between the Mediterranean and Red Seas.
30. Why did Israel, France and Great Britain attack Egypt in 1956?
Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal that was owned by British and French companies and threatened to block its use by Israel.
31. How did the Soviets respond?
Offered Egypt financial aid and weapons.
32. How did the USA respond to both sides?
Angry with Britain, France and Israel; threatened USSR with retaliation if they got involved.
33. What was Lester Pearson’s solution to this dispute?
Suggested the UN send a peacekeeping force to separate and mediate between the rival armies.
Towards a More Independent Defense Policy
34. What did Fidel Castro accomplish in 1959?
Overthrew the pro-American dictator of Cuba in 1959.
35. Why did Castro ask the USSR for support?
US had imposed trade sanctions; backed an anti-Castro invasion of Cuba in 1961.
36. What form did the Soviet support take?
Established trade ties with Cuba; sent conventional weapons; deployed nuclear-capable missiles.
37. How did the United States respond to this?
Imposed an air and naval blockade; prepared for war.
38. What was Prime Minister Diefenbaker’s response to US President Kennedy’s expectation or unconditional support?
Wanted to send a fact-finding mission to Cuba; didn’t believe US photos of the missile sites; refused to put Canada’s NORAD forces on alert or to allow US nuclear armed aircraft landing rights in Canada.
39. How did most Canadians see Diefenbaker’s actions?
80% thought he was wrong.
40. Describe the two points of view of Canada’s conservative governments on the issue of nuclear weapons in Canada.
• Minister of External Affairs: Canada should be non-nuclear.
• Minister of Defense: nuclear weapons were vital to protecting Canada from communist aggression.
41. What was the position of the Liberals and Lester Pearson on nuclear weapons in Canada in the 1963 election?
Canada’s armed forces should accept nuclear warheads for Bomarc anti-aircraft missiles under certain conditions.
The Vietnam War
42. What did the United States fear if South Vietnam was taken over by communists?
That the rest of SE Asia would fall like dominos to the communists.
43. How did the Vietnam War escalate in 1965 and 1966?
The US increased its troops to 190,000; started bombing North Vietnam; USSR and China supplied weapons and advisors to North Vietnam.
44. What was the impact of television on how people viewed this war?
Opinion.
45. How did the war end?
Richard Nixon promised to pull out as he assumed the Presidency in January 1969 and did so by 1973.
46. Describe two competing views of the war held by Canadians?
• Canadian companies supplied material to US forces and most Canadians saw communism as a threat.
• Many did not see killing Vietnamese peasants as justified.
47. How did US President Johnson react to Lester Pearson’s criticisms of US actions in Vietnam?
Johnson subjected Pearson to verbal and physical intimidation at a luncheon meeting.
Trudeau’s Foreign Policy
48. How did Prime Minister Trudeau signify that Canada’s foreign policy would be less dependent of US approval than in the past?
He extended official recognition of the Peoples’ Republic of China.
49. What actions did Trudeau take with respect to nuclear weapons?
Removed nuclear missiles from Canada’s NATO forces in Europe; removed the Bomarc sites in Canada.
50. What actions did Trudeau take with respect to military expenses?
Cut the defense budget; reduced Canada’s NATO contingent by 50%.
51. What differences existed between the countries of the northern hemisphere and the southern?
Southern hemisphere is less industrialized; many countries in the southern hemisphere are former colonies.
52. How did Trudeau hope to bridge the gap between North and South?
By giving more aid to southern hemisphere countries to improve their living conditions.
53. What restrictions did CIDA put on countries receiving Canadian foreign aid?
Aid dollars had to be used to buy goods in Canada.
54. How much tied aid did Canada’s government give to poor countries by 1984?
About half of the $2 billion in aid given in 1984.
55. What was the Columbo Plan?
A Commonwealth plan to provide money and aid to less developed countries (e.g. inviting students to Canadian universities, sending Canadian technical experts). Most aid went to Pakistan and India.
56. What was SALT?
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (1972) between the USSR and USA intended to reduce the number of nuclear arms.
57. What happened in Afghanistan and Eastern Europe in 1979?
USSR invaded Afghanistan; USSR deployed new medium range missiles in Eastern Europe.
58. What was the response of the west to this in:
• 1979: US deployed more advanced missiles in Europe.
• 1980: a second round of SALT talks was cancelled.
• 1981: US increased its defense spending modernizing its nuclear arsenal.
59. How did tensions continue to escalate during the mid-1980s?
1983: Soviets shot down a Korean airliner; US invaded Grenada: US carried out covert attacks on the Sandinistas in Nicaragua.
60. What was Trudeau’s walk in the snow?
He went for a walk in a snowstorm and decided to retire.
The Mulroney Era: closer Ties with the United States
61. How did Prime Minister Mulroney’s policies toward the US differ from earlier Prime Ministers?
He tried to forge closer ties to the US through personal relationship with US President Reagan and encouraging US investment in Canada.
62. What was the United States’ Strategic Defense Initiative?
An anti-missile defense using land and space based weapons.
63. What was Canada’s official response to it?
There was no official involvement but Canadian companies were allowed to bid on the project’s contracts.
64. How was Mulroney’s policy on foreign investment different from that of the Trudeau era?
Mulroney encouraged it; Trudeau opposed it.
65. What were benefits of free trade with the US according to those who supported Mulroney’s ideas on free trade with the US?
US investment would create new jobs in Canada and increase productivity by giving Canadians access to US markets.
66. What were the risks of free trade according to those who opposed it?
US branch plants would move to the US and cheaper US goods would overwhelm Canadian factories. They also felt Canadian political independence would be affected.
67. What is NAFTA?
North American Free Trade Agreement between the US, Canada and Mexico.
68. Do you think free trade of NAFTA was good or bad for Canada? Explain.
Opinion.
The End of the Cold War
69. What changes did Mikhail Gorbachev introduce in Russia?
Proposed cuts in the size of the US and Russian military; introduced economic and social reforms in USSR; loosened censorship and allowed greater freedom of speech.
70. Why did he do this?
Trying to keep up with the US’s spending on arms was bankrupting the USSR.
71. What is perestroika?
Reconstruction.
72. What effect did his changes in Russia have in places like East Germany?
East Germans demanded similar changes and asserted their independence of Russia; would eventually reunite with the rest of Germany.
73. Discuss the significance of Tiananmen Square.
Soldiers and tanks attacked protesters demanding democratic reforms in Tiananmen Square.
The New World Order
74. Why did Iraq invade Kuwait in 1990?
Wanted control of Kuwaiti oil.
75. What was the world response to this invasion?
Demanded Iraq withdraw; threatened economic sanctions; US formed a coalition under the umbrella of the UN to force Iraqi withdrawal.
76. What did Canada do?
Sent a squadron of CF-118s, army units, and ships.
77. What change did President George Bush Senior see for the United Nations after the Gulf War?
The UN would take a more active role as a global policemen – instead of being a policeman, it would attack aggressors.
78. Why did the UN intervene in Somalia?
Somalia was ravaged by civil war and many were starving; troops were sent to distribute aid and protect aid workers.
79. What crisis did Canadian peacekeepers in the region face?
Canadian paratroopers captured, tortured and killed a Somalian teen found on their base.
80. What affect did this crisis have on the Canadian Armed Forces?
High ranking officers tried to cover it up; the Airbourne was disbanded; the Canadian Armed Forces reputation was tarnished.
81. How did the UN fail the people of Rwanda?
UN and US were reluctant to act fast and send troops – and the killing continued.
82. Why do you think the UN and the US chose not to act in Rwanda?
The US feared another Somalia and didn’t want to get involved.
A New Era of Globalization
83. What was Prime Minister Chrétien’s Team Canada?
Government sponsored trade missions to Asia and Latin America.
84. How will globalization improve the lot of people in less industrialized countries?
Some say it will raise living standards everywhere because of large investments by international companies.
85. Do you agree? Explain.
Opinion.
86. Some people say globalization will have a negative impact on Canada. Explain how they think this is possible.
Companies may move to areas where safety standards and wages are lower causing unemployment in Canada.
87. Do you think Canada will be able to influence the human rights of citizens in other countries by restricting or encouraging trade with Canada? Explain.
Opinion.
A Changing Society
Resource: Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues, Chapter 7
Introduction
1. How many Canadian servicemen married while they were overseas during World War II?
One in five.
2. What adjustments did these war brides have to make when they arrived in Canada after WWII?
To the size of the country, the winters, loneliness, the fact that the conditions were not always as their husbands had described.
Coming Home
3. What benefits did WWII veterans receive to help them adjust to life after the war?
Their old job if they wanted it with credit for military service as seniority, tuition and living allowances to go to school, Veterans Land Act subsidized mortgages, war widows were given preference for government jobs.
4. Who were the displaced persons?
Refugees uprooted by the war.
5. How many displaced persons came to Canada? 165,000
6. What challenges did these newcomers face in Canada?
Didn’t speak English, often could not practice former professions.
7. How was the post WWII wave of immigration different from after WWI?
They settled in the city instead of in rural areas; they were usually welcomed.
8. What pressure led to the development of suburbs after WWII?
Lots of housing was needed for the rapidly expanding population; used land on the outskirts of cities because it was usually cheaper.
9. Suggest reasons why it became popular to discourage women from working after WWII?
Jobs were needed for returning veterans and an emphasis on the traditional family with a stay-at-home mom.
10. Suggest reasons why Canada birth rate was so high after WWII.
Opinion.
11. What was the immediate impact of the baby boom?
Housing and schools were required and moms to stay at home to take care of the kids.
12. Describe the impact of automobiles on society in the years after WWII.
Corner stores were replaced by supermarkets and malls; autos enabled the commute from the suburbs; required oil for fuel and caused air pollution.
13. Describe the impact of television on Canadian society in the 1950s.
TV magnified every cultural trend; advertising encouraged a consumer society.
14. How was the life of a Canadian teenager different in the 1950s compared to the 1930s?
Stayed in school longer and had more leisure time in the 1950s; in the 1930s they often had to work to support themselves. In the 50s more had part-time jobs and money to spend on goods; in the 1930s jobs were scarce and no one had much money.
15. Describe how Sundays in the 1950s differed from today’s.
No newspapers, stores were closed.
16. Who were Maurice Richard, Barbara Ann Scott, and Marilyn Bell?
MR – hockey player for the Canadiens; MB – long distance swimmer; BAS – figure skater.
17. What worries did the Massey Commission have about television?
Feared it promoted US culture; wanted Canadian TV to be used for national communication and cultural education instead of commercial entertainment and profit maker as in the US.
18. Explain why you think these worries were or were not justified.
Opinion.
Post-War Prosperity
19. Why did Prime Minister King want the federal government to retain the power to manage the economy that the provinces had transferred to it during World War II?
Opinion – may include – didn’t want to repeat the dislocations that occurred after WWI; to ensure continued economic security and stability as was experienced in WWII.
20. What was King’s approach when the provinces refused?
To let private industry handle the transition to peacetime with federal incentives to follow government policies (e.g. tax breaks, assisted purchase of crown corporations).
21. How did the provinces and the federal government decide to continue the social programs which were developed during WWII?
The provinces transferred tax powers to the federal government in return for federal grants to pay for social services; equalization payment.
22. What industries developed on Canada’s frontier after WWII?
Mining and oil.
23. What type of growth was experienced in Ontario?
Manufacturing.
24. Describe each of these mega-projects:
• Trans-Canada Highway: varied.
• St. Lawrence Seaway: varied.
• Trans-Canada Pipeline: varied.
25. What were some of the advantages of US investment in Canada after WWII?
US surplus had capital to invest in oil, uranium and iron ore discoveries and to build new factories.
26. What were some of the disadvantages of foreign ownership of Canadian resources and industries?
Profits from these investments left Canada; decisions about the management of these investments were not made with Canada’s best interests in mind.
27. What sorts of business enterprises did these Canadians create:
• H. R. MacMillan: a forestry company.
• K. C. Irving: gas stations, forestry company, newspapers.
• E. P. Taylor: controlled the production of consumer goods and the stores that distributed them.
• the Bronfman family: controlled the production of consumer goods and the stores that distributed them.
28. What victories did labor unions make on behalf of their members in the years after WWII?
• wages: in 1945 the average wage was 69¢ per hour. It rose to 91¢ per hour in 1948.
• work week: 5 day 40 hour work week.
• benefits: paid vacations etc.
29. Who did not share the prosperity?
Unorganized workers and immigrants.
30. How were working women treated by society and employers?
Condemned by society as bad mothers; paid less than men – even for the same work.
31. Give examples of how First Nations peoples were affected by Canada’s growth.
Environmental damage caused by mines and mills affected their food and water supply; construction projects disrupted their traditional hunting and fishing areas.
Post-War Politics
32. What options did Newfoundlanders face in 1948 when they voted on their future?
To continued to be ruled by Britain; to return to Dominion status; to join Canada.
33. Who led the campaign for Newfoundland to join Canada? Joey Smallwood.
34. Who became Prime Minister after King? Louis St. Laurent.
35. Compare his media image to the reality of his nature.
Was promoted as “kindly Uncle Louis” based on the perception that he liked children. In reality he was an aloof wealthy man.
36. How did television help Diefenbaker defeat the St. Laurent government and become Prime Minister?
TV showed St. Laurent as tired and old while Diefenbaker seemed youthful and vibrant.
37. How did Diefenbaker see himself?
As a prairie populist who spoke for and listened to ordinary people.
38. List three things Diefenbaker endorsed.
• The equality of all Canadians – no hyphenated Canadians.
• Preserving the British connection.
• Human rights.
39. Why did French Canadians not support Diefenbaker?
They did not see themselves the same as other Canadians.
40. How did Prime Minister Lester Pearson see Canada?
There were two founding peoples – the French and the English; favored severing the British connection in time; wanted a unique Canadian identity.
41. List four aspects of Canada that Pearson influenced:
• Total abolition of capital punishment.
• Easier divorce laws.
• A new Canadian flag.
• Improved social welfare system.
42. Who do you think was the better Prime Minister, Diefenbaker or Pearson? Explain.
Opinion.
The Trudeau Era
43. What characteristics made Pierre Trudeau such a change in Canadian politics?
Relaxed and irreverent versus formal and serious.
44. What did he mean by his plan for a just society?
That government has a duty to protect people’s rights and freedoms and to foster social and economic well-being.
45. What impacts did the youth culture have on society?
By 1965 half of North America was under age 25; music, hair, clothing, drugs, sexual promiscuity; attracted to various social and political change movements.
46. What political protests attracted young people?
Anti-Vietnam War; Women’s Movement; environment.
47. What changes to society were made by government to recognize the increased numbers of young people?
Voting age lowered; drinking age lowered to counter appeal of drug use; employment programs.
48. What was the me generation?
The older “boomers” of the 1980s and their quest for wealth and self-satisfaction.
49. What conclusions did the Status of Women Commission reach?
• Women should have the right to choose to work outside of home.
• Society (as well as parents) should take some responsibility for children (i.e. subsidized daycare).
• Women should get paid maternity leave.
• The federal government should move to eliminate discrimination against women.
50. What changes in the workplace have resulted from the work of feminists?
Women started to take roles such as engineers, doctors, politicians, and senior executives in greater numbers; many more worked outside of the home.
51. Who was Rachel Carson?
Author of “Silent Spring” who warned of damage man was causing to the environment.
52. What sort of protests did Greenpeace conduct in the 1970s?
Protested nuclear testing on an island off the coast of Alaska.
Economic Challenges
53. What was the effect on Canada of the 1973 OPEC embargo on oil shipments?
Gas and oil prices jumped 400%; inflation soared.
54. What happened when prices rose in Canada?
Workers demanded wage increases; businesses failed as demand for goods fell; unemployment was the highest since the 1930s; interest rates rose to over 18%.
55. What trends occurred after the 1970s with respect to family income in Canada?
Women needed to work to supplement family income; by 1978 the average family income started to decline.
56. Which Canadian industries were hardest hit by the recession of the 1970s?
Resource industries; fishing in the Maritimes; fishing, forestry, and mining in BC. Ontario didn’t suffer as much.
57. Why were westerners upset that the federal government froze the price of western oil and gas in the 1970s?
They felt that the west was being penalized to benefit the East.
58. What is a deficit?
When a government spends more than it brings in.
59. How did Prime Minister Mulroney plan to reduce the federal government’s deficit?
To save money by trimming “social program” spending; stimulate the economy by cutting taxes.
60. Did his plan work?
No – the 1990 recession caused unemployment and an increased expense in social programs.
61. How did Prime Minister Chrétien first propose to deal with Canada’s huge debt?
To spend money to create jobs so workers could spend money and boost the economy.
62. What did Chrétien and his Finance Minister Paul Martin do when interest rates went up?
Made massive cuts in federal spending (i.e. $25.3 billion in three years); cut 40,000 civil service jobs.
63. What was the impact of Chrétien’s and Martin’s cost cutting on ordinary Canadians?
College tuition when up; health care system suffered; people went homeless; thousands of children and families lived in poverty.
64. Explain why you agree or disagree that governments should reduce social services in order that they can reduce debt and/or taxes.
Varied.
The Canadian Identity:
One, Two, or Many Nations?
Resource: Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues, Chapter 8
The Roots of Quebec Nationalism
Which Party and leader controlled Quebec in the late 1930s and from 1944 to 1959?
Union Nationale and Maurice Duplessis.
How did Duplessis see Quebec and Canada?
Saw Quebec as a “distinctive nation” and not just as another province in Canada.
1. How did Duplessis emphasize Quebec’s differences from the rest of Canada?
Created a new provincial flag; opposed growing federal powers.
2. What was the role of the Roman Catholic Church in this era?
Defender of Quebec culture; praised old values of farm, faith and family; ran schools and hospitals.
3. What was the focus of education in Quebec in this era?
Religion was important; children were taught to accept authority; the emphasis of education was on the “classics” and not on technology.
4. What sorts of professions were and were not trained by Quebec’s educational system of the 40s and 50s?
Education focused on lawyers, teachers and clerics; neglected scientists, engineers and business people.
5. How did Duplessis encourage investment in Quebec?
Provided cheap labour by discouraging unions; low taxes.
6. How did the Union Nationale Party benefit from this investment?
Received kickbacks from investors and companies.
7. How would Duplessis’ policies affect French Quebeckers’ view of their place in Quebec?
Varied – may include: French speakers were only in the worker role and cut off from leadership roles in most industries; led to dissatisfaction.
8. Who was Jean Lesage?
Liberal leader in Quebec; defeated the Union Nationale.
9. What changes did he and the Liberals introduce in Quebec?
Stamped out corruption; wages and pensions were raised; restrictions on unions re removed; took control of social services; focused on the twentieth century.
10. Why were these changes called a quiet revolution?
Varied.
11. What injustices did many Quebeckers feel they received at the hands of English Canadians?
• Ottawa, the capital, was English speaking.
• Key Federal cabinet positions did not go to Quebeckers.
• Questioned why there were no French language schools and hospitals in the rest of Canada.
• Why was the French majority in Quebec expected to speak English in stores and at work?
12. What was the “solution” to this according to some young Quebecois?
Quebec should separate.
13. What was the FLQ?
Front de Liberation du Quebec; dedicated to using force to separate Quebec from Canada.
14. What action did Rene Levesque take?
Left the Liberals in 1967 and formed the Parti Quebecois in 1968.
15. Why did Lester Pearson appoint the Bilingualism and Biculturalism Commission when he became Prime Minister?
To look for was to make French speaking people feel more comfortable in the rest of Canada.
16. Why was a new Canadian flag created in the 1960s?
Quebec thought the “Red Ensign” was too English; it was felt we needed one that symbolized Canada.
Trudeau and Quebec
17. What actions did Pierre Trudeau take to reduce Quebecois separatist feelings when he became Prime Minister?
Acted on the Bi & Bi Report; passed the Official Languages Act and promoted French in all federal government offices across Canada.
18. How did western Canadians perceive these actions?
French was being forced on the West while its concerns in Canada were being ignored.
19. What was the October Crisis?
Varied.
20. What events occurred during the October Crisis on the dates below?
• October 5: James Cross (a British diplomat) was kidnapped.
• October 10: Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte was kidnapped when the federal and Quebec governments refused to release prisoners.
• October 16: troops were sent into Ottawa and Montreal after the War Measures Act was passed.
• October 17: Laporte’s body was found.
• December: Cross and his captors were found; kidnappers were given safe conduct to Cuba.
21. Suggest two reasons why the Parti Quebecois was able to go from 7 to 110 seats in the 1970 election to majority in 1976.
Levesque said that a vote for the PQ would not automatically mean separation.
22. What was Bill 101?
It made French the only official language in government offices; commercial signs had to be in French; immigrant children had to go to French schools (and not English ones).
23. How was Bill 101 seen by French speaking Quebeckers?
Welcomed it.
24. How was it seen by non-francophone Quebeckers?
New immigrants preferred English; seen as oppressive.
25. What did Rene Levesque and the separatists promote in the 1980 Referendum?
Sovereignty-association (i.e. separate countries with close economic ties).
26. What did Pierre Trudeau propose to do if the “no” side won?
Negotiate a new constitution.
27. What problems did Trudeau face when he tried to repatriate the constitution?
How would such a Canadian constitution be amended? Most provinces opposed the Charter of Rights and Freedoms fearing it would make the courts more powerful than the legislature.
28. How did the notwithstanding clause deal with the objections of most provincial leaders?
Allowed a government to override a clause in the Charter and that 7 out of the 10 provinces representing 50% of the population could change the Constitution which meant that Quebec’s support was not needed.
29. What was the reaction to this proposal in Quebec?
They did not like the fact that Quebec was not seen as having “distinct status”.
30. What was the significance of repatriating the constitution?
Canada was now completely independent of Britain.
The Constitution Debate
31. What did English Canada think was the main issue facing Canada in 1984?
A worsening economy.
32. What did Quebeckers think was the main issue facing Canada in 1984?
Their relationship with the rest of Canada and the constitution.
33. Why did Prime Minister Mulroney reopen the constitutional question in 1984?
To get Quebec support in the federal election.
34. Why did Prime Minister Mulroney think he would be successful convincing Quebec’s government to agree to the constitution?
Rene Levesque was retired and pro-federalist Robert Bourassa was premier.
35. What concerns did Newfoundland and Alberta have at this time?
Newfoundland wanted more control over its fisheries; Alberta wanted more control of its resources (e.g. oil).
36. Why did some westerners feel alienated in the early 1980s?
The oil crisis had meant that western oil was sold to the rest of Canada at less than world market prices; a multi-billion dollar contract had gone to the Quebec company Bombardier instead of a Winnipeg company with a better bid.
37. Suggest reasons why the Reform Party was created in this era.
To be the voice of western Canada; to reform the Senate.
38. List two amendments to the Constitution which were accepted by the Premiers of the provinces at Meech Lake.
• Recognized Quebec as a “distinct society”.
• All provinces could veto a change to the constitution.
39. How did Pierre Trudeau view the distinct society clause of the Meech Lake Accord?
It would isolate Quebec making it less part of Canada instead of more.
40. How did Quebeckers see it?
As a way to protect French culture and language.
41. Why did Elijah Harper oppose the Meech Lake Accord?
It did not recognize Aboriginal people as a distinct nation equal to the French and English.
42. What was the response of Quebeckers when Manitoba and Newfoundland failed to accept the Meech Lake Accord?
Saw it as a rejection and humiliation; support for separation grew to 64%.
43. What was the Charlottetown Accord?
An attempt to replace the Meech Lake Accord.
44. What did it promise?
• An amending formula similar to that of Meech.
• An elected Senate.
• Aboriginal self-government.
45. What objections did BC voters have?
• Too much power for Quebec.
• Why should Quebec have 25% of the seats when it doesn’t have 25% of the population?
46. What objections did Quebec voters have?
• Not enough power because most of the Senate seats were given to the west.
• Aboriginal self-government would have a huge impact in northern Quebec.
47. What was the result of the 1995 referendum on separation in Quebec?
50.6% said “No”; the federal government passed legislation about the language of a future referendum requiring a clear question and a substantial majority to pass.
48. What has happened since 1995 to encourage Quebeckers to change their minds about separating from Canada?
Support has been declining.
A Multicultural Nation
49. What sort of immigrants did Canada encourage from 1918 to 1960?
British and northern Europeans; it was thought they would adapt better to Canadian society.
50. What changes occurred to Canada’s immigration policies in 1962?
A more open attitude toward immigrants from other cultures.
51. What changes occurred to Canada’s immigration policies in the late 1960s?
It became officially “colour blind” and focused on education and employment prospects rather than race.
52. What is multiculturalism?
The celebration of the heritage and cultures of immigrants to Canada.
53. How was it encouraged in Canada?
Multicultural festivals and activities; heritage language classes in schools.
54. What change occurred to Canada’s immigration policies in 1976?
Immigration of family members of earlier immigrants was encouraged.
55. What changes occurred to Canada’s immigration policies in the 1980s?
Attempted to attract immigrants with money and the skills to create jobs in Canada.
56. Explain why you do or do not think multiculturalism is a good thing for Canadian society.
Opinion.
57. How is Canada’s cultural mosaic different from the United States’ melting pot.
Opinion.
58. Quebec has often asked for a greater share of immigrants to Canada and a greater say on who can enter. Why do you think this is so?
Varied.
Aboriginal Nations
59. When did aboriginal peoples get the right to vote? 1960
60. Did this have any immediate impact on their quality of life? Explain.
Varied – but essentially no.
61. Why was the National Indian Brotherhood formed in 1968?
To lobby on behalf of Aboriginal people living on reserves.
62. Define assimilation.
When a minority group is encouraged to join the mainstream of society giving up their culture and heritage and becoming the same as the majority.
63. Give several examples of how Canada’s government has tried to assimilate native peoples.
• Banned special celebrations such as potlatches.
• Send children away to residential schools often hundreds of miles away from family.
• End any special privileges for Aboriginal peoples.
64. What did Pierre Trudeau’s government’s White Paper suggest about how Native Peoples should be treated.
• End special rights on reserves (e.g. income tax exemption).
• Encourage Aboriginal people to leave the reserves and move to the cities.
• End government “taking care” of Aboriginal people.
65. What was the response of Aboriginal peoples?
Furious – Harold Cardinal suggested it was genocide.
66. What were residential schools?
Boarding schools for Aboriginal children sponsored by the government and often run by churches; often hundreds of miles away from a child’s home and family.
67. What replaced them?
Band run schools.
68. What problems continue to face remote Aboriginal peoples when they try to educate their children?
Lack of high schools and the need to send their teens away for secondary and higher education.
69. What concerns do you think northern native peoples had about the construction of a pipeline in the McKenzie River valley in the 1970s?
The effect of “foreign” pipeline workers on their communities; the effect of the pipeline on the environment.
70. Why was the Berger Commission formed?
To listen to Aboriginal concerns.
71. What did it recommend?
Suspend pipeline construction for 10 years; conduct environmental studies; negotiate financial compensation for the Aboriginal people affected by pipeline construction.
72. What is happening in this matter in 2005?
A pipeline is again being considered as oil prices rise.
73. What questions need to be resolved in the matter of native self government?
What form should it take; what areas should be included; how should land and resource claims be resolved?
74. Why did the confrontation between the Mohawks of the Kanesatke reserve and the Quebec government arise?
A dispute over land claimed as sacred by the Mohawk arose when the town of Oka decided to expand a golf course.
75. How was the crisis resolved?
Land was purchased and given to the Mohawks by the federal government.
76. Outline the history of the Nisga’a land claims.
Varied – may cover events from 1887 to 1998.
77. List seven items agreed to by the Nisga’a and the government when they settled the Nisga’a land claim in 1996.
• given 8% of the land originally claimed.
• given $190,000,000 over 15 years as compensation for lost lands.
• given ownership of the forest in their areas.
• given partial profits from hydro projects.
• given partial profits from forestry.
• allowed their own municipal government.
• allowed their own police force.
• gave up tax exempt status.
78. Why was the 1999 formation of the territory of Nunavut a significant event in the matter of Aboriginal self-government?
Gave Inuit control over 1.6 million square kilometers of the eastern Arctic; suggested that Aboriginal land claims and self-government would be a powerful force for change and in shaping Canada in the twenty-first century.
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